Uyazi yini ngokuhlolwa kwe-HIV? Ake sixoxe ngakho ngokuningiliziwe!

Uma uzwa igama elithi HIV, ungase uzizwe wesaba futhi ukhathazekile kancane. Kodwa kubaluleke kakhulu ukwazi ngalo. Ngoba, uma i-HIV itholakala kusenesikhathi, iyisimo esingalawulwa kahle futhi siphile impilo enempilo. Ngakho-ke, namuhla sizoxoxa ngokuthi ukuhlolwa kwe-HIV kuyini, ukuthi ungakuthola kanjani, nokuthi imiphumela ithini.

Iyini i-HIV? Kungani lokhu kuhlolwa kubalulekile?

Kalula nje, i-HIV (i-Human Immunodeficiency Virus) igciwane elihlasela amasosha omzimba emzimbeni wethu. Amasosha omzimba ethu afana nebutho elivikela izwe lethu. Igciwane le-HIV lihlasela leli butho futhi lilenze buthaka. Khona-ke imizimba yethu ayikwazi ukumelana ngisho nezifo ezincane.

Uma ukutheleleka nge-HIV kungelashwa kahle, kungagcina sekuphenduke i-AIDS (Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome) . Kungaba yingozi empilweni. Kodwa-ke, into engcono kakhulu ukuthi noma ngabe uthelelekile nge-HIV, uma utholakale kusenesikhathi futhi uqala ukwelashwa, ungahlala uphilile ngaphandle kokuya esigabeni se-AIDS. Yingakho kubaluleke kakhulu ukuthola ukuhlolwa kwe-HIV.

Izindlela zokuhlola i-HIV zamanje zisebenza kahle kakhulu ekutholeni igciwane. Ngakho-ke, uma ucabanga ukuthi ungase ube sengozini, kungcono ukuhlolwa.

Yiziphi izinhlobo zokuhlolwa ezitholakalayo ukuze kutholakale i-HIV?

Kunezinhlobo ezintathu eziyinhloko zokuhlolwa kwe-HIV. Lezi zivivinyo zisebenzisa isampula yegazi lakho (kungaba umthambo noma ukuhlatshwa ngomunwe) noma isampula yoketshezi lomlomo. Lokhu kuhlukile kumathe.

1. Ukuhlolwa kwe-Nucleic Acid (NAT):

• Lokhu kuhlola ngqo ukuba khona kwezinto zofuzo zegciwane le-HIV (`i-HIV RNA`). Kuphinde kulinganise inani legciwane egazini (`umthwalo wegciwane`).
• Lokhu kuhlolwa okubiza kakhulu, okwenziwa elabhorethri enkulu. Kuhilela ukuthatha igazi emthanjeni.

2. Ukuhlolwa kwe-Antigen/Antibody:

• Lokhu akuphathelene negciwane ngokwalo, kodwa kunalokho mayelana nendlela umzimba wethu osabela ngayo egciwaneni.
• Into yokuqala okufanele uyibheke into ebizwa ngokuthi i-antigen . I-antigen yinto evuselela amasosha omzimba wethu. Uma une-HIV, kufanele ube nento ebizwa ngokuthi i-p24 antigen egazini lakho.
• Okulandelayo, sibheka ama-antibodies e-HIV . Amasosha ethu omzimba enza la ma-antibodies ukuze alwe negciwane.
• Ama-antigen angabonakala egazini ngaphambi kwama-antibodies.

3. Ukuhlolwa Kwamasosha Omzimba:

• Lokhu kubheka kuphela ama-antibodies e-HIV.

Ngokuvamile, ukuhlolwa kwe-`NAT` kuyabiza, ngakho-ke akuvamile ukusetshenziswa ukuhlola i-HIV ngaphandle kokuthi unezimpawu. Uma uhlolwe ukuthi une-HIV, udokotela wakho angase akucele ukuhlolwa kwe-`NAT` ukuhlola umthamo wegciwane lakho.

Isinyathelo sokuqala sokuhlolwa kwe-HIV ukuhlolwa kwe-antibody noma ukuhlolwa kwe-antigen/antibody. Uma umphumela ubonisa ukuthi unegciwane, kuzodingeka ukuhlolwa okwengeziwe ukuze kuqinisekiswe.

