Ayini lawa ma-stem cell? (Ama-Stem Cell) Ake sithole kahle!

Wake wazibuza ukuthi imizimba yethu yenziwa kanjani, nokuthi la maseli azivuselela kanjani njengoba sikhula? Imizimba yethu iyindalo emangalisayo ngempela. Ingxenye ebaluleke kakhulu yalokhu kudalwa amaseli okuqala esizokhuluma ngawo namuhla, noma njengoba kungenzeka ukuthi uke wezwa, ``Amaseli Okuqala``.

Ngakho-ke ayini lawa ma-stem cell?

Kalula nje, uma umzimba wakho uyisakhiwo esikhulu, la maseli esiqu anjengesisekelo saleso sakhiwo. La maseli esiqu ayiwona kuphela uhlobo lweseli emzimbeni wethu, futhi angenza ezinye izinhlobo zamaseli ezenza imisebenzi ethile. Cabanga nje, sinezigidigidi zamaseli emzimbeni wethu, futhi la maseli esiqu angenza izinhlobo ezingaphezu kuka-200 zamaseli akhethekile. Isibonelo, izinto ezifana namaseli egazi, amaseli amathambo. Uhlobo olulodwa lweseli lesiqu kuqala lwakha umzimba wethu wonke. Bese kuthi olunye uhlobo lweseli lesiqu, njengethimba lokulungisa, lulungise izingxenye ezahlukene zomzimba wethu.

Lawa maseli okuqala asebenza kanjani?

Kunezinto ezimbili ezenziwa amaseli okuqala okungekho elinye iseli elingakwenza.

• Into yokuqala ukuthi angaqhubeka ehlukana futhi enze amakhophi afanayo awo. Amaseli ajwayelekile nawo ayahlukana, kodwa anempilo elinganiselwe. Kodwa amaseli okuqala awahlukani, angaqhubeka nokuzivuselela.
• Into yesibili ukuthi yibona kuphela abangenza amaseli akhethekile (ahlukene). Okusho ukuthi, uma izicubu zonakele, bangenza amaseli amasha ukuze bawathathe indawo yazo. Leli ikhono elibaluleke kakhulu. Nazi izibonelo ezimbalwa:
• Uhlobo olubizwa ngokuthi ``Hematopoietic stem cells'' (olubizwa ngokuthi 'he-ma-to-poy-ee-tik'') lusiza ekwakheni amangqamuzana ethu egazi (amangqamuzana abomvu, amangqamuzana amhlophe) kanye namaseli esimiso somzimba sokuzivikela.
• Amaseli okuqala esikhumba ayisisekelo asiza amangqamuzana ethu esikhumba , ayadingeka ekuvuseleleni isikhumba nokuphulukiswa kwamanxeba .
• Amaseli e-Mesenchymal stem (abizwa ngokuthi 'me-sen-ky-mal') asiza ekwakheni izinto ezifana namathambo, i-cartilage, imisipha, kanye namaseli amafutha.

Kungani la ma-stem cell ebaluleke kangaka?

Ama-stem cell awabalulekile nje kuphela ekwakheni nasekulondolozeni imizimba yethu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, abalulekile ocwaningweni lwezokwelapha. Abacwaningi bafunda ama-stem cell ngezizathu eziningana ezibaluleke kakhulu:

• Qonda ukuthi izifo zikhula kanjani: Abacwaningi bakhulisa amaseli okuqala avela ezicutshini nasezithweni ezahlukene zomzimba. Ngokubuka indlela la maseli ashintsha ngayo njengoba ekhula, bangathola ukuqonda okujulile kokuthi izifo ezifana nesifo sikashukela , isifo senhliziyo , kanye nezinkinga zezinzwa ziqala futhi zikhule kanjani ezingeni lamaseli.
• Ukuthola ukuthi amaseli okuqala angasetshenziswa yini ukufaka esikhundleni samaseli alimele noma angenampilo: Lokhu kungenye yamathemba amakhulu kumaseli okuqala. Abacwaningi bahlola ukuthi amaseli okuqala angasetshenziswa kanjani ukuze ahlukanise izinhlobo ezahlukene zamaseli futhi elaphe umonakalo noma isifo engxenyeni ethile yomzimba. Cabanga nje, ngolunye usuku, amaseli okuqala angasetshenziswa ukufaka esikhundleni sesikhumba esonakele ngenxa yokusha okukhulu, ukulungisa ingxenye yokulimala komgogodla, noma ukwelapha izimo ezifana nesifo sikaParkinson .
• Hlola imithi emisha kanye nokwelashwa: Abacwaningi basebenzisa ama-stem cell ukuthola imithi engase isebenze kangcono ezifweni ezithile. Besebenzisa ama-stem cell aguqulwe ngokukhethekile (isibonelo, amaseli aguqulwe izakhi zofuzo ukuze abe nesifo esithile), bangathola ukuthi umuthi uyasebenza yini, uphephile, futhi unemiphumela emibi ngaphambi kokuwunika abantu ezivivinyweni zemitholampilo. Lokhu kunganciphisa isikhathi nezindleko zokuthola imithi emisha.

