Ake sifunde nje ngokuhlolwa kwe-immunophenotyping okusiza ekutholeni amangqamuzana omdlavuza.

Kungenzeka ukuthi awukaze uzwe ngegama elithi `(Immunophenotyping)` ngaphambili. Kodwa lokhu ukuhlolwa okubaluleke kakhulu, ikakhulukazi ekuxilongeni izifo ezithile, isibonelo, i-leukemia, i-lymphoma, kanye neminye imidlavuza. Ngakho-ke, namuhla sizokhuluma ngalokhu kuhlolwa ngendlela elula, ukuze ukwazi ukukuqonda kahle.

Kuyini i-Immunophenotyping? Masiyiqonde kalula.

Kulungile, manje ake sibone ukuthi leli gama elithi `(Immunophenotyping)` lisho ukuthini. Nakuba lokhu kuzwakala sengathi yigama lesayensi, empeleni indaba ilula kakhulu.

Igama elithi 'Immuno' libhekisela kokuthile okuhlobene nesimiso sethu somzimba sokuzivikela . Kulolu vivinyo, isazi sezifo (udokotela ochwepheshe ekuxilongeni nasekwelapheni izifo) sisebenzisa olunye uhlobo lweprotheyini olubizwa ngokuthi 'ama-antibodies' avela ohlelweni lwethu lokuzivikela komzimba ukuze sibheke amaprotheni athile abizwa ngokuthi 'ama-antigen' emaseli ethu. Cabanga ngala 'ma-antibodies' njengesihluthulelo, kanye 'nama-antigen' njengesihluthulelo. Njengesihluthulelo esifanelana nesihluthulelo ngasinye, 'i-antibody' ethile izonamathela kuphela 'ku-antigen' ethile. Ngamanye amazwi, kukhona uhlobo lombhangqwana ohambisanayo phakathi kwalokhu okubili.

Igama elithi 'phenotype' libhekisela ezicini ezibonakalayo zangaphandle . Ngakho-ke, uma leyo `(antibody)` ibopha ku-`(antigen)` efanele, isazi sezifo siyazi ukuthi leyo seli inayo leyo `(antigen)` noma cha ngokusekelwe ezimpawini ezibonisayo.

Kalula nje, lolu vivinyo lwe-`(Immunophenotyping)` lubheka lezi zimpawu ze-`(antigens)` ebusweni bamaseli ethu bese luthola ukuthi lawo maseli aphilile noma angamaseli anomdlavuza. Futhi, lawa `(antigens)` angasho ukuthi uhlobo luni lweseli lomdlavuza.

Lolu vivinyo (lokuvivinya umzimba) lwenziwa nini?

Kunezimo eziningana lapho udokotela wakho angase ancome khona lokhu kuhlolwa.

Cabanga ukuthi umngane wakho, ake sithi uNimal, ubelokhu ezizwa ekhathele kakhulu futhi ekhathele izinsuku ezimbalwa. Lapho udokotela ehlola igazi (“I-Complete Blood Count”, noma “i-CBC”), wathola ukuthi inani lamaseli akhe amhlophe egazi laliphezulu ngendlela engavamile. Khona-ke udokotela angase asole ukuthi lokhu kungaba umdlavuza wegazi. Yilapho-ke angancoma khona ukwenza lokhu kuhlolwa “kwe-Immunophenotyping” ukuze athole okwengeziwe ngalokho okwenzekayo ngempela.

Lokho kusho ukuthi:

• Uma imiphumela yokubalwa kwegazi okuphelele (`(CBC)`) ikhombisa ukuthi inani lamaseli akho amhlophe egazi liphezulu ngendlela engavamile.
• Uma kukhona izinsolo zezinhlobo ezithile zomdlavuza wegazi, isibonelo i-leukemia noma i-lymphoma, lokhu kungasiza ekusondeleni kancane ekuxilongweni.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, abacwaningi basebenzisa le ndlela "ye-Immunophenotyping" ukuze bafunde ukuthi amangqamuzana omdlavuza asabela kanjani kuma-"antigen markers" athile, ikakhulukazi "i-immunotherapy".

Lolu vivinyo lusebenza kanjani?

