Ziyini lezi "zimpawu" ezingaphakathi emzimbeni? Ake sixoxe ngama-antigen!

Wake wacabanga ukuthi umzimba wethu unesimiso sawo sokuzivikela sokulwa nezifo ngaphandle? Akumangalisi yini? Ngakho-ke, ukuze lolu hlelo lokuzivikela lusebenze, kudingeka lube nendlela yokubona "ubani ongumngane nokuthi ngubani oyisitha." Yilapho lawa "ma-antigen" engena khona. Kalula nje, lezi yizibonakaliso ezitshela izivikelo zomzimba wethu ukuthi, "Nangu umuntu okufanele ambambe!"

Iyini ngempela i-antigen?

Cabanga ngomzimba wakho njengezwe elikhulu. Kufana nokuthi wonke umuntu ongena kuleli zwe unekhadi lomazisi elimkhombayo. Ama-antigen empeleni angamaphrotheni noma ama-polysaccharide. Angaphandle kwezinto ezifana namaseli, amagciwane, namabhaktheriya. Kufana nelebula elinegama kulo. Amasosha ethu omzimba afunda le lebula ukuze anqume ukuthi lokhu kuyinto yomzimba noma umhlaseli ovela ngaphandle.

Manje bheka, la ma-antigen awatholakali kuphela ezintweni ezifana namagciwane, amabhaktheriya, impova, ama-parasites, namaseli omdlavuza, kodwa futhi nasemaseli ethu anempilo. Sibiza ama-antigen emizimbeni yethu ngokuthi “thina.” Ama-antigen ezintweni eziyingozi ezifana namagciwane nama-bacteria abizwa ngokuthi “angewona awethu.” Lokhu kusho ukuthi umzimba wethu uyawabona amaseli awo futhi ulwa nalawo avela ngaphandle. Uhlakaniphe kakhulu, akunjalo?

Uyawazi umehluko phakathi kwe-antigen ne-antibody?

Lokhu okubili kungase kubonakale kudida kancane, kodwa kulula kakhulu.

Ama-antigen yilawo ma-marker , njengoba ngishilo ekuqaleni. La ma-marker yiwo atshela umzimba wethu ukuthi, "Nangu umuntu ovela ngaphandle!"

Ama-antibodies amaprotheni akhethekile enziwa amangqamuzana ethu omzimba. Enzelwe ukuqaphela nokubhubhisa ama-antigen ayingozi. Eqinisweni, igama elithi antigen livela emcabangweni "wama-antibody generator," okusho "izinto ezisiza ekwenzeni ama-antibodies."

Ama-antibodies akhethekile kakhulu. I-antibody ngayinye ingakwazi ukubona i-antigen eyodwa kuphela. Kufana nesihluthulelo nokukhiya. Isihluthulelo esifanele kuphela esingavula ukukhiya. Yileyo ndlela lezi ezimbili ezisebenza ngayo.

Yiziphi izinhlobo zama-antigen ezikhona?

Ama-antigen angahlukaniswa ngezinhlobo eziningana kuye ngokuthi avela kanjani. Ake sibone ukuthi ayini.

1. Ama-Antigen angaphandle

Lezi yizinto ezingena emizimbeni yethu zivela ngaphandle. Cabanga nje, lezi zingangena emzimbeni wakho ngekhala lakho, umlomo, noma ngisho nangenxeba lesikhumba.

• Amagciwane
• Amabhaktheriya
• Impova
• Izimuncagazi
• Isikhunta

Zonke lezi zingezalolu hlobo.

2. Ama-Antigen angaphandle

Lawa ma-antigen atholakala kumaseli angaphakathi emizimbeni yethu. Atshela amasosha omzimba wethu ukuthi "Ngingumngane wakho" (mina) noma "Manje sengingumuntu omubi, ngibhubhise" (oyingozi). Isibonelo, amangqamuzana ethu atheleleke ngebhaktheriya noma igciwane abeka amamaki anjalo, etshela amasosha omzimba ukuthi awabhubhise. Ama-antigen asemaseli ethu abomvu egazi kanye nezimpawu ezikhethekile eziqaphela imizimba yethu njenge "yami" ezibizwa ngokuthi ``(HLAs)`` (Human Leukocyte Antigens) nazo zingalolu hlobo.