Kufanele uhlolwe nini i-HIV?

Ngokusho kwe-US Preventive Services Task Force, wonke umuntu oneminyaka ephakathi kuka-15 no-65 kufanele ahlolwe i-HIV okungenani kanye empilweni yakhe. I-HIV ayibangeli njalo izimpawu ezigabeni zokuqala. Ngakho-ke, ukuhlolwa kuyindlela kuphela yokwazi ukuthi unaleli gciwane. Uma wenza kanjalo, ungavimbela ukulidlulisela kwabanye.

Futhi, uma usengozini enkulu yokuchayeka ku-HIV, noma uma ukhulelwe, kufanele nakanjani wenze lokhu kuhlolwa.

Ubani osengozini enkulu?

I-HIV isakazeka ngokushintshana koketshezi lomzimba negazi ngesikhathi socansi. Uma ubhekene nalezi ziphuzo ezivela kumuntu one-HIV, usengozini enkulu. Ukulala nomuntu one-HIV ngaphandle kokusebenzisa izindlela zokuzivikela (njengekhondomu) kwandisa kakhulu ingozi yakho yokuthola i-HIV.

Kunini lapho kufanele uhlolwe khona i-HIV kaningi:

• Uma wenza ucansi lwesitho sangasese sowesifazane, indunu, noma ngomlomo nomuntu one-HIV, noma umuntu ongaziwa isimo sakhe se-HIV.
• Uma unabalingani bocansi abangaphezu koyedwa, noma uma umlingani wakho enabalingani bocansi abangaphezu koyedwa.
• Uma uyindoda futhi ulala namanye amadoda (`MSM - Amadoda alala namadoda`).
• Uma unegciwane elithelelana ngocansi (STI) ngaphandle kwe-HIV (ukuba nelinye igciwane elithelelana ngocansi kwandisa ingozi yakho yokuthola i-HIV).
• Uma wabelana ngezinaliti nabanye ukuze ujove izidakamizwa.

Ukuhlolwa njalo kusho mhlawumbe kanye ngonyaka, noma kaningi nakakhulu. I-CDC (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention) ithi amadoda alala namadoda kufanele ahlolwe njalo ezinyangeni ezi-3-6. Buza udokotela wakho ukuthi kufanele uhlolwe kangaki.

Uma uhlaselwa ngokocansi, kubalulekile ukuthi uhlolwe i-HIV ngaleso sikhathi. Kufanele futhi ubone udokotela ngokushesha bese uqala ukuthatha inkambo yemithi ye-HIV, eyaziwa ngokuthi i-PEP (Post-Exposure Prophylaxis) . Lo muthi ungasiza ekuvimbeleni i-HIV. Kodwa-ke, kumele uqalwe zingakapheli amahora angu-72 kusukela utholakale emsebenzini.

Kungani ukuhlolwa kwe-HIV kubalulekile ngesikhathi sokukhulelwa?

Kunconywa ukuthi uhlolelwe i-HIV ngesikhathi sokukhulelwa, ikakhulukazi ku-trimester yokuqala. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi i-HIV ingadluliselwa kusuka kumama iye enganeni. Ingadluliselwa nangobisi lwebele. Uma uthola ukwelashwa kusenesikhathi ngesikhathi sokukhulelwa, ungavimbela igciwane ukuthi lidlulele enganeni yakho.

Uma ukhulelwe futhi usengozini enkulu yokuthola i-HIV, kuwumqondo omuhle ukuthi uhlolwe kabili noma kathathu ngesikhathi sokukhulelwa kwakho.

Ngingakutholaphi ukuhlolwa kwe-HIV?

Kunezindawo eziningana ongahlolwa kuzo (ezinye ngisho nasekhaya lakho).

• Ungayithola ehhovisi likadokotela wakho, emtholampilo, noma esikhungweni sezempilo somphakathi.
• Ungathola izindawo ezinikeza ukuhlolwa kwe-HIV kanye nezinye izifo ezithathelwana ngocansi ngokufaka ikheli lakho kuwebhusayithi ye-CDC (njenge-"Izindawo Zokuhlola I-HIV kanye Nezinsizakalo Zokunakekelwa"). Eziningi zalezi zindawo zinikeza ukuhlolwa kwamahhala.
• Uma uneminyaka engaphezu kwengu-17, ungathenga ikhithi yokuhlola i-HIV ekhaya ekhemisi noma ku-inthanethi. Ukuhlolwa kwe-HIV ekhaya okuvunyelwe yi-FDA (Food and Drug Administration) okuwukuphela komhlaba okuvunyelwe yi -OraQuick® In-Home HIV Test .

