Ake sifunde ngokuhlolwa kwe-FISH (i-Fluorescence in Situ Hybridization) okuveza izimfihlo zezakhi zofuzo zakho!

Wake wezwa ngalokhu 'kuhlolwa kwe-FISH' (Ukuhlolwa kwe-Fluorescence in Situ Hybridization)? Mhlawumbe udokotela wakho ukucelile wena noma othile omaziyo ukuthi enze lokhu kuhlolwa. Nakuba kungase kuzwakale kuyinkimbinkimbi kancane, kuwukuhlolwa okubaluleke kakhulu okungathola izinto eziningi ngaphakathi emizimbeni yethu. Ngakho-ke namuhla, ake sixoxe ngokuthi lokhu kuhlolwa kwe-FISH kuyini, kwenzani, nokuthi kwenziwa kanjani ngendlela elula ongayiqonda.

Iyini le FISH test (Fluorescence in Situ Hybridization)?

Kalula nje, i-FISH iyisivivinyo sofuzo. Odokotela bezifo, abangodokotela abangochwepheshe ekuxilongeni izifo , basebenzisa le ndlela ukuthola izifo ezibangelwa izinguquko ezintweni ezincane ezibizwa ngama-chromosome emizimbeni yethu. Ngezinye izikhathi, lesi sivivinyo singasiza futhi ekuboneni izinguquko zofuzo ezingelashwa izifo ezifana nomdlavuza.

Cabanga ngale ndlela: izakhi zofuzo zethu zifana nencwadi yemiyalelo yemizimba yethu. Le ncwadi yemiyalelo isitshela ukuthi konke okusemizimbeni yethu kusebenza kanjani. Lawa ma-gene atholakala ezakhiweni ezibizwa ngokuthi ama-chromosome, afana nezintambo. Ngakho-ke, kwenzekani uma amanye amagama akule ncwadi yemiyalelo, i-DNA yethu (i-deoxyribonucleic acid) , esuswa, noma uma kunamagama amaningi kakhulu, noma uma amanye amagama eguqulwa? Amaseli ethu athola imiyalelo engalungile. Ngale ndlela, ulwazi lungalahleka (ukususwa), lukopishwe ngaphezu kokudingekile (ukukhulisa), noma luthuthwe (ukudluliselwa). Lezi zinguquko zingashintsha indlela imizimba yethu esebenza ngayo futhi ziholele ezifweni ezifana nomdlavuza.

Ngakho-ke, okwenziwa yilolu vivinyo lwe-FISH ukuthi, kufana nokusebenzisa amapeni anemibala "ukufaka imibala" ezingxenyeni ezithile zama-chromosome noma izakhi zofuzo. Ngemuva kwalokho, labo dokotela abangochwepheshe bangathola kalula izingxenye abazidingayo ukuze bathole izifo ngokuzibuka ngaphansi kwe-microscope. Uma ubheka lo mbala ngaphansi kwe-microscope, ubukeka njengezibani ezinemibala.

Yini engatholakala ngokuhlolwa kwe-FISH?

Khona-ke ungase uzibuze, yini ngempela engatholakala kulolu vivinyo lwe-FISH? Izinto eziyinhloko yilezi:

• Thola izinguquko ezinkulu zezakhi zofuzo kumdlavuza. Besebenzisa lolu lwazi, odokotela bangahlonza ngokunembile uhlobo lomdlavuza futhi bakhethe ukwelashwa okungcono kakhulu kwalo.
• Hlola noma yikuphi ukukhubazeka kwe-chromosome ngaphambi kokuzalwa komntwana (ngaphambi kokubeletha) noma ngemva kokuzalwa. Lokhu kusiza ukuthola ezinye izimo zofuzo kusenesikhathi.
• Ukukhulelwa kwe-in vitro (IVF) kuhilela ukuhlola umbungu ukuze kutholakale ukukhubazeka kwe-chromosome ngaphambi kokuba ufakwe esibelethweni sikamama (ukuhlolwa kwezakhi zofuzo ngaphambi kokutshalwa).

