Kuyini i-Apoptosis? Indlela enhle kakhulu yokuthi amaseli emzimbeni wethu afe!

Wake wazibuza ukuthi kwenzekani emaselini emizimbeni yethu, ikakhulukazi uma eguga noma onakele? Eqinisweni, imizimba yethu inekhono elimangalisayo lokubona lawa maseli nokuwasusa ngendlela ehlelekile. Yilokho esikubiza ngokuthi i-apoptosis . Kalula nje, lena inqubo yokufa kwamaseli umzimba oyihlelayo futhi uyilawulayo, efana 'nokufa kwamaseli okuhleliwe'.

Kungani lokhu kuphelelwa yithemba kubaluleke kangaka kithi?

Cabanga nje, amanye amangqamuzana emzimbeni wethu ayaguga, noma i-DNA yawo yonakala. Uma lawa maseli eqhubeka nokuba khona emzimbeni, angaqhubeka ehlukana futhi ephindaphindeka ngendlela engalawuleki, okubangela izifo eziyingozi njengomdlavuza. Le nqubo ebizwa ngokuthi i-apoptosis isisiza ukuvimbela izingozi ezinjalo.

Lokhu kufana nokulahla ifenisha endala, ephukile endlini. Njengoba nje ukuba naleyo fenisha kungenza indlu yakho ibe yimbi, ukuba nala maseli onakele emizimbeni yethu kungabangela izinkinga. Ngakho-ke, i-apoptosis inqubo ebalulekile esiza ukugcina imizimba yethu iphilile.

Kodwa, konke kufanele kuhambe ngokwecebo. Uma kukhona okungahambi kahle kule nqubo ye-apoptosis, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi amangqamuzana amaningi ayafa noma uma amangqamuzana okufanele ngabe ayafa engafi, lokho kungabangela izinkinga.

• Uma i-apoptosis idlula kakhulu, ingabhubhisa namaseli anempilo adingwa yimizimba yethu. Isibonelo, lesi simo sibonakala ezifweni ezifana nesifo i-Alzheimer's.
• Uma i-apoptosis ingenzeki kahle (incishisiwe): Amaseli alimele naphukile ahlala emzimbeni, lapho aqala khona ukuhlukana nokwanda ngokungalawuleki. Lokhu kungaholela ezifweni ezifana nomdlavuza.

Ungase ube nesithakazelo sokufunda nge-apoptosis ngoba wena noma othile omaziyo utholakale enayo. Kungokwemvelo ukuzibuza ukuthi lezi zinqubo ezincane ngaphakathi kwamaseli ezingabonakala kuphela nge-microscope zingahlobana kanjani nezimpawu esizizwayo. Kodwa-ke, ukuqonda i-apoptosis kungakusiza uqonde 'isizathu' ngemuva kokuxilongwa kwakho. Lolu lwazi lungakusiza futhi ukuthi ukhulume nodokotela wakho ngesimo sakho kanye nezinketho zokwelapha.

Kwenzekani ngempela nge-apoptosis? Iyini injongo yayo?

I-Apoptosis inqubo ebalulekile emizimbeni yethu. Iqala ngisho nangaphambi kokuba sizalwe. Cabanga ngakho, lapho ingane ikhula esibelethweni, isibonelo, ukuze iminwe yakheke kahle, amanye amaseli aphakathi adinga ukufa ngesikhathi esifanele. Yilokho okusiza ngakho i-apoptosis.

Ngisho nangemva kokuzalwa kwethu, i-apoptosis yenza imisebenzi eminingi ebalulekile:

• Amaseli nezicubu zomzimba wethu ezindala kudingeka zithathelwe indawo njalo ngezintsha. I-Apoptosis iyasiza kulokhu.
• Kusiza amasosha omzimba wethu ukuba alwe nezifo ezahlukahlukene.
• Konakele,Amaseli angenakuvuselelwa ayasuswa emzimbeni.
• Kuvimbela amaseli alimele ukuthi angaphindaphindeki ngendlela engalawuleki.
• Kusiza ukugcina ibhalansi (`(Homeostasis)`) ezicutshini zomzimba.

Isebenza kanjani le nto ebizwa ngokuthi i-apoptosis?