3. Ama-Autoantigen

Lesi isimo esididayo kancane. Lezi yizimpawu zamaseli ethu aphilile. Kodwa-ke, ngezinye izikhathi amasosha omzimba wethu enza iphutha futhi ahlasele la maseli aphilile, ecabanga ukuthi “ayizitha.” Yilapho-ke izifo zokuzivikela komzimba ziqala khona.

4. Ama-antigen atholakala kumaseli omdlavuza (ama-Tumor Antigens)

Lezi yizimpawu ezikhethekile ebusweni bamangqamuzana omdlavuza. Ungase uzizwe zibizwa ngokuthi `(ama-antigen ahlobene ne-Tumor - TAA)`, `(ama-antigen athile e-Tumor - TSA)`, `(ama-Neoantigens)` noma `(ama-antigen e-Oncogenic)`.

Ngezinye izikhathi lezi zingxenye zifana neseli elivamile, kodwa esitokisini somdlavuza zisebenza ngendlela ehlukile (isibonelo, iseli lomdlavuza lingenza iphrotheni ethile kakhulu kuneseli elivamile). Ngezinye izikhathi, lawa ma-antigen akhiqizwa izinguquko ezakhiweni zofuzo zeseli lomdlavuza noma ngegciwane elingaphakathi kweseli lomdlavuza.

Ayini Amaseli Abonisa Ukulwa Nezifo Ezibangelwa Amagciwane (ama-APC)?

Leli yiqembu elibaluleke kakhulu. Lawa maseli yiwo asiza isimiso somzimba sokuzivikela ukuthi, "Nansi impi!" Sinezinhlobo ezintathu zala maseli emizimbeni yethu: ama-macrophage, amaseli e-dendritic, namaseli e-B.

Kalula nje, basebenza njengabaphenyi abahlakaniphile. Bakhomba lokho abacabanga ukuthi kuyizihlaseli kwamanye amangqamuzana omzimba. Yingakho ngezinye izikhathi bebizwa ngokuthi “amangqamuzana angochwepheshe aveza i-antigen.”

Uma leli seli elikhethekile lihlangana ne-antigen, liyayidla, liyiphule ibe yizicucu ezincane, bese libonisa ezinye zezicucu ebusweni balo beseli. Lokhu kufana "nephosta efunwayo" yamaseli e-T . Amaseli e-T ayafika ahlole lezi zicucu ze-antigen ukuze abone ukuthi ziyayibona yini le nhlaseli. Uma i-antigen ihambisana ne-receptor ethile kuseli le-T, lelo seli le-T litshela lonke isimiso somzimba sokuzivikela ukuthi "sihlasele!"

Kwenzekani uma i-antigen ingena emzimbeni?

Umzimba wakho uzivikela kuma-antigen ayingozi avela ngaphandle ngokusebenzisa amakhemikhali abizwa ngokuthi ama-antibodies . Uma i-antigen ingena emzimbeni wakho, amasosha omzimba wakhoAmaseli e-B ayayihlola ngokucophelela.

Amaseli e-B anezitho zokwamukela ezikhethekile ezihlola ukuthi i-antigen iyahambisana yini - njengokhiye nokukhiya okukhulunywe ngakho ekuqaleni. Uma kukhona okufanayo, iseli le-B liqala ukwenza ama-antibodies. I-antibody ngayinye eyenzayo inesimo esiyingqayizivele esingayibona leyo antigen.

Umsebenzi we-antibody ukuthola i-antigen efanelana nesimo esikhethekile ebusweni bayo. Ama-antibodies ayahamba futhi abophane nala ma-antigen. Khona-ke isimiso sakho somzimba sokuzivikela singabhubhisa lezo zinto eziyingozi.

Uma isimiso sakho somzimba sokuzivikela sesihlangane ne-antigen, sinamaseli akhethekile ayikhumbulayo. Lokhu kubizwa ngokuthi inkumbulo ye-immunological . Yingakho uma umhlaseli ofanayo ebuya, umzimba ungasabela ngokushesha nangokusebenza kahle kakhulu.

Kodwa kunenkinga encane. Ngezinye izikhathi lezi zinto eziyingozi ziyashintshashintsha, okusho ukuthi ama-antigen azo ashintsha isimo. Khona-ke amasosha ethu omzimba awakwazi ukuwabona, njengokungathi zonke izimbungulu endlini yakho zishintshile lapho ushiya ikhaya!