Lolu vivinyo lwe-FISH lusebenza kanjani?

Kulungile, manje ake sibone ukuthi iyini imfihlo encane mayelana nokuthi lolu vivinyo lwe-FISH lusebenza kanjani.

Ngishilo ngaphambili ukuthi i-DNA yethu ifana nencwadi enkulu yemiyalelo. Ngakho-ke lokhu kuhlolwa kwe-FISH kufana nokugqamisa izingxenye ezibaluleke kakhulu zaleyo ncwadi yemiyalelo ngopende okhethekile we-fluorescent. Ososayensi bakha lo "pende wokufaka imibala," noma "i-probe," ngokunamathisela amalebula e-fluorescent ku-DNA uqobo.

I-DNA yethu yakhiwe ngemicu emibili ehlangana ndawonye, ​​njengamazinyo eziphu. Okwenziwa ososayensi ukuthi, baqale bahlukanise le micu emibili ngokusebenzisa i-probe abayenzile, kanye ne-DNA esesibonelweni abafuna ukuyihlola. Benza le probe ukuze ifane nochungechunge lwe-DNA abalufunayo, okungukuthi, umusho oqondile abawufunayo encwadini yemiyalelo.

Bese, baxuba la ma-probe alungisiwe nesampula ye-DNA ethathwe esicutshini somzimba noma uketshezi (lokhu kubizwa ngokuthi i-target). Bese, uma leyo probe ihamba bese ithola ucezu lwe-DNA olunegama eliyifunayo, luzonamathela kulo (hlanganisa). Ngenxa yalawo malebula acwebezelayo, leyo ngxenye ye-DNA izokhanya ngombala omuhle. Lapho isazi sezifo siyibheka nge-microscope ekhethekile, la mabala acwebezelayo azobonakala kahle. Bese ingakwazi ukuqonda ukuthi ulwazi olufanele lukhona nokuthi lungakanani. Akumangalisi yini?

Izinguquko zofuzo ezingatholakala ngokuhlolwa kwe-FISH

Odokotela bezifo bangasebenzisa lolu vivinyo lwe-FISH ukuhlola amaseli ukuthi awanazo yini izinguquko zezakhi zofuzo ezaziwa ngokubangela izifo ezifana nomdlavuza. Ngezinye izikhathi kungasiza ekuqinisekiseni noma ekucaciseni imiphumela yokuhlolwa kwe-karyotyping, okuwukuhlolwa kwama-chromosome . Nazi ezinye zezinguquko ezithile ezingatholwa ukuhlolwa kwe-FISH:

• Ukukhulisa: Lokhu kwenzeka lapho kukhona amakhophi amaningi esakhi sofuzo kunokulindelekile. Kufana nokwenza ikhophi lapho ufuna ukwenza ikhophi khona. Ososayensi bangasebenzisa i-FISH ukubona ukuthi zingaki amakhophi amaningi esakhi sofuzo kunokulindelekile.
• Ukudluliselwa/ukuhlelwa kabusha: Lokhu kwenzeka lapho ingxenye yesakhi sofuzo noma i-chromosome ithuthelwa endaweni ehlukile kunaleyo okufanele ibe yiyo. Ososayensi bangasebenzisa ama-probe amabili anemibala ukuthola lokhu. Kusakhi sofuzo esivamile, imibala emibili yala ma-probe kufanele ibonakale isondelene. Kodwa uma indawo ishintshile, imibala emibili izobonakala iqhelelene kakhulu.
• Ukususwa: Njengokudluliselwa kwezindawo, ososayensi basebenzisa izivivinyo ezingaphezu kweyodwa ukuthola izindawo lapho ulwazi lungekho khona ku-DNA. Amanye ama-probe azonamathela ku-DNA esesibonelweni, kodwa amanye ngeke anamathele lapho kufanele anamathele khona. Yilapho-ke bazi khona ukuthi olunye ulwazi lulahlekile (lususiwe) kuleyo ndawo.

