Kuyini ukuhlolwa kwesidumbu? Ake sixoxe ngalokhu ngokuningiliziwe.

Wake wezwa ngokuhlolwa kwesidumbu? Kungenzeka ukuthi ukubonile ku-movie noma ezindabeni. Nakuba lokhu kuyindaba ebucayi, kufanelekile ukukwazi. Ngoba, kuyinto ebaluleke kakhulu kwezokwelapha nakwezomthetho. Ngakho-ke, namuhla sizokhuluma ngokuthi ukuhlolwa kwesidumbu kuyini, ubani okwenzayo, kanjani, futhi ngani.

Kuyini ngempela ukuhlolwa kwesidumbu?

Kalula nje, ukuhlolwa kwesidumbu ukuhlolwa okukhethekile kwezokwelapha okwenziwa ngemva kokuba umuntu eshonile ukuze kutholakale imbangela futhi ngezinye izikhathi indlela yokufa. Kufana nomsebenzi womphenyi. Udokotela oqeqeshwe ngokukhethekile, obizwa ngokuthi isazi sezifo , uhlola ngokucophelela ingaphakathi nengaphandle lomzimba womufi.

Igama lesiNgisi elithi "autopsy" livela egameni lesiGreki elithi "autopsia." Lisho "ukuzibona." Okusho ukuthi, isazi sezifo sihlola umzimba ngamehlo aso bese sizama ukuthola imbangela yokufa. Abanye abantu bakubiza nangokuthi "ukuhlolwa kwesidumbu," ikakhulukazi emazweni afana neNgilandi. Igama elithi "Post" lisho "ngemuva" kanye nelithi "mortem" lisho "ukufa." Ngakho-ke incazelo iyafana.

Ukuhlolwa kwesidumbu kwenziwa nini?

Kunezinhlobo ezimbili eziyinhloko zokuhlolwa kwesidumbu, kuye ngokuthi kwenziwani. Ake sibheke ukuthi ziyini.

1. Ukuhlolwa kwesidumbu sobunhloli bezobunhloli

Yilokhu esivame ukucabanga ngakho lapho sizwa igama elithi "forensic" noma "forensic " ngesiNgisi. Lokhu kwenziwa njengengxenye yophenyo lwezomthetho. Igama elithi "forensic" lisho "okuhlobene nezindlela zesayensi zokuxazulula ubugebengu." Cabanga nje, uma amaphoyisa ebengaphenya ngokufa okusolisayo, lolu uhlobo lophenyo obeluzokwenziwa.

Ngokuvamile, eSri Lanka nakwamanye amazwe emhlabeni jikelele, umthetho ucacisa amacala athile lapho kudingeka khona ukuhlolwa kwesidumbu. Ngokuvamile, izinhlobo ezilandelayo zokufa zidinga ukuhlolwa kwesidumbu:

• Okungavamile: Okusho ukuthi, uma ukufa kwenzeke ngenxa yento efana nokubulala, ukuzibulala, noma ingozi.
• Ukufa okuzumayo noma okungalindelekile: ikakhulukazi kosana noma ingane encane.
• Uma kusolisa: Uma kukhona inkinga ngokufa.
• Uma imbangela yokufa ingaziwa.
• Uma kungukufa okunobudlova.
• Uma kungukufa okungakaze kubonwe muntu .
• Uma ukufa kwenzeke ngenxa yengozi endaweni yokusebenza (Ukulimala Okukhulu Emsebenzini).
• Ukufa okubangelwa ingozi yezimboni: Isibonelo, umlilo noma ukuvuza kwamakhemikhali anobuthi.
• Uma kukhona ukufa okwenzeke ngesikhathi noma ngemva kokwelashwa kwezokwelapha noma kokuhlinzwa, futhi uma kukhona izinsolo zokunganaki kwezokwelapha.
• Ukufa okuhlobene nokubulala izinzwa yilokhu:Lokho kusho ukuthi ukufa kwenzeka ngemva kokunikezwa i-anesthesia ngenxa yokuhlinzwa noma enye inqubo yezokwelapha.

