Ingabe ingane yakho inenkinga yokuxhumana nabanye nokukhuluma? Ingabe inenkinga yokuxhumana emehlweni? Noma ingabe ngezinye izikhathi iyakhala ngaphandle kwesizathu esibonakalayo, noma iziphathe ngendlela engavamile? Uma ingane yakho inesimo sokukhula njenge-autism, cishe uyazi ukuthi lokhu kuziphatha kungaphazamisa kanjani. Enye indlela yokwelapha ongayicabangela kulesi simo yi-ABA, noma i-Applied Behavior Analysis.
Kalula nje, iyini i-ABA?
Ukwelashwa kwe-ABA kuyindlela ekhethekile yokwelapha yokuziphatha esetshenziselwa izingane nabantu abadala abane-autism kanye nokunye ukukhubazeka kokukhula. Isekelwe emcabangweni olula kakhulu. Okusho ukuthi, uma sivuza ukuziphatha okuthile, ingane inamathuba amaningi okuphinda lokho kuziphatha.
Ngamanye amazwi, uma siqinisa ukuziphatha okuhle nokuhle kwengane, lokho kuziphatha kuyanda. Ngokufanayo, uma singakukhuthazi ukuziphatha okuthile okungafanele, lokho kuziphatha kuncipha kancane kancane, futhi ngezinye izikhathi kunyamalale ngokuphelele.
Ukwelashwa kwe-ABA kungasiza ingane ene-autism ngezinto ezifana nalezi:
- Thuthukisa ukuxhumana nabantu kanye nokusebenzisana.
- Funda amakhono amasha.
- Khulisa ukuziphatha okuhle nokuhle.
- Nciphisa ukuziphatha okunzima nokunzima.
Ucwaningo lukhombisile ukuthi ukwelashwa nge-ABA kunomthelela omuhle ekuxhumaneni kwezingane, amakhono okuxhumana, kanye nolimi oluveza imizwa yazo. Ezinye izifundo zikhombisile ukuthi ukunikeza ukwelashwa nge-ABA amahora angaphezu kwangu-20 ngesonto eminyakeni embalwa yokuqala yempilo yengane (ikakhulukazi ngaphambi kweminyaka engu-4) kungaholela ekuthuthukisweni okukhulu ekukhuleni kwengane futhi kunciphise amathuba okudinga izinsizakalo ezikhethekile kamuva ekuphileni.
Kwenzekani ngempela ngesikhathi seseshini yokwelapha ye-ABA?
Uma ingane yakho iqala ukwelashwa kwe-ABA, izoqala ngokuhlangana nomhlaziyi wokuziphatha ogxile kulo mkhakha. Sibabiza ngokuthi yi-Board Certified Behavior Analyst (BCBA). Uzoqala ngokuhlola izidingo namakhono engane yakho.
Ngemva kokumazi kahle umntwana nokuqonda amakhono akhe, kwakhiwa uhlelo lokwelashwa lomuntu ngamunye lwalowo mntwana . Lolu hlelo luchaza ngokucacile ukuthi yiziphi izindlela zokuziphatha eziqondiwe nokuthi yini okudingeka ithuthukiswe.
Udokotela we-ABA wengane yakho usebenzisa izindlela namasu ahlukahlukene kuye ngezidingo zengane kanye nokuziphatha eqondisa kukho.
Yiziphi izindlela eziyinhloko ezisetshenziswa ekwelashweni kwe-ABA?
Odokotela bezokwelapha basebenzisa izindlela ezahlukahlukene ekwelashweni kwe-ABA. Nazi ezinye zezindlela eziyinhloko. Ukuqonda umehluko phakathi kwazo kuzokusiza ukuthi uqonde kangcono lokhu kwelashwa.
| Indlela yokwelapha | Kalula nje, | Kwenzeka kanjani |
|---|---|---|
| Ukuqeqeshwa Kwesilingo Esihlukile (i-DTT) | Ukufundisa okuhlelekile, isinyathelo ngesinyathelo | Umelaphi uhlala nengane mathupha, ahlukanise umsebenzi ube yizinyathelo ezincane, futhi amfundise ngamunye ngamunye. Bayamkhuthaza uma enza into efanele. Lokhu kuhlelekile kakhulu. Isikhathi esiningi, imisebenzi yenziwa etafuleni. |
| Ukwelashwa Kwempendulo Ebalulekile (i-PRT) | Ukufunda ngokudlala | Lokhu akuhlelekile njenge-DTT. Lapha, izintandokazi zengane kanye nezinto ezithandwa yiyo zinikezwa kuqala. Lapho ingane iqala umdlalo ewuthandayo, umelaphi uyajoyina futhi afundise amakhono aqondiwe ngawo. Ngisho nemivuzo ihlotshaniswa nomdlalo. (Isibonelo, uma ingane ibeka amabhlogo ambalwa ngendlela efanele, ivunyelwe ukuwaphula). |
| Imodeli yeDenver Yokuqala Kwasekuqaleni (ESDM) | Inhlanganisela yazo zombili izindlela | Lokhu kusebenzisa imisebenzi esekelwe ekudlaleni njenge-PRT. Kodwa-ke, lapho kudingeka khona, kusetshenziswa izindlela zokufundisa ezihlelekile njenge-DTT. Kwenziwa imizamo yokufeza imigomo eminingi ngaphakathi komsebenzi owodwa. (Isibonelo, ukuqaphela izimo nokuthuthukisa amakhono okunyakaza okuhle ngenkathi kwakhiwa iphazili). |
Okubalulekile, esikhathini esidlule, ukwelashwa kwe-ABA kwakusebenzisa isijeziso sokuziphatha kabi, kodwa lokho akuseyona indlela eyamukelekayo.Ukwelashwa kwe-ABA kwamanje kusekelwe ngokuphelele ekuqiniseni okuhle.