Yiziphi izinhlobo eziyinhloko zamaseli okuqala?

Odokotela bahlukanisa amaseli okuqala ngokwemvelaphi yawo noma umsebenzi wawo. Kodwa abantu abaningi cishe bake bezwa ngezigaba ngokusekelwe emthonjeni. Ake sibheke izinhlobo eziyinhloko:

• Amaseli okuqala e-embryonic (pluripotent): Lawa maseli anamandla amangalisayo okuba yinoma yiluphi uhlobo lweseli. Lokho kusho amangqamuzana esikhumba, amangqamuzana enhliziyo, amangqamuzana obuchopho, noma yini! Igama elithi 'Pluri' lisho 'eziningi'. Igama elithi 'Powerent' livela egameni lesiLatini elisho 'ikhono'. Abacwaningi bezokwelapha bathola lawa maseli okuqala e-embryonic egazini lentambo elinikelwe noma kuma-embryo anikelwe ngezinjongo zocwaningo ngokukhulelwa kwe-in vitro.

Okubalulekile: Kunemibono eyahlukene kanye nezinkinga zokuziphatha ezixoxwa emhlabeni wonke mayelana nokuqoqwa nokusetshenziswa kwala maseli okuqala e-embryonic. Ngakho-ke, asetshenziswa ngokuqapha okukhulu futhi kuphela ngokuhambisana nemithetho eqinile.

• Amaseli okuqala akhethekile (anamandla amaningi noma angenawo amandla): Lawa maseli angakha namaseli okuqala amasha, kodwa amaseli akhethekile kuphela ezicutshini ahlala kuzo. Okusho ukuthi, akhethekile kancane. Isibonelo, amaseli okuqala akha igazi emnkantsheni wakho wethambo angenza amaseli egazi amasha nama-platelet. Kodwa awakwazi ukwenza amaseli okuqala amasha emaphashini noma esibindini. Abacwaningi bathola la maseli ezicutshini ezinikelwa ngabantu abadala (ngemva kokuzalwa).
• Amaseli okuqala aqhekekile abangelwa yi-pluripotent (amaseli e-iPS noma ama-iPSC):Lezi ezinye zezinto ezitholwe ngendlela emangalisayo kakhulu kwisayensi yesimanje. Lawa ama-stem cell enziwa elabhorethri. Athatha amaseli amadala ajwayelekile (njengamaseli esikhumba) bese ewaguqula ngofuzo ukuze awenze aziphathe njengamaseli e-stem cell e-embryonic, akwazi ukuba yinoma yiluphi uhlobo lweseli. Lawa maseli ``(iPS)`` asizile ukugwema izinkinga eziningi zokuziphatha eziye zavela ngokusetshenziswa kwamaseli e-stem cell e-embryonic. Abacwaningi bezokwelapha basebenzisa lawa maseli ukutadisha ukuthi izicubu zikhula kanjani, ukuthi izifo zithinta kanjani izicubu, kanye nokuhlola imithi emisha kanye nokwelashwa.

Abacwaningi basebenza kanjani ngala maseli okuqala?

Le nqubo ivame ukuqala ngamaseli okuqala anikelwe ngabantu abadala. Noma, njengamaseli okuqala ahlanganisiwe akhuliswayo esikhulume ngawo ngaphambili, ngamaseli avamile. Bese, abacwaningi bakhulisa izigidi zalawa maseli endaweni ekhethekile yezakhamzimba elabhorethri. Umgomo wabo ukwenza lawa maseli okuqala abe ngamaseli akhethekile abawafunayo (isb., amangqamuzana emisipha yenhliziyo, amangqamuzana ezinzwa). Basebenzisa izimpawu zamakhemikhali ezahlukahlukene kanye nezici zokukhula ukwenza lokhu.