Ukuhlolwa kwe-HIV kuyithola kanjani igciwane? Iyini "Isikhathi Sewindi"?

Ukuhlolwa kwe-HIV kuhlola igciwane le-HIV egazini lakho noma oketshezini lomlomo. Lokhu kungaba yigciwane uqobo, i-antigen ye-HIV kanye nama-antibodies, noma ama-antibodies nje. Uma uhlolwe ukuthi unegciwane, uzodinga ukuhlolwa okwengeziwe ukuze kuqinisekiswe. Uma uhlolwe ukuthi awunalo, kusho ukuthi cishe awunalo igciwane.

Kodwa-ke, kubaluleke kakhulu ukuqaphela "isikhathi sewindi" lapha. Isikhathi sewindi yisikhathi esiphakathi kwesikhathi lapho unegciwane nokuthi lingatholakala nini ngokuhlolwa. Lesi sikhathi siyahlukahluka kumuntu nomuntu futhi kuye ngohlobo lokuhlolwa. Ngakho-ke, kufanele uhlolwe ngemva kokuba lesi sikhathi sewindi sesidlulile.

• Ukuhlolwa kwe-Nucleic acid (NAT): Lokhu kunesikhathi esifushane kakhulu sokuhlola. Kungabonisa ukuthi unegciwane le-HIV phakathi kwezinsuku eziyi-10 nezingama-33 ngemva kokuchayeka.
• Ukuhlolwa kwe-Antigen/antibody: Ukutheleleka kungatholakala phakathi kwezinsuku ezingu-18 no-45 ngemva kokuchayeka (ukuhlolwa kwegazi) noma phakathi kwezinsuku ezingu-18 no-90 (ukuhlolwa kweminwe).
• Ukuhlolwa kwama-antibody (okusheshayo kakhulu nokuhlolwa kwasekhaya): Kungabona ukutheleleka phakathi kwezinsuku ezingama-23 nezingama-90 ngemva kokuchayeka.

Uma ukuhlolwa kwakho kungenayo i-HIV, kodwa ucabanga ukuthi kungenzeka ukuthi uke wavezwa, qiniseka ukuthi uphinde uhlolwe ngemva kokuphela kwesikhathi sokuhlolwa.

Ingabe udinga ukulungiselela ngaphambi kokuhlolwa?

Akukho ukulungiselela okukhethekile okudingekayo ukuze kuhlolwe igazi. Kodwa-ke, uma kuhlolwa ekhaya okusebenzisa uketshezi lomlomo, ungase welulekwe ukuthi ugweme ukudla noma ukuphuza imizuzu engama-30 ngaphambi kokuhlolwa. Landela imiyalelo esekhithini ngqo.

Kwenzekani ngesikhathi sokuhlolwa?

Lokhu kuyahlukahluka kuye ngohlobo lokuhlolwa okwenzayo nokuthi kuthathwa kuphi.

Ukuhlolwa kwe-HIV okwenziwa elabhorethri

Ukuhlolwa okuningi kwe-HIV kuhilela uchwepheshe wezempilo othatha igazi lakho alithumele elebhu. Lokhu kungenziwa ehhovisi likadokotela wakho noma emtholampilo. Uma utholakala une-HIV, udokotela wakho uzokwenza ukuhlolwa okwengeziwe ukuqinisekisa lokho. I-CDC itusa ukulandelana okulandelayo kokuhlolwa kwe-HIV:

1. Ukuhlolwa kokuqala: Ukuhlolwa kwe-Antigen/antibody ukuhlola i-HIV antigen p24 kanye nama-antibodies e-HIV. Uma une-HIV, kudingeka ukuhlolwa kwesibili ukuqinisekisa umphumela.

