Ingabe ingane yakho inenkinga yokuhlala endaweni eyodwa? Ake sifunde nge-ADHD (Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder)!

Ingabe ingane yakho encane ihlale isendaweni eyodwa? Iyazabalaza, igijima, igxumagxuma... Ukhathele ukunganaki okushiwoyo? Lokhu kungaba izimpawu zento ejulile kunalokho esikucabangayo. Leso yisimo esibizwa ngokuthi i-ADHD (Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder) . I-ADHD akuyona nje ukuntula ukunaka, iyinkinga eyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu, ehlobene nobuchopho. Ngenxa yalokhu, banenkinga encane yokunaka izinto ezithile, ukuhlala endaweni eyodwa, nokulawula imicabango yabo ngesikhathi esisodwa. Kodwa, into emangalisayo ukuthi, lapho benza into abayithandayo, bangakwazi ngisho 'nokugxilisa ingqondo kakhulu' kuyo!

Izimpawu ze-ADHD zivame ukuqala phakathi kweminyaka emi-3 nengu-6. Ngezinye izikhathi, zingaba khona ngisho nakubantu abadala. Abanye abantu baze baqaphele lesi simo uma sebekhulile. Nakuba kungekho ikhambi eliphelele le-ADHD, ungakhathazeki, lezi zimpawu zingalawulwa kahle ngezinto ezifana nemithi kanye nokwelashwa kokuziphatha.

Izigidi zezingane emhlabeni wonke zine-ADHD. Lesi simo sivamile nasezweni lethu. Uma ingane yakho itholakala ine-ADHD, ukwazi amaqiniso aqondile ngayo, kanye nokukhuluma nabanye abazali bezingane ezine-ADHD, kuzosiza kakhulu wena nengane yakho ekusekeleni. Ungakhohliswa yizinganekwane.

Zikhona yini izinhlobo ze-ADHD? Ziyini?

Yebo, odokotela bakhuluma ngezinhlobo ezine eziyinhloko lapho bexilonga i-ADHD ezinganeni nakubantu abadala:

• I-ADHD yokunganaki: Lolu hlobo lubonakala ngobunzima bokunaka, ukuqeda imisebenzi, nokugcina izinto zihlelekile. Kulolu hlobo, izimpawu zokungakhululeki nokungahlaliseki azivamile, uma zivamile. Laba bantu bavame ukubhekwa “njengabaphuphi” ekilasini noma ekhaya.

• I-ADHD Engasebenzi Kakhulu: Laba bantu banenkinga yokuhlala phansi noma ukuthula. Banamandla amaningi futhi bakhuluma kakhulu. Bayagxumagxuma lapho abanye bekhuluma, futhi benza izinto ngaphandle kokucabanga. Kodwa-ke, laba bantu bangase bangabi nezinkinga zokunaka ezisobala.

• Ukwethulwa okuhlanganisiwe: Lolu uhlobo oluvame kakhulu lwe-ADHD. Yilokhu abantu abaningi abakucabangayo lapho bezwa igama elithi ADHD. Lihlanganisa ukunganaki okukhulunywe ngakho ngaphambilini kanye nezimpawu zokungakhathali/ukungacabangi.

• Ukubonakaliswa okungacacisiwe: Lolu hlobo lwe-ADHD lunzima ngokwanele ukuphazamisa impilo yansuku zonke, kodwa aluhambisani kahle nezindinganiso ezisemthethweni zezinhlobo zangaphambilini. Odokotela base belubiza ngokuthi 'i-ADHD engacacisiwe'.

Futhi, kuye ngokuthi lezi zimpawu zithinta kangakanani impilo yakho yansuku zonke, odokotela bazibeka njengezincane , eziphakathi nendawo, nezinzima .

Ziyini izimpawu ze-ADHD?

Izimpawu ze-ADHD ziwela ezigabeni ezimbili eziyinhloko:

1.Izimpawu zokunganaki: Lezi zimpawu zithinta ikhono lakho lokugxila emsebenzini nokuwuqeda kusukela ekuqaleni kuze kube sekupheleni. Ungase uhlehlise imisebenzi edinga ukunakwa kwakho. Ungase ubonakale uphazamisekile ngisho nalapho othile ekhuluma, futhi ungase ulahlekelwe izinto njalo.