Odokotela basebenzisa kanjani ama-stem cell ukwelapha izifo?

Odokotela sebevele besebenzisa ama-stem cell ngempumelelo ukwelapha ezinye izimo zezokwelapha.

• Ukufakelwa Komnkantsha Wamathambo: Lolu uhlobo oludumile noluphumelelayo kakhulu lokwelashwa ngamaseli e-stem . Odokotela bangasebenzisa amaseli e-stem amadala ukufaka esikhundleni samaseli e-stem omongo onakele noma angajwayelekile. Lawa asetshenziselwa ukwelapha izimo ezifana nalezi:
• Izinhlobo zomdlavuza wegazi: I-leukemia, i-multiple myeloma, kanye ne-non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Abantu abanalezi zifo bavame ukudinga ukufakelwa amaseli e-stem ngemuva kokuthola i-chemotherapy enomthamo ophezulu noma ukwelashwa ngemisebe ukuze kubulawe amangqamuzana omdlavuza emnkantsheni wabo wamathambo.
• Izinkinga zegazi: Izifo zofuzo ezifana ne-sickle cell anemia kanye ne-thalassemia.
• I-Aplastic Anemia: Isimo lapho umongo wethambo ungakhiqizi khona amangqamuzana egazi anele.
• Ukuphuka kwamathambo kanye nokulimala kwe-cartilage: Odokotela ngezinye izikhathi basebenzisa izingcezu zamathambo, ezenziwe ngamaseli okuqala athathwe ezicutshini ezinikelwe kanye nezinye izinto, ukuze belaphe ukuphuka kwamathambo. Futhi, imijovo yamaseli okuqala iyaphenywa ngokulimala kwe-cartilage emalungeni afana nedolo.

Ingabe odokotela bayoke basebenzise amaseli okuqala e-embryonic?

Yebo, ngezinye izikhathi odokotela basebenzisa amaseli okuqala avela egazini lentambo elinikelwe ukwelapha izifo zegazi, ikakhulukazi ezinganeni. Igazi lentambo liqukethe amaseli okuqala afana namaseli okuqala e-embryonic, kodwa akhethekile kakhulu. (Igazi lentambo yigazi elihlala entanyeni nase-placenta ngemva kokuzalwa komntwana.) Lokhu kwelashwa, okusetshenziswa negazi lentambo elinikelwe, kuwukuphela kokwelashwa kwamaseli okuqala e-embryonic okuvunyelwe yi-U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA).

Akuphi la maseli okuqala emzimbeni wethu?

Unamaseli e-stem emzimbeni wakho wonke, kodwa izicubu ezahlukene ziqukethe amaseli e-stem aqondene naleyo zicubu. Atholakala kakhulu emnkantsheni wakho wamathambo (lona umthombo omkhulu kunayo yonke), ebuchosheni, emithanjeni yegazi, ungqimba olungaphansi kwesikhumba sakho, emisipheni, esibindini, nasenhliziyweni . Kodwa-ke, njengoba ukhula, inani lamaseli e-stem kanye nomsebenzi wawo kungancipha.

Yiziphi izifo ezivamile ezithinta amaseli okuqala?

Umnkantsha wakho wethambo – izicubu ezithambile, ezithambile ngaphakathi kwamanye amathambo – yilapho kwakhiwa khona amaseli okuqala aba amaseli egazi (amangqamuzana abomvu, amangqamuzana amhlophe) nama-platelet. Amaseli abomvu egazi athwala umoya-mpilo kuwo wonke umzimba. Amaseli amhlophe egazi alwa nokutheleleka. Ama-platelet alawula ukopha. Ngakho-ke, noma yini ethinta umnkantsha wakho wethambo ingathinta ngqo la maseli okuqala akha igazi. Ezinye izimo ezivamile ezithinta amaseli okuqala zifaka:

• I-Aplastic Anemia
• Izinkinga ze-myeloproliferative (lezi yizimo lapho amangqamuzana emnkantsheni wamathambo ekhiqiza ngokweqile)
• I-Lymphoma (umdlavuza wesistimu ye-lymphatic, kodwa ungathinta nomnkantsha wamathambo)
• I-leukemia (umdlavuza wegazi oqala ngqo kumaseli okuqala emnkantsheni wamathambo)

Ngingawagcina kanjani amaseli ami e-stem ephilile?