Kuyini ukuhlolwa kwe-antigen?

Ukuhlolwa kwe-antigen kubheka izimpawu ezithile (ama-antigen) oketshezini lomzimba wakho, njengegazi, amathe, umchamo, kanye nendle, ezihlotshaniswa nesifo esithile. Lokhu kuvame ukusetshenziselwa ukuthola ukuthi une-flu noma isifo esibangelwa yigciwane njenge-COVID-19, noma ukubona ukuthi ukwelashwa komdlavuza kuhamba kanjani. Kungasiza futhi ekuhloleni abantu abazonikela ngezitho zomzimba noma abazofakelwa izitho zomzimba.

Ukuhlolwa kwe-antigen kwenziwa kanjani?

Lokhu kuncike ekutheni ufuna uhlobo luni lwe-antigen.

• Ngegciwane: Udokotela uvame ukusula ikhala noma umphimbo wakho nge-swab encane, ethambile. Bazobe sebeyihlola i-swab ukuze babone ukuthi inama-antigen avela egciwaneni abalifunayo. Ezinye izivivinyo ze-antigen ezibangelwa amagciwane zingenziwa ekhaya (isb., i-COVID-19 Rapid Antigen Test). Lezi zivivinyo zinganikeza imiphumela ngemizuzu eyi-15 kuphela.
• Kweminye imihlolo ye-antigen (njengezimpawu zomdlavuza, ukufanisa izicubu): Udokotela uzothatha isampula yegazi lakho, umchamo, noma indle. Uzobe eseyithumela elabhorethri ukuze ahlole i-antigen ayifunayo.

Zinembe kangakanani izivivinyo ze-antigen?

Lokhu kuncike ekutheni ufuna i-antigen enjani nokuthi uhlola kanjani. Isibonelo, ukuhlolwa okusheshayo kwe-antigen kokutheleleka ngamagciwane kunembile kakhulu uma kwenziwa zingakapheli izinsuku ezimbalwa izimpawu zakho ziqalile. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi yilapho igciwane ligcwele kakhulu emzimbeni, okwenza kube lula ukuthi ukuhlolwa kubonakale.

Izinhlobo eziningana zokuhlolwa kwe-antigen ezisetshenziswa kakhulu

Nazi ezinye izivivinyo okungenzeka ukuthi uke wezwa ngazo, noma okwadingeka uzenze:

• Ukuhlolwa kwe-carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA): I-CEA ivame ukuba khona emazingeni aphansi kubantu abadala. Kodwa-ke, kwezinye izimo, njengomdlavuza, izinga le-CEA egazini lingakhuphuka. Odokotela baqapha leli zinga le-CEA ukuze babone ukuthi ukwelashwa komdlavuza kuyasebenza yini.
• Ukuhlolwa kwe-Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg): Ukuhlolwa kwe-HBsAg ukuhlolwa kwegazi okusetshenziswa kanye nezinye izivivinyo ukuthola i-hepatitis B.
• Ukuhlolwa kwe-Human leukocyte antigen (HLA): Wonke amaseli emzimbeni wethu, ngaphandle kwamangqamuzana ethu abomvu egazi, anesethi yawo yama-HLA. Lapho kufakelwa izitho noma amaseli okuqala, umnikeli kanye nomemukeli bayahlolwa ukuze kubonakale ukuthi bane-HLA efanayo yini. Umamukeli uphinde ahlolwe ukuze kubonakale ukuthi banama-antibodies ngokumelene nama-HLA omnikeli. Uma enza kanjalo, umzimba ungahlasela isitho esisha (lokhu kubizwa ngokuthi i-graft versus host disease). Ukuze ukufakelwa okuningi kuphumelele, umnikeli kanye nomemukeli kudingeka babe nokulingana okuhle kuma-HLA. Kodwa akudingeki ukuthi bafane ncamashi.
• Ukuhlolwa kwe-Prostate-specific antigen (PSA): Amazinga e-PSA angakhuphuka kwabesilisa abanomdlavuza we-prostate noma kulabo abanezinkinga ze-prostate ezingatheni kangako. Lokhu kuhlolwa kwe-PSA kungenziwa njengengxenye yokuhlolwa kwezokwelapha okuvamile.
• Ukuhlolwa kwe-SARS-CoV-2 noma i-COVID-19 Antigen: Lokhu ngezinye izikhathi kubizwa ngokuthi "ukuhlolwa okusheshayo." Kubheka ukuba khona kwama-antigen avela egciwaneni elibangela i-COVID-19, i-SARS-CoV-2, kusampula ethathwe ekhaleni noma emphinjeni wakho. Lokhu kungenziwa ekhaya ngekhithi yokuhlola noma ngudokotela.