2. Ukuhlolwa kwesibili: Ukuhlolwa kwama-antibody ukuze kubhekwe ama-antibodies ezinhlotsheni ezimbili ze-HIV, i-HIV-1 kanye ne-HIV-2. Uma umphumela wesibili nawo ubonisa ukuthi une-HIV, kuyaqinisekiswa ukuthi une-HIV. Uma imiphumela ingaphelele, kuzodingeka ukuhlolwa kwesithathu.

3. Ukuhlolwa kwesithathu: Ukuhlolwa kwe-`NAT` ukuze kubonakale ukuthi kukhona yini i-HIV egazini lakho.

Le nhlanganisela yokuhlolwa isebenza kahle cishe ngo -100% ekutholeni i-HIV.

Ukuhlolwa kwe-HIV okusheshayo

Lokhu kuhlolwa kuhlola ama-antibodies e-HIV egazini lakho noma oketshezini lomlomo. Kukhona nokuhlolwa okusheshayo kwe-antigen/antibody ye-HIV. Lokhu kungenziwa uchwepheshe wezempilo ethatha isampula yegazi emthanjeni, emunweni, noma e-swab evela ngaphakathi emlonyeni.

Ezinye izivivinyo ezisheshayo zinganikeza imiphumela ngemizuzu emi-5 kuphela. Kodwa khumbula, lezi yimiphumela yokuqala nje. Uma imiphumela yakho ikhombisa ukuthi unayo, kuzodingeka ubone udokotela wakho ukuze ahlolwe okwengeziwe ngaphambi kokuthi wazi isimo sakho se-HIV esiqondile.

Ukuhlolwa kwe-HIV ekhaya

Ukuhlolwa kwasekhaya okuwukuphela kwento evunyelwe yi-FDA yi-OraQuick®. Lokhu ukuhlolwa kwe-HIV okusheshayo okubheka ama-antibodies e-HIV. Ukuze ukusebenzise, ​​uthatha isampula yoketshezi lwakho lomlomo ngokusula ulwelwesi lwakho olungaphezulu nolungezansi. I-swab ibe isifakwa ebhodleleni elincane. Ibonisa umphumela omuhle noma omubi (njengokuhlolwa kokukhulelwa). Imiphumela ingabonakala ngemizuzu engama-20 kuya kwengama-40.

Uma imiphumela ikhombisa ukuthi ikhona, kudingeka kwenziwe izivivinyo ezengeziwe ukuze kuqinisekiswe lokho.

Ingabe zikhona izingozi ngalolu vivinyo?

Azikho izingozi ezinkulu zokuhlolwa kwe-HIV. Ungase uzizwe ungakhululekile lapho igazi likhishwa noma lapho kuthathwa ithonsi legazi emunweni wakho, yilokho kuphela.

Kuthatha isikhathi esingakanani ukuthola imiphumela?

Isikhathi esithathayo ukuze uthole imiphumela yakho siyahlukahluka kuye ngohlobo lokuhlolwa. Ezinye izivivinyo ezisheshayo, ezifana nokuhlolwa kwe-antigen/antibody kanye ne-antibody, zinganikeza imiphumela ngaphansi kwemizuzu engama-20. Ukuhlolwa kwe-`NAT` kunesikhathi esifushane kakhulu sokuthola i-HIV ngemva kokuchayeka. Kodwa-ke, kungathatha isikhathi ukuthola imiphumela. Kungathatha izinsuku eziningana ukuthi imiphumela yokuhlolwa kwe-`NAT` ibuye.

Ithini imiphumela?

Imiphumela yokuhlolwa ingaba mibi noma ibe mihle .

• Umphumela omubiLokhu kusho ukuthi ukuhlolwa akubonanga zimpawu zegciwane. Lokhu kungasho ukuthi awunayo i-HIV, noma ukuthi usuvele utholakale une-HIV isikhathi eside (ngesikhathi sokuhlolwa) ukuze utholakale unegciwane.
• Umphumela omuhle usho ukuthi ukuhlolwa kuthole iminonjana yegciwane. Lokhu kungasho ukuthi une-HIV, noma ukuthi kudingeka ukuhlolwa okwengeziwe ukuqinisekisa imiphumela.

Ngenzenjani uma umphumela wami ungemuhle?