2. Izimpawu zokungakhathali/ukungakhathali: Lezi zimpawu zithinta ikhono lokuhlala unganyakazi, ukuhlala endaweni eyodwa ngokukhululeka, futhi zingase zibe nobunzima bokulinda ithuba lomuntu noma ukucabanga ngaphambi kokukhuluma.

Kunezimpawu ezingaba yisishiyagalolunye kuzo zonke lezi zigaba. Zichazwe ngezansi. Kodwa into ebalulekile ukuthi lezi yizindlela zokuziphatha ezivamile izingane eziningi ezizibonisayo ngezikhathi ezithile. Akuzona zonke izingane ezenza lezi zinto ngezikhathi ezithile ezine-ADHD. Odokotela basebenzisa izindlela zokuqaphela kakhulu ukuthola i-ADHD.

Izimpawu ezihlobene nokunaka (ezinganeni):

Bona ukuthi ingane yakho yenza izinto ezinjengalezi:

• Ugwema imisebenzi edinga ukunakwa okuningi (isib. umsebenzi wesikole, umsebenzi wesikole).
• Akanaki ngokwanele imininingwane, noma ubonakala enza amaphutha anganaki .
• Ngivame ukukhohlwa izinto okudingeka ngizenze.
• Kulula ukuphazanyiswa yizinto ezenzekayo ezikuzungezile, futhi ngezinye izikhathi yimicabango yakho.
• Ubunzima bokugcina izinto zihlelekile (isib., indlela amathoyizi ahlelwa ngayo ekamelweni, indlela izinto ezihlelwa ngayo esikhwameni sesikole, indlela izinyathelo zephrojekthi ezihlelwa ngayo).
• Ubunzima bokunaka lokho okwenzayo (isib., ukulalela inkulumo, ukufunda umbhalo omude).
• Ulahlekelwa izinto azidingayo (isib., izinto zesikole, amapensela, izibuko).
• Ngisho noma umuntu ekhuluma ngqo, kubonakala sengathi ingqondo yakhe ikwenye indawo, noma usezweni lamaphupho .
• Ngisho noma umsebenzi uqala kalula, awuqedi ngoba ingqondo iphazanyiswa okunye (lokhu kungathinta ukwenza imisebenzi yasekhaya nokuyiqeda).

Izici ezihlobene nomsebenzi wokuzulazula/wokushukuma (ezinganeni):

Bheka nalezi zici:

• Wenza ukunyakaza okuncane ngezandla noma ngemilenze, uyathuthumela (ikakhulukazi lapho edla, enza imisebenzi yasekhaya, noma ehleli esihlalweni).
• Hlala phansi uvuke uma kudingeka.
• Kunzima kakhulu ukudlala buthule noma ukwenza noma yini enye.
• Kunzima ukulinda kuze kufike ithuba lakho.
• Uphazamisa lokho okwenziwa abanye (isib., ukugxuma phezu kwabanye abantwana ngenkathi bedlala, ukuthatha ithoyizi lomunye umuntu ngaphandle kwemvume).
• Ukugxuma, ukukhwela izintaba, ukugijima , noma ukuzizwa ungakhululekile uma ufuna ukuhlala endaweni eyodwa.
• Kubonakala sengathi "kusesendleleni" noma "kunjengenjini."
• Bakhuluma ngaphambi kokuba bathathe ithuba, noma baqede imisho yabanye abantu.
• Ukukhuluma okungaphezu kwalokho obekulindelwe.

Ziyini izimbangela ze-ADHD?

I-ADHD iwufuzo . Lokhu kusho ukuthi ingane yakho izalwa inezinguquko zofuzo ezibangela izinguquko ezithile ekukhuleni kobuchopho. Lokhu sikubiza ngokuthi 'ukuhlukahluka kobuchopho.' Kalula nje, ubuchopho bayo buxhunywe ngendlela ehlukile kancane. Ngokuvamile, lezi zinguquko zofuzo ezibangela i-ADHD zisebenza emindenini. Izingane ezine-ADHD zingase zibe nabazali bazo noma abafowabo nodadewabo abanalesi simo.