Iningi lalolu vivinyo lwe-`(Immunophenotyping)` lwenzeka elebhu, ngemva kokuthathwa kwesampula yezicubu noma yoketshezi kuwe. Empeleni, okudingeka ukwenze nje ukunikeza isampula, bese ochwepheshe elebhu benza okunye.

Odokotela abaningi basebenzisa inqubo yelabhorethri ebizwa ngokuthi ``Flow Cytometry'' ukwenza lokhu kuhlolwa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngezinye izikhathi kusetshenziswa inqubo ebizwa ngokuthi ``Immunohistochemistry - IHC''. Ake sibheke kokubili lokhu.

Kunezindlela ezimbili eziyinhloko...

(Indlela ye-Flow Cytometry) (indlela evame ukusetshenziswa kakhulu)

Usebenzisa le ndlela, ungahlola amasampula amakhulu egazi noma amaseli egazi athathwe ezicutshini. Nansi indlela esebenza ngayo:

• Ukuqoqa isampula: Lokhu kuvame ukuhilela ukuthatha isampula yomnkantsha wethambo kusuka ku-bone marrow biopsy, noma inani elincane legazi. Ngezinye izikhathi, isampula ingathathwa oketshezini lomgogodla noma oketshezini olusemgodini wesisu.
• Ukulondoloza isampula: Izisebenzi zelebhu zilungiselela isampula ukuze ihlolwe i-"Immunophenotyping". Zifaka izinto ezithile kuyo ukuze zivimbele amaseli ukuba angafi.
• Ukwengeza (Antibody): Okulandelayo, bafaka ``ama-antibodies`` abawaklame ukubopha ``ku-antigen`` abafuna ukuyithola. Lawa ``antibodies`` anamathele ``ku-fluorescent compound`` noma ``immunofluorescence marker``. Ngenxa yalolu phawu, lapho ``antibody``` ibopha `ku-antigen``, amaseli akhipha ukukhanya.
• Ukwenza (I-Flow Cytometry): Manje isampula elungiselelwe ngalawo `(ama-antibodies)` ifakwa emshinini obizwa ngokuthi `(I-Flow Cytometer)`. Lo mshini unama-sensor akhethekile (`ama-detectors`), angathola ukukhanya okuvela kulowo `(umaka we-immunofluorescence)`. Ngakho-ke, lo `(I-Flow Cytometer)` ulinganisa ukuthi mangaki amaseli akhona abophe `(i-antigen-antibody)` (okungukuthi, akhipha ukukhanya).

Indlela (ye-Immunohistochemistry - IHC)

I-Immunohistochemistry iyindlela engathola ukuthi kukhona ama-antigen athile kusampula yezicubu. Izinyathelo ezihilelekile elabhorethri zifana kakhulu nalezo eziku-flow cytometry. Umehluko omkhulu ukuthi ku-IHC, i-enzyme ifakwa kuma-antibodies esikhundleni se-fluorescent compound. Le enzyme ingcolisa amangqamuzana ngombala othize uma i-antigen ikhona. Uma isazi sezifo sibona ibala ngaphansi kwe-microscope, kusho ukuthi amangqamuzana aqukethe i-antigen.

Yimiphi imikhawulo yalolu vivinyo (i-Immunophenotyping)?

Inkinga enkulu ukuthi akuwona wonke amalabhorethri enza lokhu kuhlolwa anezinqubo ezifanayo " ezijwayelekile ." Ngakho-ke, ngezinye izikhathi kungaba nokwehluka okuncane emiphumeleni.

Kodwa into eyodwa okumele uyikhumbuleOdokotela abasixilongi isifo ngokusekelwe kule miphumela ye-`(Immunophenotyping)` kuphela. Basiqhathanisa nezinye izinto eziningi, njengezimpawu zakho kanye nemiphumela yezinye izivivinyo, ukuze bafinyelele esiphethweni. Lokhu kusho ukuthi lokhu kuhlolwa kukodwa akukutsheli ukuthi unomdlavuza. Kumane nje kuyisithombe esikhulu, umthombo owodwa ongakusiza ukuthi ufunde kabanzi ngempilo yakho.

Injani imiphumela? Isitshelani?