Uma ukuhlolwa kwakho kokuqala kungenayo i-HIV, kodwa ucabanga ukuthi kungenzeka ukuthi uke wavezwa yi-HIV (okungukuthi, uma uhlolwe ngaphakathi kwesikhathi se-window), thatha ukuhlolwa kwesibili ngemva kokuphela kwesikhathi se-window. Ukuhlolwa kwesibili kungaqinisekisa imiphumela yakho engemihle.

Ngisho noma uhlolwe ungenayo i-HIV, kubalulekile ukuzivikela esikhathini esizayo. Khuluma nodokotela wakho mayelana nokuthi i-PrEP (Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis) ikulungele yini. I-'PrEP' iyiphilisi oliphuza nsuku zonke. Inganciphisa ingozi yokuthola i-HIV ngocansi ngo-99%. Kubantu abajova izidakamizwa, inciphisa ingozi ngo-74%. Uma ungenayo i-HIV futhi umlingani wakho ene-HIV, kubalulekile ukusebenzisa i-'PrEP' ngendlela efanele.

Ngisho noma uthatha i-'PrEP', kungcono ukusebenzisa ikhondomu ukuze uzivikele kwi-HIV kanye nezinye 'izifo ezithathelwana ngocansi'.

Ngenzenjani uma umphumela wami ubonisa ukuthi nginayo i-HIV?

Uma uthola umphumela omuhle ekuhlolweni okukodwa, udinga ukwenza izivivinyo ezengeziwe nodokotela wakho ukuqinisekisa ukuthi kuyiqiniso. Uma usuxilongiwe, wena nodokotela wakho nizosebenzisana ukuthuthukisa uhlelo lokwelashwa. Udokotela wakho uzonquma ukuthi i-HIV yakho isakazeke kangakanani futhi uzokunikeza imithi yokusiza ukuyilawula. Ukwelashwa kwe-HIV kubizwa ngokuthi ukwelashwa ngama-antiretroviral (ART) . Lokhu kwelashwa kusiza umzimba wakho ukulwa negciwane futhi kulivimbele ukuthi liqhubekele ekubeni yi-AIDS. Imithi emisha etholakalayo inamandla kakhulu. Uma uyisebenzisa ngendlela efanele nangokungaguquguquki, ungavimbela lesi sifo ukuba siqhubeke futhi uphile impilo enempilo.

Futhi, kufanele ukhulume nomlingani wakho wezocansi mayelana nokuxilongwa kwakho. Uma uke walala nomuntu ongavikelekile, kungenzeka ukuthi uthole igciwane kuwe. Kufanele futhi ahlolwe.

Uyini umehluko phakathi kokuhlolwa kwe-HIV-1 kanye ne-HIV-2?

Kunezinhlobo ezimbili ze-HIV: i-HIV-1 kanye ne-HIV-2. Ezinye izivivinyo zama-antibody zingabona ukuthi une-HIV-1, i-HIV-2, noma zombili egazini lakho. I-HIV-1 uhlobo lwe-HIV oluvame kakhulu. Iphinde idluliselwe kalula kune-HIV-2.

Ekugcineni, kufanele ngithi... (Umyalezo Wokuya Ekhaya)

Kuvamile ukuzizwa wesaba kancane uma ucabanga ngokuhlolwa i-HIV. Kodwa-ke, kuyafaneleka ukuqaphela impilo yakho nokuvikela abantu obathandayo.

• Thola ukuhlolwa kwe-HIV okungenani kanye empilweni yakho.Uma usengozini enkulu, kwenze kaningi.
• Qaphela isikhathi sokuhlolwa. Bhala isivivinyo ngemva kokuba leso sikhathi sesidlulile.
• Uma umphumela ubonisa ukuthi unegciwane, ungesabi. Ngokwelashwa okuthuthukisiwe okutholakala namuhla (ART), ungaphila impilo enempilo nejabulisayo ne-HIV.
• Kukhona umuntu ongakusiza. Khuluma nabangani, umndeni, noma umeluleki omethembayo.

I-HIV imane nje ingenye inkinga yezempilo. Uma iqashelwa kusenesikhathi futhi iphathwa kahle, akukho okukuvimbela ekufezeni amaphupho akho. Masiqaphele, masibe nempilo enhle!

I - HIV, ukuhlolwa kwe-HIV, i-AIDS, impilo yocansi, amasosha omzimba, i-NAT, ukuhlolwa kwe-antigen antibody, i-PrEP