Lena inqubo eyinkimbinkimbi, kodwa ngamazwi alula, kwenzeka kanje. Amanye amaprotheni akhethekile emizimbeni yethu aqala le nqubo ye-apoptosis. Isibonelo iphrotheni ebizwa ngokuthi `(iphrotheni ye-p53).` Lokhu kubizwa nangokuthi ``iphrotheni yokucindezela isimila'' ngoba kusiza ukuvimba amangqamuzana ekuhlukaneni ngokungalawuleki, njengamaseli omdlavuza.

Nansi indlela iphrotheni ethi `p53` esebenza ngayo:

1. Okokuqala, le phrotheni isebenzisa "izakhi zofuzo" ezigcina ulwazi emzimbeni wethu futhi zizama ukulungisa amaseli ane-"DNA" eyonakele.

2. Kodwa-ke, uma umonakalo umkhulu kakhulu ukuba ungalungiswa, leyo phrotheni ngeke ivumele lelo seli ukuthi lihlukane noma liphindaphindeke.

3. Esikhundleni salokho, leyo phrotheni ithumela isignali, "Kulungile, manje leli seli lidinga ukuqala inqubo ye-apoptosis."

Uma i-apoptosis isiqalile, kuvela uchungechunge lwezinguquko zamakhemikhali, bese iseli lihlukana libe yizicucu ezincane. Bese kuthi, iseli elifayo lithumele isignali kwamanye amaseli abizwa ngokuthi ama-phagocytes (uhlobo lweseli elimhlophe legazi, njengabaqoqi bemfucuza emzimbeni wethu), lithi, "Woza uzodla lezi zingcezu zami." Ngesikhathi esifanayo, iseli elifayo lithumela izimpawu ezicutshini ezizungezile ezisiza ekunciphiseni ukuvuvukala nokuphulukiswa ngokushesha. Kuhle impela, akunjalo?

Ingabe i-apoptosis eningi iyingozi?

Yebo, impela. Uma i-apoptosis ivele kakhulu, amangqamuzana anempilo adingwa yimizimba yethu nawo angafa. Lokhu kufa kwamangqamuzana ngokweqile kuhlotshaniswa nokukhula kwezifo eziningi. Ezinye zalezi zifo zifaka:

• `(Isifo sika-Alzheimer)` (Isifo sika-Alzheimer)
• `(Isifo sikaHuntington)` (Isifo sikaHuntington)
• `(Isifo se-ALS)` (i-Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis)
• `(Isifo sikaParkinson)` (Isifo sikaParkinson)
• `(Ingculazi)` (Ingculazi)
• I-ulcerative colitis
• `(Isifo samathambo esibizwa ngokuthi i-rheumatoid arthritis)` (Isifo samathambo esibizwa ngokuthi i-rheumatoid arthritis)

Ezimweni ezinjalo, izimpawu zivela ngenxa yokubhujiswa kwamangqamuzana umzimba owadingayo.

Kwenzekani uma i-apoptosis ingenzeki kahle (incishisiwe)?

Njengoba sesikhulume ngakho ngaphambili, i-apoptosis ibalulekile ekususeni amangqamuzana alimele, noma ekuvimbeleni ukukhula kwamangqamuzana angalawuleki. Ngakho-ke, uma lokhu kungenzeki kahle, okungukuthi , uma i-apoptosis ingenzeki ngokwanele, lawo maseli amabi, alimele azohlala emzimbeni futhi aqale ukuhlukana nokwanda ngokungalawuleki.

Lokhu kufana nokhula. Uma lungalawulwa kahle, luzosabalala ngokushesha futhi lubhubhise yonke ingadi.

Lokhu kwanda okungajwayelekile kwamangqamuzana kuholela kumdlavuza kanye nezinkinga zokuzivikela komzimba.Izinkinga ezinkulu zempilo zingavela.

Iyini indima ye-apoptosis ekwelapheni izifo?

Abacwaningi bathole ukuthi izinguquko enkambisweni ye-apoptosis zihilelekile ekuthuthukisweni kwezinye izifo. Ngakho-ke manje bafuna imithi engavimba i-apoptosis uma ikhuluphele kakhulu, noma iyivuselele uma idingeka .

Cabanga nje, ngezinye izikhathi amanye amaprotheni emzimbeni wethu ayayimisa i-apoptosis uma kufanele yenzeke. Khona-ke amangqamuzana alimele angaqhubeka futhi akhule abe izimila ezinomdlavuza. Abacwaningi bafuna imithi engavimba ukusebenza kwala maprotheni. Khona-ke i-apoptosis ingenzeka kahle, futhi lawo maseli amabi ayabhujiswa.