Izifo ezingatholakala ngokuhlolwa kwe-FISH

Odokotela bangasebenzisa ukuhlolwa kwe-FISH ukuthola izinguquko zofuzo ezingasiza ekuxilongeni izimo ezifana nalezi:

• I-Lymphoma
• I-acute myeloid leukemia, i-chronic myeloid leukemia, kanye nezinye izinhlobo ze-leukemia
• I-myeloma eminingi
• Umdlavuza wesinye
• I-Glioma (uhlobo lomdlavuza wobuchopho)
• I-Mesothelioma (umdlavuza wamaphaphu)
• Ukwandiswa kwe-HER2 (lokhu kuvame ukubonakala kumdlavuza webele, kodwa kungabonakala nakumdlavuza wesisu namaphaphu)
• Ukwandiswa kwe-MET (lokhu kuvame ukubonakala kakhulu kumdlavuza wamaphaphu, wesisu, kanye nowomqala)
• Ukwandiswa kwe-MYCN (ohlotsheni lomdlavuza olubizwa ngokuthi i-Neuroblastoma)
• Kumdlavuza wamaphaphu ongewona amangqamuzana amancane , ukuhlelwa kabusha/ukuhlanganiswa kwezakhi zofuzo i-ALK, i-RET, ne-ROS1 kwenzeka. Lawa mazakhi zofuzo i-ALK, i-RET, noma i-ROS1 angahlangana nesinye isakhi sofuzo ukuze kubangele umdlavuza.

Ngilungiselela kanjani ukuhlolwa kwe-FISH?

Indlela olungiselela ngayo ukuhlolwa kwe-FISH incike ohlotsheni lwesampula udokotela wakho akuthathayo kuwe.

• Ukuhlolwa kwangaphambi kokubeletha: Udokotela wakho uzokwenza ukuhlolwa okukhethekile okubizwa ngokuthi i-amniocentesis .
• Ukuhlolwa kwezakhi zofuzo ngaphambi kokutshalwa kweqanda (i-PGD noma i-PGS): Kuthathwa isampula encane yamaseli avela kuma-embryo amaningana ukuze kuhlolwe. Lokhu kuvame ukwenziwa ezinsukwini ezimbalwa ngemva kokukhiqizwa kweqanda.
• Uma udokotela wakho esola ukuthi wena noma ingane yakho ninesifo esibangelwa ukungajwayelekile kwe-chromosome noma ukuguquka kwezakhi zofuzo: Lokhu kungahlolwa ngokuhlolwa kwegazi okulula.
• Ukuze uthole umdlavuza noma izinguquko zofuzo emangqamuzaneni omdlavuza (ukuhlolwa kwama-molecule): Kuzodingeka wenze i-biopsy (i-tumor noma i-bone marrow biopsy) , okuyisampula yezicubu noma umnkantsha wamathambo.
• Ukuhlola noma ukuqapha umdlavuza wesinyi: Ngezinye izikhathi ukuhlolwa kwe-FISH kwenziwa kusampula yomchamo .

Kulezi zivivinyo, i-biopsy kuphela evame ukudinga ukulungiswa okukhethekile. Njengoba iningi le-biopsy lenziwa ngaphansi kwe-anesthesia, kufanele ulandele imiyalelo kadokotela wakho yokuthi ungazilungiselela kanjani.

Odokotela bezifo benza kanjani lokhu kuhlolwa kwe-FISH?

Ukuhlolwa kwe-FISH, isazi sezifo noma uchwepheshe webhulori ulandela lezi zinyathelo:

1. Ukudala i-probe(s): Kulokhu, bakhetha izingcezu ze-DNA ezihambisana nochungechunge lwe-DNA abalufunayo. Bese benza ukusika okuncane kuleyo DNA bese befaka amalebula e-fluorescent.