Abacwaningi basathola ukuthi i-ADHD ithinta kanjani ubuchopho. Esikwaziyo kuze kube manje ukuthi uma ingane yakho ine-ADHD, ingxenye engaphambili yobuchopho bayo iyathinteka, okwenza kube nzima ngayo ukusebenzisa 'ukunaka okuqondisiwe' . 'Ukunaka okuqondisiwe' yikhono lokugxila entweni esingayithandi kakhulu. Cabanga ngakho, izinto ezifana nokulalela uthisha esikoleni noma ukwenza umsebenzi wesikole.

Sisebenzisa lokhu 'ukunaka okuqondisiwe' ukuhlela, ukwenza imisebenzi eminingi, nokuxazulula izinkinga. Lokhu kubizwa ngokuthi 'imisebenzi ephezulu' . Uma kunezinye izinto ezisizungezile ezisithakazelisayo, kudinga amandla amaningi ukusebenzisa 'ukunaka okuqondisiwe'.

Uma ingane yakho ine-ADHD, kudinga amandla amaningi kunomuntu ojwayelekile ukugxila ezintweni okudingeka ngempela izenze. Lokhu kusho ukuthi ngemva kokubuya ekhaya ikhathele esikoleni, ingane yakho ingase inqikaze ukwenza imisebenzi evame ukubonakala ilula, njengokulengisa ijazi layo noma ukupakisha izikhwama zayo, ngoba ayinayo inhloso eyidingayo yokwenza leyo misebenzi 'eyisisekelo'.

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ingane yakho ingcono ekusebenziseni 'ukunaka okuzenzakalelayo' kunezingane ezinengqondo evamile ('i-neurotypical'). Lokhu ukunaka esikusebenzisa ukugxila entweni esiyithandayo. Lokhu kusinika lokho okubizwa ngokuthi 'i-hyperfocus' , ikhono lokwenza into eyodwa amahora amaningi ngesikhathi. Ingane yakho ingasebenzisa le 'hyperfocus' ukuze ibe muhle kakhulu emsebenzini wokuzilibazisa noma kwezemidlalo, noma ukufeza imigomo ethile.

Yiziphi izici eziyingozi ze-ADHD?

Ochwepheshe bakholelwa ukuthi abanye abantu banezakhi zofuzo ezibabeka engcupheni yokuthola i-ADHD. Okusho ukuthi, lezo zakhi zofuzo zenza kube lula ukuthi umuntu abe ne-ADHD. Kodwa-ke, izici ezithile zemvelo ziyaqala ukusebenza futhi zibangele ukuba i-ADHD ikhule.

Izici eziyingozi zemvelo zifaka:

• Ukuchayeka ezintweni ezithile zobuthi ngesikhathi sesigaba sokukhulelwa. Isibonelo, ukuchayeka ezintweni ezinobuthi ezifana nogwayi, ukusetshenziswa kotshwala, noma i-lead ngesikhathi sokukhulelwa.
• Isisindo esiphansi sokuzalwa (uma isisindo siphansi, kulapho ingozi iba nkulu khona).
• Ukuzalwa ngaphambi kwesikhathi.

Yiziphi izinkinga ezingaba khona ze-ADHD?

I-ADHD ingathinta indlela ingane yakho ecabanga ngayo ngayo futhi ixhumana ngayo nomhlaba omzungezile. Uma ingelashwa kahle,, ingane yakho ingase ibhekane nezinto ezifana nalezi:

• Ukuzethemba okuphansi .
• Amamaki aphansi esikoleni kanye nokungakwazi ukufinyelela amakhono abo aphelele.
• Ukuba nobunzima ezimweni zokuxhumana nabantu (ikakhulukazi ngenxa yokugconwa ontanga noma ukungafuni ukuchitha isikhathi nabo).
• Ingozi eyengeziwe yokuphazamiseka kokusebenzisa izidakamizwa lapho umuntu esemdala.
• Izingozi nokulimala okuvamile.
• Ubunzima bokuthola nokugcina umsebenzi lapho usukhulile.