Kunezinye izimo lapho sifuna ukunciphisa khona inqubo ye-apoptosis ukuze sikwazi ukuvimbela amaseli anempilo esiwadingayo ukuthi angafi.

Ukwelashwa okulawula i-apoptosis ngale ndlela kungasiza ekulawuleni izifo eziningi esikhathini esizayo. Udokotela wakho angakutshela okwengeziwe ngalokhu.

Uyini umehluko phakathi kwe-apoptosis ne-necrosis?

Njenge-apoptosis, i-necrosis ingenye inqubo lapho amaseli efa khona. Umehluko omkhulu phakathi kwalokhu okubili ukuthi i-apoptosis isisiza ukuthi sikhule ngisho nangaphambi kokuba sizalwe, ngesikhathi sokuzalwa komntwana (uyakhumbula lezo zakhiwo ezifana neminwe?). Kodwa-ke, i-necrosis ayihlobene nokukhula komntwana. Ngokuvamile kwenzeka ngemva kokuzalwa kwethu, lapho amaseli onakala ngenxa yezifo ezahlukahlukene, ukulimala, ubuthi, njll.

Abacwaningi babecabanga ukuthi i-apoptosis kanye ne-necrosis kwakuyizinqubo ezimbili eziphikisana ngokuphelele. Babecabanga ukuthi i-apoptosis ukufa kweseli okuhleliwe nokuhlelekile, kanti i-necrosis ukufa kweseli okungahleliwe nokungahleliwe . Lokho kuyiqiniso ngezinga elithile. Ku-necrosis, okuqukethwe kweseli elifayo kuyachitheka, kusakazeke ezicutshini ezizungezile, futhi kungabangela ukuvuvukala. Kuyinqubo "engahlelekile". Kodwa ku-apoptosis, amangqamuzana ayafa ngaphandle kokuchitha okuqukethwe kwawo. Esikhundleni salokho, izingcezu zeseli zihlanganiswa ngendlela ehlelekile, futhi amangqamuzana abizwa ngokuthi ama-phagocytes ayangena azidle.

Kodwa-ke, ucwaningo olusha luthole ukuthi kukhona ukufana okuthile phakathi kwalezi zinqubo ezimbili. Ezinye izinhlobo ze-necrosis, njenge-apoptosis, zitholakale zine-necrosis ehleliwe (noma elawulwayo). Izibonelo zifaka phakathi i-necroptosis kanye ne-pyroptosis . Ngezinye izikhathi, lapho i-apoptosis yehluleka, umzimba usebenzisa izindlela ezifana ne-necroptosis ukususa amangqamuzana angafuneki noma ayingozi. Ngakho-ke, lezi zindlela ezahlukene zokufa kwamangqamuzana zisebenza ndawonye ukusiza ukuvikela imizimba yethu.

Igama elithi 'Apoptosis' libizwa kanjani?

Kunezindlela ezimbili ezivamile zokubiza igama elithi `Apoptosis`. Enye ithi `App-up-toe-sis` kanti enye ithi `App-uh-toe-sis`, okusho ukuthi ngaphandle komsindo wesibili othi `p`. Ungabuza udokotela wakho ngalokhu, noma yiliphi elinye igama elihlobene nempilo yakho. Akuyona into enkulu, into ebalulekile ukuqonda umqondo.

Okokugcina, izinto okufanele uzikhumbule

I-Apoptosis inqubo engabonakali, kodwa ebaluleke kakhulu eyenzeka ngaphakathi emizimbeni yethu nsuku zonke ukuze isigcine siphila futhi siphilile. Lokhu kufa kwamangqamuzana okuhleliwe akugcini nje ngokusekela impilo yethu kodwa futhi kusiza ekuvimbeleni izifo.

Uma kutholakale ukuthi une-apoptosis, khuluma nodokotela wakho ngayo ukuze ukwazi ukuqonda kahle lesi simo, ukuthi sikuthinta kanjani, kanye nokwelashwa okungenzeka.

Khumbula, ukuqaphela izinto ezinjengalezi kuzokusiza kakhulu lapho wenza izinqumo ngempilo yakho.

I- Apoptosis, ukufa kweseli, ukufa kweseli okuhleliwe, ukusebenza komzimba, impilo, izifo, umdlavuza