2. Ukuguqulwa kweprobe kanye nethagethi: Lokhu kubhekisela ekuhlukanisweni kwezibopho ezimbili phakathi kweprobe kanye nesampula ye-DNA ehlolwayo.

3. Ukuxutshwa: Uma ama-probe exutshwa nesampula ye-DNA ethathwe esicutshini somzimba noma uketshezi, ama-probe anamathela ochungechungeni lwe-DNA alufunayo.

4.Ukuhlola imiphumela: Basebenzisa imakroskopu ekhethekile ye-fluorescent ukuze babone ukuthi amalebula akhanya kuphi kusampula.

Udokotela wezifo uzobe esebika le miphumela kudokotela wakho.

Iyini imiphumela yokuhlolwa kwe-FISH?

Uhlobo lwemiphumela oyitholayo ekuhlolweni kwe-FISH luncike ohlotsheni lokuhlolwa onalo. Ukuhlolwa kwe-FISH okuhle kusho ukuthi kukhona ukungalingani kwe-chromosome noma izakhi zofuzo emaseli asesampula. Kungcono ukukhuluma nodokotela wakho ngokuthi imiphumela izobukeka kanjani nokuthi isho ukuthini.

Kwenzekani uma ukuhlolwa kwe-FISH kutholakala ukuthi kunegciwane?

Uma ukuhlolwa kwakho kwe-FISH kutholakala ukuthi kunegciwane, udokotela wakho uzochaza ukuthi kusho ukuthini nokuthi yiziphi izinketho zakho. Uma ukuhlolwa kwenziwe ukuthola izinguquko zofuzo kumdlavuza, kungase kube nezindlela zokwelapha eziqondiwe eziqondisa kulolo shintsho oluthile. Ngakho-ke kubalulekile ukukhuluma nodokotela wakho ngaphandle kokwesaba.

Kuthatha isikhathi esingakanani ukuthola imiphumela yokuhlolwa kwe-FISH?

Kungathatha noma yikuphi kusukela evikini elilodwa kuya kwamane ukuthola imiphumela yokuhlolwa kwe-FISH. Udokotela wakho uzokutshela ukuthi kufanele ulindele imiphumela nini nokuthi ungathola kanjani .

Kufanele ngixhumane nini nodokotela wami?

Uma unemibuzo mayelana nokuhlolwa noma imiphumela oyitholile, ungangabazi ukukhuluma nodokotela wakho. Bazokuchazela konke.

Ekugcineni, umyalezo obaluleke kakhulu

Ukulinda imiphumela yokuhlolwa kwezakhi zofuzo kungaba yinto eyesabekayo, ekhathazayo, futhi ngezinye izikhathi ngisho nekhungathekisayo kancane. Ungase ulindele impendulo. Lokhu kuhlolwa kwe-FISH kuwubuchwepheshe obukusiza ukuthola lezo zimpendulo, njenge-"highlighter" ethola futhi ifake umbala kulwazi oludingayo .

Izimpendulo ozitholayo zingase zingabi yilokho obukulindele, kodwa zizokusiza uqonde isimo sakho nokuthi yiziphi izinketho zakho. Kusukela lapho, wena nodokotela wakho ningasebenzisana ukuthuthukisa uhlelo olungcono kakhulu lokuqhubekela phambili.

Khumbula, kubaluleke kakhulu ukucela udokotela wakho ukuthi akucacisele nganoma yini oyicabangayo ngokuhlolwa, ukuthi kungani kwenziwa, nokuthi imiphumela isho ukuthini.

Ukuhlolwa kweNHLANZI , ukuhlolwa kwezakhi zofuzo, ama-chromosome, i-DNA, umdlavuza, ukuguqulwa kwezakhi zofuzo, ukuhlolwa kokukhulelwa