Odokotela baxilonga kanjani i-ADHD?

Odokotela baxilonga i-ADHD ngokusekelwe ekubeni khona noma ukungabikho kwezimpawu ezithile. Basebenzisa izindlela zokuhlola ezivela kumhlahlandlela owamukelwa emhlabeni wonke , i-DSM-5-TR .

Ukuze uhlole ingane yakho ene-ADHD, konke okulandelayo kumele kuhlangatshezwane nakho:

• Ingane yakho kumele ibe nezimpawu okungenani eziyisithupha ezivela esigabeni esisodwa (ukunganaki noma ukucindezeleka okukhulu/ukungacabangi). Noma, okungenani izimpawu eziyisithupha ezivela esigabeni ngasinye (inani eliphelele liyi-12 noma ngaphezulu).
• Izimpawu kumele ukuthi zaqala ngaphambi kweminyaka eyi-12 .
• Izimpawu kumele zibe khona okungenani ezindaweni ezimbili (isib., ekhaya nasesikoleni).
• Izimpawu kufanele ziphazamise imisebenzi yansuku zonke yengane kanye nobungane bayo .
• Esinye isimo sezokwelapha akufanele sibe imbangela yalezi zimpawu.

Akukho ukuhlolwa kwelabhorethri (njengokuhlolwa kwegazi noma komchamo) okungaxilonga i-ADHD. Esikhundleni salokho, odokotela benza 'ukuhlolwa kwe-ADHD' . Lokhu kuhilela ukukhuluma nawe, ingane yakho, nabanye abantu (njengabangane, amalungu omndeni, othisha) ukuze bafunde kabanzi ngokuziphatha kwengane yakho.

Ukuxilongwa kwenzeka ngezinyathelo ezintathu:

1. Ukuhlonza amaphethini okuziphatha ahlobene nokunaka kanye nomsebenzi.

2. Qiniseka ukuthi azikho ezinye izimbangela zalokhu kuziphatha ( njengokucindezeleka noma ukukhathazeka ).

3. Hlola ezinye izimo ezihambisanayo.

Izingane ezine-ADHD zivame ukuba nezinye izinkinga zempilo yengqondo. Isibonelo:

• Ukukhathazeka
• Ukucindezeleka
• Isifo sokungavumi ukuphikisa

Bangase babe nezinye izinkinga ze-neurodevelopmental, njenge- autism noma ukukhubazeka kokufunda . Udokotela wengane yakho angase ancome ukuhlolwa okwengeziwe ukuze abone noma akhiphe lezi ezinye izimo.

Yini okufanele ngiyazi ngokwelashwa kwe-ADHD?

Ukwelashwa kwe-ADHD kuhlukaniswe ngezigaba ezimbili eziyinhloko:Ukungenelela kokuziphatha (okufundisa amakhono asebenzayo) kanye nemithi (i-pharmacotherapy) . Uhlelo lokwelashwa luzohluka kuye ngobudala bomuntu kanye nezidingo zakhe zomuntu siqu.

Uma ingane yakho ine-ADHD, udokotela wayo angase ancome eyodwa noma ngaphezulu yalezi zinto:

• Ukuqeqeshwa kwabazali: Odokotela bezokwelapha bakufundisa indlela yokwakha amandla engane yakho futhi bayisize ithuthukise ukuziphatha okubangela izinkinga. Isibonelo, ufunda ukwakha isimiso sengane yakho, ukhuthaze ukuziphatha okuhle, futhi uphendule ekuziphatheni okubi. Lokhu kubaluleke kakhulu .
• Amaqembu amakhono okuxhumana nabantu: Ingane yakho ingazuza emaqenjini okuqeqesha amakhono okuxhumana nabantu. La maqembu ahlangana ihora elilodwa noma amabili ngesonto, ngokuvamile amasonto ayisithupha kuya kwayi-12. Ingane yakho izofunda amakhono amasha okuxhumana nontanga ngaphansi kokuqondisa.
• Imithi (`I-Pharmacotherapy`): Imithi ye-ADHD ithuthukisa ikhono lengane yakho lokusebenzisa 'ukunaka okugxile.' Lokhu kungathuthukisa izimpawu, futhi okubaluleke kakhulu, ikhwalithi yempilo yayo kanye nobudlelwano. Odokotela baqapha ingane yakho ukuze babone ukuthi imithi isebenza kanjani nokuthi ingane inayo yini imiphumela emibi. Bangashintsha uhlobo kanye nomthamo wemithi njengoba kudingeka.