Imibono eyiphutha kanye neqiniso mayelana nokwelashwa kwe-ABA
Kunemibono ehlukene emphakathini mayelana nokwelashwa kwe-ABA. Eminye yayo ukungaqondi kahle. Ake sixoxe ngalokho kancane.
| Umbono ongalungile | Indaba yangempela |
|---|---|
| I-ABA izama "ukwenza izingane zibe ngabantu abajwayelekile", ukuzenza amarobhothi aziphathe njengawo wonke umuntu. | Cha. Umgomo oyinhloko wokwelashwa kwe-ABA ukuthuthukisa ukuziphatha okubalulekile emphakathini okuthinta ukuphepha kwengane, ukufunda, kanye nokuphila komphakathi. Akukhona ukuzama ukwenza ingane ibe umuntu ohlukile. |
| Lokhu kufana nokuqeqesha izilwane. | I-ABA isekelwe kwisayensi yokufunda nokuziphatha. Nakuba umqondo wokuqinisa okuhle ungasetshenziswa nasekuqeqeshweni kwezilwane, ukwelashwa kwe-ABA kubantu kusetshenziselwa ukufundisa ingane amakhono okuphila abalulekile kanye nokuziphatha. |
| I-ABA igxile kuphela ezinkingeni zokuziphatha. | Kuyiqiniso ukuthi izama ukunciphisa ukuziphatha okuyinkinga. Kodwa uhlelo lwe-ABA olusebenzayo lwenza lokhu ngokufundisa ezinye izindlela ezisebenzayo esikhundleni salezo zindlela zokuziphatha nokwandisa ukuziphatha okuhle. |
| I-ABA uhlobo lokufumbathisa olukhokhela izingane ukuze zibe "izingane ezinhle." | Lokhu kuyiphutha elingalungile. Ekuqiniseni okuhle, utshela ingane yakho kusengaphambili ukuthi yini elindelekile nokuthi uzotholani ngokubuyisela. Ukufumbathisa kusho ukuthi ingane isivele ihileleke ekuziphatheni okungafanele bese uyinika okuthile ukuze ikuvimbe. Lokhu kokubili kuhluke ngokuphelele. |
Ingane yami izodinga isikhathi esingakanani ukwelashwa kwe-ABA?
Ukuthi ingane yakho izodinga isikhathi esingakanani ukwelashwa kwe-ABA kuncike ezintweni eziningana. Ingane ngayinye ihlukile, ngakho-ke asikho isikhathi esilingana nosayizi oyedwa. Uma ingane yakho isiqalile ukusebenza nodokotela wezokwelapha, uzokwazi ukukunikeza umbono wokuthi ingane yakho izodinga isikhathi esingakanani.
Udokotela ubheka uhlobo lokwelashwa olusetshenziswayo, inani losizo ingane eludingayo, kanye nokuthi ingane ikhula ngokushesha kangakanani.
Uma ingane yakho itholakala ine-autism, ungase ukhungatheke kakhulu. Ufuna ukwenza konke okusemandleni akho ngengane yakho. Kodwa njengoba kunezindlela eziningi zokwelapha ongakhetha kuzo, kungaba nzima ukwazi ukuthi iyiphi okufanele uyikhethe.
Umuntu ongcono kakhulu ongakhuluma naye ngalesi sikhathi udokotela wengane yakho . Khuluma naye ngezinketho zakho bese unquma ukuthi ukwelashwa kwe-ABA kulungele yini ingane yakho.
Ngokwelashwa kwe-ABA, ingane yakho ingathola usizo olukhulu ekuphatheni ukuziphatha kwayo, ukufunda izinto ezintsha, ngisho nokunciphisa amathuba okudinga izinsizakalo ezikhethekile esikhathini esizayo.
Umlayezo Wokuya Nawe Ekhaya
- I-ABA (Applied Behavior Analysis) iyindlela yokwelapha yesayensi ekhuthaza ukuziphatha okuhle futhi inciphise ukuziphatha okunzima ezinganeni ezine-autism nezinye izinkinga zokukhula.
- Lokhu kwelashwa kwenzelwe ingane ngayinye, ngokwecebo lomuntu ngamunye elenzelwe izidingo namakhono alowo mntwana.
- Izindlela ezahlukene zisetshenziswa ekwelashweni kwe-ABA, njenge-DTT (ehlelekile), i-PRT (esekelwe ekudlaleni), kanye ne-ESDM (indlela exubile).
- Akukho sijeziso ekwelashweni kwe-ABA kwamanje. Kusekelwe ngokuphelele ekuqiniseni okuhle.
- Xoxa njalo nodokotela wengane yakho ukuthi ngabe ukwelashwa kwe-ABA kulungile yini enganeni yakho kanye nemininingwane eyengeziwe.
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