Abantu abanegunya loku-oda ukuhlolwa kwesidumbu okunjalo bangase bahluke kuye ngamazwe. Isibonelo:

• Udokotela noma Umhloli Wezokwelapha
• Ijaji
• Amaphoyisa

2. Ukuhlolwa kwesidumbu esibhedlela (Ukuhlolwa kwesidumbu esibhedlela)

Lokhu kubizwa nangokuthi i-Pathological Autopsy . Lokhu kuvame ukwenziwa udokotela wezifo esibhedlela ukuze athole imbangela eqondile yokufa uma kwenzeka ukufa kwemvelo , noma ukuze akuqonde kangcono.

Ukufa kwemvelo ukufa okwenzeka lapho umzimba uyeka ukusebenza ngenxa yesizathu sangaphakathi, njengomdlavuza, ukuhlaselwa yinhliziyo, noma izifo ezithelelanayo. Okusho ukuthi, akukho sizathu sangaphandle sokufa (isib. ukulimala, ukuminza).

Ngezinye izikhathi, izihlobo eziseduze zomufi – okungukuthi, umndeni – zingacela ukuhlolwa kwesidumbu okunjalo. Cabanga nje, umndeni ufuna ukwazi ukuthi, "Kwenzekeni ngempela kumuntu wethu, kwakuyini ngempela isifo?" Bese becela lokhu. Ngaphandle kwalokho, udokotela owelapha lowo muntu angathola imvume ezihlotsheni futhi enze ukuhlolwa kwesidumbu okunjalo.

Ukuhlolwa kwesidumbu kwenziwa isikhathi esingakanani ngemva kokufa?

Ukuhlolwa kwesidumbu kungenziwa nganoma yisiphi isikhathi ngemva kokufa. Kodwa-ke, kungcono ukukwenza ngokushesha okukhulu. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi, ngemva kwamahora angaba ngu-24, izitho zomzimba nezinye izicubu ziqala ukubola. Lokhu kwenza kube nzima ukwenza ezinye izivivinyo nokuhlola ukunemba kwemiphumela.

Odokotela bezifo abangochwepheshe bezokwelapha bangenza ukuhlolwa kwezidumbu ezidunjini ezibolile noma ezidunjini eziye zambiwa. Kodwa-ke, inani lolwazi nobufakazi obungatholakala ezimweni ezinjalo bungase bulinganiselwe.

Ubani owenza lokhu kuhlolwa kwesidumbu?

Njengoba sishilo ngaphambili, lokhu kwenziwa uchwepheshe obizwa ngokuthi i-pathologist . I-Pathology igatsha lezokwelapha elihilela ukuhlola amasampula ezicubu zomzimba elabhorethri ngezinjongo zokuxilonga noma zokuhlola.

Odokotela bezifo abenza ukuhlolwa kwezidumbu bangodokotela bezokwelapha. Banolwazi olubanzi kanye nokuqeqeshwa okukhethekile ngomzimba womuntu. Ngokuvamile, ukuba yisazi sezifo kudinga iminyaka ephakathi kwengu-11 nengu-13 yemfundo.

Kungenzeka ukuthi uke wezwa ngomuntu obizwa ngokuthi "uMhloli Wezokwelapha" ohlola izidumbu. Igama elithi "Umhloli Wezokwelapha" livame ukusetshenziswa njengesikhundla somsebenzi wesazi sezifo eziphathelene nokuhlolwa kwezidumbu, ngokuvamile isisebenzi sikahulumeni esenza ukuhlolwa kwezidumbu eziphathelene nokuhlolwa kwezidumbu.

Yini ngempela eyenziwayo ngesikhathi sokuhlolwa kwesidumbu?

Inqubo yokwenza ukuhlolwa kwesidumbu ingahluka kancane kuye ngokuthi kungani kwenziwa ukuhlolwa kwesidumbu. Ukuhlolwa kwezidumbu kwe-forensic kuvame ukuba nemininingwane eminingi. Cishe zonke izingxenye zomzimba ziyahlolwa. Ngokuvamile zifaka phakathi uphenyo lwendawo yobugebengu kanye ne-toxicology - ucwaningo lobuthi, imiphumela yabo, kanye nokuhlonza kwabo.