Umgomo wokwelashwa kwe-ADHD ukuthuthukisa izimpawu njengoba ingane iqhubeka nokuphila kwayo kwansuku zonke. Ezinganeni ezincane (ezineminyaka engu-4 nengu-5) , odokotela batusa ukuqeqeshwa kwabazali ngaphambi kokunikeza imithi. Ezinganeni ezindala, intsha, kanye nabantu abadala, ukwelashwa okungcono kakhulu kuvame ukuba yinhlanganisela yokungenelela kokuziphatha kanye nemithi.

Okwamanje abukho ubufakazi bokuthi 'ukwelashwa ngokukhuluma' noma 'ukwelashwa ngokudlala' okuvamile kusiza ngqo ngezimpawu ze-ADHD. Kodwa-ke, udokotela wengane yakho angase ancome ukwelashwa okunjalo kwezinye izimo ezihambisanayo (njengokukhathazeka).

Ngingamsiza kanjani ingane yami ekhaya?

Ukuqeqeshwa kokukhulisa izingane kukufundisa amasu asebenzayo ongawasebenzisa nsuku zonke. Odokotela bangakunikeza nezeluleko ezifanela izidingo ezithile zengane yakho. Ngokuvamile, nazi ezinye izinto ongazenza ukusiza ingane yakho. (Lezi azithathi indawo yokwelashwa, okuhlanganisa nemithi, enconywe udokotela wakho.)

• Hlela izinto ingane yakho ezidingayo nsuku zonke. Konke kufanele kube nendawo, futhi konke kufanele kube sendaweni yako. Lokhu kufaka phakathi izingubo, izikhwama, nezinto zesikole. Uhlu lokuhlola lungasiza ekugcineni izinto zihlelekile.
• Ngena ohlelweni. Landela uhlelo olufanayo nsuku zonke kusukela ngesikhathi uvuka ekuseni kuze kube yilapho ulala ebusuku. Lo mkhuba kufanele uhlanganise isikhathi somsebenzi wesikole kanye nokudlala. Ukungaguquguquki kubaluleke kakhulu ezinganeni ezine-ADHD.
• Sebenzisa ikhalenda noma uhlelo lapho ingane yakho ingalubona khona.Dala indawo yokubhala phansi izikhumbuzo ezibalulekile, imithwalo yemfanelo, kanye nemicimbi. Lawa mathuluzi angaba usizo ikakhulukazi ezinganeni ezincane kanye nabantu abadala abasebasha abanenkinga yokuphatha isikhathi .
• "Bamba ingane uma yenza okuthile okuhle." Ukukhombisa ukuziphatha okuhle kufundisa ingane lokho okufanele ikwenze. Lapho abazali begxila ekuziphatheni okungafanele kuphela, lokho kuziphatha kuyakhula. Ukujezisa ingane kuyifundisa lokho okungafanele ikwenze.
• Khuthaza ngempumelelo. Dala uhlelo oluqhubekayo lokuvuza ukuziphatha okufanele. Phendula ekuziphatheni okubi ngezindlela ezihlukile, njengokukunikeza "isikhathi sokuphumula" noma ukuphuca amalungelo.
• Khetha indawo yokwenza umsebenzi wakho wesikole. Dala indawo ethule, engenazinto eziningi, futhi engenazo iziphazamiso ukuze wenze umsebenzi wakho wesikole.
• Setha isikhathi. Setha isikhathi somsebenzi wesikole. Uma ingane yakho ingawuqedi, thatha ikhefu elifushane bese ubeka isikhathi esisha sokuwuqeda.
• Dumisa umzamo kanye nokuqedela. Esikhundleni sokubonisa ingane yakho umsebenzi ongaqediwe, mvuze ngomsebenzi awuqedile.