Udokotela wakho uzokuchazela ukuthi imiphumela yakho isho ukuthini ngokusekelwe ekuhlaziyweni kwesazi sezifo. Imiphumela yokuhlolwa kwe-"Immunophenotyping" ayigcini nje ngokuba "mihle" noma "mibi". Kudinga isazi sezifo esiqeqeshiwe ukuqonda "idatha" ekhiqizwe yi-"Flow Cytometer" mayelana nesampula nokuhumusha ngokunembile lokho ekushoyo.

Kusukela kule datha, uhlaziya izinto ezinjengalezi:

• Luyini 'uhlobo lwamaseli amhlophe egazi'?
• Bakusiphi isigaba sentuthuko?
• Mangaki amaseli ane-antigen oyifunayo?

Udokotela wezifo uqhathanisa idatha evela kusampula yakho nedatha evela kubantu abaphilile abangenayo umdlavuza, kanye nedatha evela kubantu abanohlobo oluthile lwe-leukemia noma i-lymphoma. Esebenzisa la maphethini kanye nemiphumela yezinye izivivinyo, unquma ukuthi kungenzeka kangakanani ukuthi ube nomdlavuza okukhulunywa ngawo.

Kufanele ngishayele nini udokotela wami ucingo?

Uma unemibuzo noma ukukhathazeka mayelana nemiphumela yakho noma ukuthi isho ukuthini, qiniseka ukuthi ushayela udokotela wakho ucingo . I-Immunophenotyping ukuhlolwa kwelebhu okuyinkimbinkimbi okubheka izici zamaseli. Kodwa udokotela wakho angachaza ukuthi kuthinta kanjani impilo yakho ngamagama alula.

Mhlawumbe awuzange uzizwe ubuhlungu, futhi wamangala ukuthola ukuthi amangqamuzana akho amhlophe egazi ayephezulu kakhulu ekuhlolweni kwegazi okuvamile (i-"CBC"). Noma mhlawumbe ubulokhu uzizwa ungaphilile isikhathi esithile. Kodwa-ke, leyo miphumela ye-"CBC" iyisinyathelo sokuqala sokuthola ukuthi kwenzekani, ngakho kuzodingeka ubekezele.

Amaseli akho aqukethe ulwazi oluningi olubalulekile mayelana nempilo yakho. I-Immunophenotyping iyisivivinyo esibheka amaseli akho futhi sikutshele ngempilo yakho. Ngezikhathi ezinjengalezi, ukulinda imiphumela kungaba yinto eyesabekayo futhi ebangela ukukhathazeka. Uma udinga ukwesekwa ngokomzwelo, khuluma nodokotela wakho ngakho. Futhi, uma unemibuzo mayelana nemiphumela yokuhlolwa, ungangabazi ukubuza.

Izinto ezibaluleke kakhulu okudingeka sizifunde kulokhu

Kulungile, ngakho ake sifingqe izinto ezibaluleke kakhulu okufanele sizikhumbule ngalolu vivinyo lwe-`(Immunophenotyping)` esikhulume ngalo namuhla.

• Lokhu ukuhlolwa okukhethekile kwelabhorethri. Kusiza kakhulu ekuxilongeni umdlavuza ofana ne-leukemia kanye ne-lymphoma.
• Lokhu kwenziwa ngokuhlonza amaprotheni akhethekile abizwa ngokuthi ``ama-antigen'' ebusweni bamaseli ethu.
• Izindlela ezimbili ezisetshenziswa kakhulu yi-"Flow cytometry" kanye ne-"Immunohistochemistry - IHC".
• Imiphumela iyinkimbinkimbi kancane, ngakho-ke udokotela wezifo uyayihlaziya.
• Khumbula lokhu: Akekho ongakutshela ukuthi unomdlavuza ngokubheka nje imiphumela yalolu vivinyo. Kuyingxenye eyodwa kuphela yenqubo yokuxilonga.
• Uma unemibuzo mayelana nemiphumela, ungesabi ukubuza udokotela wakho. Bakhona ukuzokusiza.

Ukuhlolwa kwegazi , umdlavuza, i-leukemia, i-lymphoma, ukuhlolwa kwegazi, amaseli, ama-antigen