Kodwa-ke, ngesikhathi sokuhlolwa kwezidumbu, izingxenye ezithile zomzimba kuphela ezingahlolwa. Futhi, ukuhlolwa kobuthi akuvamile ukwenziwa phakathi nalezi zivivinyo.

Ngokuvamile, izinyathelo zokuhlolwa kwesidumbu zingase zibukeke kanje:

1. Udokotela wezifo ubeka isidumbu somufi ngokucophelela etafuleni lokuhlolwa.

2. Bese kuthi ingaphandle lomzimba libhekwe ngokucophelela. Bafuna noma yini engavamile, noma yini engase ihlobane nokufa. Baqopha konke lokhu. Bangase futhi bathathe izithombe kanye nama-X-ray omzimba.

3. Okulandelayo, udokotela wezifo usebenzisa i-scalpel ebukhali ukusika isikhumba kusukela entanyeni kuya esiswini esingezansi bese ehlola ingaphakathi lomzimba. Lapho, zonke izicubu nezitho zomzimba ezingaphakathi komzimba ziyasuswa futhi zihlolwe, kanye nezithile.

4. Amasampula amancane ezicubu athathwa ezithweni zomzimba bese ehlolwa ngaphansi kwe-microscope.

5. Ngezinye izikhathi, udokotela wezifo usika ugebhezi kanye nesikhumba sekhanda bese ehlola ubuchopho.

6. Kuthathwa amasampula oketshezi lomzimba, izicubu, kanye nezitho zomzimba bese kwenziwa izivivinyo ezahlukahlukene (isib. ukuhlaziywa kwamakhemikhali, ukuhlaziywa kobuthi) emalabhorethri.

7. Ekuhlolweni kwezidumbu, izinto "ezingezona ezemvelo" (isib. imfucumfucu, izinhlamvu) ezitholakale ngaphakathi noma ngaphandle kwesidumbu ziyaqoqwa futhi zihlolwe.

8. Ngemva kokuhlolwa kwesidumbu, udokotela wezifo uvame ukubuyisela izitho emzimbeni, ngaphandle kobuchopho, bese ethunga isikhumba ngokuqinile. Okusho ukuthi, bazama ukusenza sisondele kakhulu kwesasekuqaleni ngangokunokwenzeka. Kodwa-ke, ekuhlolweni kwezidumbu emitholampilo, izitho azivame ukubuyiselwa emzimbeni. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi izitho zingasetshenziswa ekuhlolweni okuqhubekayo, futhi mhlawumbe nasezifundweni zabafundi bezokwelapha.

9. Kodwa-ke, odokotela bezifo bazama njalo ukuphatha isidumbu somufi ngenhlonipho futhi basiyise esimweni esihle kakhulu sobuhle.

Ngezinye izikhathi, udokotela wezifo angadinga ukugcina ezinye izitho ukuze zihlolwe okwengeziwe, noma angagcina izitho njengoba kuchaziwe eFomini Lemvume. Ngemva kokuba zonke lezi zivivinyo seziqediwe, udokotela wezifo ulungiselela umbiko onemininingwane.

Izinhloso Ezengeziwe Zokuhlolwa Kwezidumbu Kwe-Forensic

Njengoba sishilo ngaphambili, inhloso eyinhloko yokuhlolwa kwesidumbu ngasinye ukuthola imbangela yokufa. Kodwa-ke, ukuhlolwa kwezidumbu kwe-forensic kunezinye izinjongo eziningana ezithile:

• Ukuthola Ubuwena: Ngezinye izikhathi akwaziwa ukuthi ubani oshonile. Khona-ke izinto ezifana neminwe kanye nokuhlolwa kwe-DNA kungasiza ngalokhu.
• Ukusiza ukuqinisekisa noma ukuphikisa izinsolo mayelana nendlela yokufa: Okusho ukuthi, ukusiza ekunqumeni ukuthi ukufa kwakuwukubulala noma ingozi ngokusekelwe ebufakazini bezokwelapha.
• Ukulinganisa Isikhathi Kusukela Ekufeni.