Ingabe i-ADHD iwukukhubazeka?

Yebo, kwamanye amazwe, isibonelo, uMthetho WaseMelika Okhubazekile (i-ADA) ubheka i-ADHD njengokukhubazeka kokukhula. Lesi simo singathinta imisebenzi yansuku zonke yengane yakho, okuhlanganisa nokufunda esikoleni. Ngakho-ke, ingane yakho ingadinga ukwesekwa okwengeziwe esikoleni, njengokuthi "imfundo ekhethekile" kanye/noma "imfundo eguquliwe." Khuluma nodokotela wengane yakho kanye nesikole ngalokhu.

Kufanele ngimbone nini udokotela?

Uma ucabanga ukuthi ingane yakho ine-ADHD, khuluma nodokotela wezingane . Bangayixilonga i-ADHD (noma bayisuse) futhi baqinisekise ukuthi ingane yakho ithola noma yiluphi ukwelashwa okudingekayo. Qiniseka ukuthi uyiyisa njalo ingane yakho ukuze iyohlolwa ngokwezokwelapha ('ukuhlolwa kahle') . Lokhu kwenzelwa ukuthi udokotela wezingane akwazi ukuqapha intuthuko yayo futhi anikeze okunye ukunakekelwa okudingekayo.

Uma ucabanga ukuthi ungase ube nezimpawu ze-ADHD (nabantu abadala nabo bangaba ne-ADHD!), khuluma nodokotela. Bangakuqondisa ngezinyathelo zokuthola ukuxilongwa njengomuntu omdala. Bangahlola nezinye izimo ezinezimpawu ezifanayo.

I-ADHD ihlala isikhathi esingakanani?

I-ADHD ayipheli, iyisimo sokuphila konke. Kodwa akudingeki kube yisimo esisongela ukuphila. Awukwazi 'ukusiqeda', kodwa ngokwelashwa, izimpawu zakho zingalawulwa kangcono.Ngenxa yokwelashwa okuphumelelayo, abanye abantu abasabi nezinkinga ngezimpawu ze-ADHD njengoba bengena ebudaleni. Kodwa kwabanye, izimpawu zisathinta impilo yabo yansuku zonke. Odokotela bahlela ukwelashwa ngokwezidingo zomuntu ngamunye.

I-ADHD akuyona inkinga yobuchopho noma ukukhubazeka. Ithinta wonke umuntu ngendlela ehlukile kancane.

Ngakho-ke, noma ngabe unesimo esifanayo, ingane yakho ingase ibe nokuhlangenwe nakho okuhlukile. Izimpawu zayo zingase zibe zincane noma zibe zimbi kakhulu kunezakho. Futhi izimpawu zayo (njengezakho) zingase zishintshe ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.

Uma ucabanga ukuthi ingane yakho ine-ADHD, noma uma itholakale inayo, cishe unemibuzo eminingi. Khumbula, lesi simo sivame kakhulu , futhi odokotela bahlala befunda kabanzi ngaso. Odokotela bengane yakho bangaphendula imibuzo yakho futhi bakusize uqonde ukuthi ungayisekela kanjani ingane yakho kangcono.

Okokugcina, izinto okufanele uzikhumbule

I-ADHD akuyona into okufanele uyesabe. Kuwushintsho oluncane endleleni ubuchopho obusebenza ngayo. Ngokuxilonga okufanele, ukwelashwa, kanye nokusekelwa ngothando, ngisho nengane ene-ADHD ingaphila impilo ephumelelayo nejabulisayo. Uma unenkinga ngengane yakho, akukaze kube sekwephuzile ukufuna iseluleko sezokwelapha. Khumbula, awuwedwa , futhi baningi abantu abangakusiza kulolu hambo. Qaphela amandla engane yakho futhi uyisekele ngothando nangesineke.

I- ADHD, ukuphazamiseka kokungakwazi ukunaka, impilo yengqondo yengane, izinkinga zokuziphatha, ukuhlukahluka kwemizwa