Ayini ama-antigen eqembu legazi?

Kungenzeka ukuthi uke wezwa ngezinhlobo zegazi u-A, u-B, u-AB, no-O. Lezi zinhlamvu empeleni zibhekisela ezinhlotsheni zama-antigen ebusweni bamaseli akho abomvu egazi. Ungazalwa une-antigen u-A noma u-B, noma womabili (uhlobo lwegazi u-AB), noma awekho (uhlobo lwegazi u-O). Lokhu kubizwa ngokuthi uhlelo lweqembu legazi le-ABO.

Uphawu "+" noma "-" ohlotsheni lwegazi lakho lubonisa ukuthi unenye i-antigen ebizwa ngokuthi i-Rhesus factor noma i-Rh factor . Kungenzeka ukuthi uke wezwa nangokuthi "i-Rhesus positive" noma "i-Rhesus negative."

Uma amangqamuzana akho egazi ene-antigen, umzimba wakho uyazi ukuthi "inobungane" futhi ngeke wenze amasosha omzimba ayilwe nayo. Ngaphandle kwalokho, amangqamuzana akho omzimba azohlasela igazi elinayo leyo antigen.

Ngamanye amazwi, uma uhlobo lwegazi lakho luyi-A, ama-antibodies akho azohlasela igazi nge-antigen ye-B. Futhi okufanayo kuya ngokuphambene nalokho. Uma uhlobo lwegazi lakho luyi-AB, umzimba wakho ubona womabili ama-antigen u-A no-B "njengobungane" futhi ngeke uwahlasele. Uma uhlobo lwegazi lakho luyi-O, une-antibodies elwa nama-antigen womabili u-A no-B.

Yingakho kubaluleke kakhulu ukulinganisa uhlobo lwegazi lakho lapho unikela ngegazi. Uma unikezwa igazi elingahambisani nohlobo lwegazi lakho, lingabangela ukusabela okukhulu kwamasosha omzimba.

Okuningi mayelana ne-Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA)

Ama-HLA ayizimpawu ezikhethekile ezikhomba amangqamuzana akho ngokuthi “uqobo,” okusho ukuthi angowomzimba wakho. Wonke amangqamuzana ngaphandle kwamangqamuzana akho abomvu egazi anama-HLA.

Ungase ucabange nge-`(HLA)` njengezinhlobo zegazi, kodwa ziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu kunalokho. Isibonelo, sonke sine-`(HLA)` eziningi, ngakho-ke akuvamile ukuthola omunye umuntu onenhlanganisela efanayo ye-`(HLA)`.

Ungakha ama-antibodies ngokumelene nama-HLA akho, okungaholela esifweni sokuzivikela komzimba. Uma udinga ukufakelwa i-stem cell, kuzodingeka ukuthi uhlolwe i-HLA ukuze uthole okufanayo. Kulesi simo, umuntu ofanelana kahle kakhulu ngokuvamile isihlobo esiseduze, njengomama, ubaba, umfowabo, noma udadewabo.

Okokugcina, izinto okufanele uzikhumbule

Bekungeke yini kube kuhle ukube konke esihlangana nakho endleleni yethu eya emsebenzini bekunelebula ethi "lokhu kuhle, lokhu kubi"? Ama-antigen ayithuluzi eliwusizo kakhulu elisiza amasosha ethu omzimba ukuba enze lokho kanye.

Udokotela wakho angase acele ukuhlolwa kwe-antigen ukuze kuhlolwe njalo, ukuqapha ukugula okuqhubekayo, noma ukuthola ukuthi unalo yini igciwane. Ngezikhathi ezinjalo, qiniseka ukuthi ubuza noma yimiphi imibuzo onayo mayelana nokuthi benza kanjani futhi kungani bekwenza ukuhlolwa. Kubalulekile ukwazi ngempilo yakho.

Ama - antigen, ama-antibodies, amasosha omzimba, ukuhlolwa kwe-antigen, amaqembu egazi, i-HLA, izifo