Kuthatha isikhathi esingakanani ukuhlolwa kwesidumbu?

Ngokuvamile kuthatha udokotela wezifo amahora amabili kuya kwamane ukuhlola isidumbu. Ukuhlolwa kwesidumbu kuzoqedwa futhi imiphumela yokuqala izotholakala zingakapheli izinsuku ezimbili kuya kwezintathu.

Kodwa-ke, ngokuvamile kungathatha amasonto ayisithupha noma ngaphezulu ukulungiselela umbiko ogcwele wokuhlolwa kwesidumbu. Kunezici eziningana ezingaba nomthelela kulokhu kubambezeleka:

• Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ukuhlolwa kwesidumbu kwenziwa ngokuhlolwa kwe-forensic noma ukuhlolwa kwesidumbu.
• Ubunzima bokufa kanye/noma ubunzima bobufakazi.
• Ukuthi udokotela wezifo udinga ukulinda yini imiphumela yokuhlolwa okunye (isib. ukuhlolwa kwegazi, ukuhlolwa kwe-DNA ).
• Inani lokuhlolwa kwezidumbu okufanele kwenziwe yisazi sezifo ngesikhathi esithile kanye nenani lodokotela bezifo kuleyo ndawo.

Yini ekhona embikweni wokuhlolwa kwesidumbu?

Umbiko wokuhlolwa kwesidumbu uyidokhumenti equkethe ulwazi oluningiliziwe mayelana nakho konke ukubonwa, ukuhlolwa, kanye nokuhlolwa okwenziwe emzimbeni.

Lokhu kuvame ukusho ngokucacile imbangela yokufa kanye nendlela ejwayelekile yokufa . Isazi sezifo, ngokusekelwe ebufakazini besayensi nobezokwelapha, sihlukanisa indlela yokufa ngesigaba esisodwa kwezinhlanu:

1. Ingozi

2. Izimbangela Zemvelo

3. Ukubulala

4. Ukuzibulala

5. Akukacaci

Ngezinye izikhathi, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi udokotela wezifo wenza kahle kangakanani ukuhlolwa kwesidumbu, imbangela yokufa ayikwazi ukutholakala. Lokhu kubizwa ngokuthi ukuhlolwa kwesidumbu "okungekuhle" noma "okungabonakali" . Esikhathini esizayo, ngamasu athuthukile elabhorethri, kungase kwenzeke ukuthola imbangela yokufa okunjalo ngosuku olulandelayo.

Uthini ngempela umbiko wokuhlolwa kwesidumbu?

Umbiko wokuhlolwa kwesidumbu uqukethe imiphumela yokubonwa kwesayensi kanye nokuhlolwa okwenziwe emzimbeni kanye nokuqukethwe kwesidumbu. Kodwa-ke, ukuhlolwa kwesidumbu kuphela akukwazi ukunquma ngokomthetho ukuthi umuntu ushone kanjani. Emazweni amaningi, isinqumo sokugcina senziwa yiNkantolo Yomthetho. Abaphenyi nabanye abameleli bezomthetho bahlanganisa ulwazi olusembikweni wokuhlolwa kwesidumbu kanye nobunye ubufakazi ababuqoqile ukuze bafinyelele esiphethweni mayelana nendlela yokufa.

Kubalulekile ukukhumbula ukuthi kungakhathaliseki ukuthi odokotela bezifo banolwazi olungakanani nokuqeqeshwa okungakanani, bangabantu njengathi. Njengabo bonke abanye abantu, bangenza amaphutha. Noma, ngezinye izikhathi, bangase bangakwazi ukuthola imbangela eqondile yokufa. Kwezinye izimo, umndeni noma iziphathimandla zomthetho zingacela ukuthi isidumbu somufi sihlolwe okwesibili ngomunye udokotela wezifo.

Yiziphi izinzuzo zokuhlolwa kwesidumbu?