Ayikho indlela eqinisekisiwe yokwakha nokugcina amaseli okuqala enempilo, njengoba umsebenzi wawo uhlobene kakhulu nezakhi zofuzo kanye nobudala. Kodwa-ke, ukulandela imikhuba emihle yezempilo kungazuzisa wonke amaseli ethu ngokungaqondile, kufaka phakathi amaseli okuqala:

• Yidla ukudla okulinganiselayo: Faka amaprotheni angenamafutha amaningi, imifino eminingi, izithelo, kanye nokusanhlamvu okuphelele. Ukudla okucebile ngama-antioxidants (ama-blueberry, ama-strawberry, imifino eluhlaza okotshani) kungasiza ekuvikeleni amaseli ekulimaleni.
• Gwema ukubhema nokusebenzisa ugwayi ngokuphelele: Ugwayi uyisitha esikhulu esonakalisa amangqamuzana, sandisa ingozi yomdlavuza, futhi sonakalise i-DNA.
• Uma uphuza utshwala, nciphisa inani:Iziqondiso ze-American Cancer Society zithi uma uphuza utshwala, amadoda akufanele aphuze iziphuzo ezingaphezu kwezimbili ngosuku kanti abesifazane akufanele baphuze iziphuzo ezingaphezu kwesisodwa ngosuku.
• Vikela isikhumba sakho ekukhanyeni kwe-ultraviolet, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi kusuka elangeni noma emibhedeni yokushiswa kwesikhumba: Ukukhanya kwe-ultraviolet kungalimaza namaseli esikhumba futhi kubangele umdlavuza.
• Khuluma nodokotela wakho ngemigomo yokuvikela amagciwane. Ezinye izifo ezibangelwa amagciwane (isib. i-hepatitis) zingabangela umonakalo wesikhathi eside kumaseli.
• Lawula ukucindezeleka kwakho: Ukucindezeleka isikhathi eside kuyingozi emangqamuzaneni omzimba. Unganciphisa ukucindezeleka ngezinto ezifana nokuzivocavoca umzimba, ukuzindla, nokuphumula.
• Lala ngokwanele: Kungesikhathi sokulala lapho amangqamuzana omzimba ezilungisa khona.

Ngingakwazi yini ukwandisa inani lamaseli ami ngokwemvelo?

Kungenzeka ukuthi uke wafunda ukuthi ukuthatha amavithamini athile (njengevithamini D ne-B12) noma ukuthatha izithasiselo ezithile kungathuthukisa impilo yamaseli okuqala noma kwandise inani lamaseli okuqala. Abacwaningi basafunda ubudlelwano phakathi kwamavithamini athile nempilo yamaseli okuqala. Kodwa-ke, akukacaci ukuthi ukuthatha amavithamini kuphela noma ukudla ukudla okuthile kungandisa inani lamaseli okuqala. Into engcono kakhulu ongayenza ukudla ukudla okulinganiselayo nokugcina indlela yokuphila enempilo.

Ngakho-ke, uthini umyalezo esiwuthatha ekhaya kule ndaba?

Kulungile, ngakho-ke kusukela kulokho esikhulume ngakho, kusobala ukuthi amaseli okuqala amangalisa futhi abaluleke kangakanani emizimbeni yethu. Cabanga nje, kunezigidigidi zamaseli emizimbeni yethu. Phakathi kwawo, amaseli okuqala akhethekile ngoba yiwona kuphela uhlobo lweseli olungenza amakhophi awo ngokungenamkhawulo futhi ludale amaseli akhethekile angalungisa amaseli alimele.

Odokotela sebevele basebenzisa ukwelashwa kwamaseli e-stem ukuphatha futhi ngezinye izikhathi ukwelapha izifo ezifana nomdlavuza wegazi kanye nezinkinga zegazi. Abacwaningi bezokwelapha bakholelwa ukuthi la maseli e-stem anamandla okwelapha futhi mhlawumbe elaphe ezinye izifo eziningi ezimbi (isib. isifo senhliziyo, isifo sikashukela, isifo sikaParkinson, ukukhubazeka). Ngakho ucwaningo kulo mkhakha luyaqhubeka, futhi ngesivinini esikhulu.

Ngakho-ke, ngithemba ukuthi usuthole ukuqonda okuyisisekelo ngama-stem cell. Ukuqaphela isayensi yezokwelapha efana nale kusisiza sicabange kakhulu ngempilo yethu, akunjalo? Ngoba, ulwazi luyisivikelo esingcono kakhulu!