Kunezinzuzo eziningana ezingatholakala ngokuhlolwa kwesidumbu. Ake sibheke ukuthi ziyini:

• Ukwandisa ulwazi lwezokwelapha: Ukuhlolwa kwezidumbu emitholampilo, ikakhulukazi, kuvumela odokotela ukwandisa ukuqonda kwabo ngezifo nokuthi zithinta kanjani imizimba yethu. Ulwazi lwezokwelapha olutholakala kulokhu luzoba lubaluleke kakhulu ekuthuthukiseni ukwelashwa kwezokwelapha esikhathini esizayo.
• Ukuvimbela ukufa okwengeziwe: Esikhathini esidlule, odokotela bezifo abenza ukuhlolwa kwezidumbu kwe-forensic bahlonze izimo eziphuthumayo zezempilo zomphakathi, njengokuhlasela kwamaphekula e-anthrax. Ngokufanayo, izingozi zempilo yomphakathi, njengezihlalo zokubeletha ezinezinkinga noma izihlalo zezimoto, ezibangele ukufa kwezinsana, nazo zitholakale ngokuhlolwa okunjalo.
• Ukuhlonza Izimo Zezakhi Zofuzo: Ngezinye izikhathi, ukuhlolwa kwesidumbu kwembula ukuthi umufi ushone ngenxa yesimo sofuzo esingakahlolwa noma esingakahlolwanga kahle. Lokhu kungasiza izihlobo zegazi zomufi ukuthi zifunde ngengozi yazo yokuthola lesi simo.
• Ukunikeza Ubufakazi Obusemthethweni: Ukuhlolwa kwezidumbu kuyasiza kakhulu ekuxazululeni amacala obugebengu njengokubulala. Kodwa-ke, kunganikeza nobufakazi obusemthethweni emacaleni afana nokufa emsebenzini, izingozi zemvelo, noma ukungasebenzi kahle kwezokwelapha. Lezi zinhlobo zokufa zingaholela ngisho nasenkantolo.
• Ukususa ukungabaza:Uma ukuhlolwa kwesidumbu somtholampilo kunikeza izimpendulo mayelana nembangela yokufa, okuqinisekisa ukuthi ukuxilongwa kanye nokwelashwa okutholakele komufi bekuyiqiniso, kuvame ukunikeza umuzwa wokuvala noma induduzo emndenini nakubantu obathandayo. Esikhundleni sokuhlala ucabanga ngokungabaza, ukuba nezimpendulo kungakusiza ukuba ukhale futhi ubhekane nokufa kothandekayo wakho.

Kubiza malini ukuhlolwa kwesidumbu ?

Izibhedlela eziningi azikhokhisi ngokuhlolwa kwezidumbu okwenziwe udokotela wezifo, futhi ukuhlolwa kwezidumbu okwenziwa ngaphansi kwegunya lodokotela noma umhloli wezokwelapha nakho kunikezwa mahhala.

Kodwa-ke, kungase kube nemali yokuthutha isidumbu siye futhi sibuye esibhedlela. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kungase kudingeke ukhokhele ukuhlolwa kofuzo ukuze kutholakale izifo ezizuzwe njengefa.

Okokugcina, okufanele ukukhumbule (Umyalezo Wokuya Ekhaya)

Ukuhlolwa kwezidumbu kubaluleke kakhulu emkhakheni wezokwelapha kanye nokuphathwa kobulungiswa. Kuwusizo olukhulu ekwandiseni ulwazi lwezokwelapha kanye nokuthola izimpendulo zemibuzo engaziwa.

Uma kufanele uhlolwe isidumbu somuntu omthandayo, yazi ukuthi udokotela wezifo uzophatha umzimba ngokucophelela okukhulu nangenhlonipho. Bazosebenzisa ubuchwepheshe babo ukukunikeza yonke impendulo yezokwelapha engaba khona.

Kunzima kancane ukukhuluma ngento efana nale, kodwa ngithemba ukuthi lolu lwazi luwusizo kuwe.

'Ukuhlolwa kwesidumbu, Ukuhlolwa kwesidumbu, Imbangela yokufa, Udokotela Wezifo, Ukuhlolwa kwesidumbu kwe-Forensic, Ukuhlolwa kwesidumbu Kwezokwelapha