Ingabe ingane yakho encane ingaba nenkinga ngaleli gciwane (i-Haemophilus influenzae)? Masiqaphele!

O, ukwesaba nokukhathazeka esikuzwayo lapho izingane zethu zigula akunakuchazwa, akunjalo? Sonke silwa nezinto ezifana nomkhuhlane ovamile, ukukhwehlela, kanye nomkhuhlane. Kodwa ngezinye izikhathi izingane zethu zingaba nezifo ezingathi sína kakhulu kunezifo ezivamile. Namuhla, sizokhuluma ngebhaktheriya engathinta izingane ezingaphansi kweminyaka emihlanu, kanye nabantu abadala abanezivikeli mzimba ezibuthakathaka. Igama laleli bhaktheriya yi-'Haemophilus influenzae'.

Kuyini 'iHaemophilus influenzae'?

Kalula nje, i-Haemophilus influenzae uhlobo lwebhaktheriya. La mabhaktheriya angabangela izifo ezahlukahlukene. Ezinye zazo zingaba zincane, njengokutheleleka kwezindlebe. Kodwa ngezinye izikhathi, la mabhaktheriya angabangela izifo ezimbi kakhulu, ngisho nezisongela ukuphila, njengokungenwa yigazi.

Lezi zifo zivame ukuthinta izingane ezingaphansi kweminyaka emihlanu . Futhi, abantu abanamasosha omzimba abuthakathaka (isibonelo, abantu abanezifo ezithile ezingamahlalakhona, njengeziguli zomdlavuza) basengozini enkulu yokuthola izifo ezivela kula magciwane.

Ezinye izifo ze-H. influenzae yilokho esikubiza ngokuthi izifo “ezihlaselayo”. Okusho ukuthi, amabhaktheriya angena ezindaweni zemizimba yethu ezivame ukungabi namagciwane. Isibonelo, uma amabhaktheriya engena oketshezini oluzungeze ubuchopho bethu kanye nomgogodla, angabangela i-meningitis, ukuvuvukala kobuchopho. Lesi yisimo esiyingozi kakhulu . Lezi zinhlobo zezifo ezihlaselayo zivame ukudinga ukulaliswa esibhedlela kanye nokwelashwa, futhi ngezinye izikhathi zingaholela ekufeni.

Iyini i-'Haemophilus influenzae` uhlobo b (Hib)?

Amabhaktheriya e-Haemophilus influenzae ahlukaniswe kakhulu ngamaqembu amabili. Elinye uhlobo “oluhlanganisiwe”, kanti elinye uhlobo “olungahlanganisiwe”. “Oluhlanganisiwe” lusho ukuthi amabhaktheriya anesembozo sangaphandle esivikelayo, njengegobolondo. Leli gobolondo livumela la mabhaktheriya ukuthi amelane nama-antibiotic athile. La mabhaktheriya ahlanganisiwe aphinde ahlukaniswe ngamaqembu amancane kusukela ku-“a” kuya ku-“f”.

Okuvame kakhulu futhi okuyingozi kakhulu kwalokhu yiHaemophilus influenzae uhlobo b, esilubiza ngokuthi iHib ngamafuphi . Ukutheleleka kwe-Hib kuthinta kakhulu izingane ezingaphansi kweminyaka emihlanu ubudala kanye nabantu abangaphezu kweminyaka engama-65 ubudala. Kunamathuba amaningi okubangela ukugula kubantu abanezivikeli mzimba ezibuthakathaka. Isibonelo:

• Abantu abanesifo 'se-Sickle cell'.
• Abantu abangenayo i-spleen (i-asplenia).
• Abantu abanokuntuleka kwe-antibody noma uhlelo lokugcwalisa.
• Abantu abanegciwane le-HIV.
• Abantu abathola ukwelashwa ngamakhemikhali, imisebe, noma ukufakelwa umnkantsha ngenxa yomdlavuza.

Ngenhlanhla, singakwazi ukuzivikela kulezi zifo zohlobo lwe-Haemophilus influenzae ngomuthi wokugomela i-Hib. Sizoxoxa ngalokhu kamuva.

Ingabe i-Haemophilus influenzae ibangela i-influenza?

Lokhu kuyinto edida abantu abaningi. Ngisho noma igama elithi `Haemophilus influenzae` line-`influenzae` kulo, leli gciwane alibangeli umkhuhlane (umkhuhlane) . Leso yisifo esibangelwa yigciwane elihlukile. Kodwa-ke, njengoba kushiwo ngaphambili, leli gciwane lingabangela ezinye izifo eziningi ezimbi.

Yiziphi izifo ezingabangelwa yi-'Haemophilus influenzae'?

Nazi ezinye zezifo eziyinhloko kanye nokutheleleka okungabangelwa yileli gciwane:

• Ukutheleleka Kwendlebe (Otitis Media): Ukutheleleka kwendlebe ephakathi, ngemuva kwe-eardrum. Lokhu kuvamile ezinganeni ezincane.
• I-Bronchitis: Isimo lapho amapayipi amancane omoya (i-bronchi) emaphashini etheleleka khona, avuvuke, futhi akhiqize i-mucus eningi.
• Ukutheleleka kwesikhumba nezicubu (`i-Cellulitis`): Amabhaktheriya angena esikhumbeni nasezicutshini ezingaphansi ngesilonda noma ngokusikeka.
• I-Epiglottitis: Ukutheleleka kwe-epiglottis, i-flap encane ngemuva komphimbo wethu emboza umphimbo lapho sigwinya. Lesi yisimo esibi kakhulu nesiyingozi, njengoba singabangela ubunzima bokuphefumula.
• I-pneumonia: Ukutheleleka kwephaphu elilodwa noma womabili. Kulokhu, amaphaphu ayavuvukala futhi agcwale ulwelwesi.
• I-Meningitis: Ukutheleleka kwe-membrane (meninges) ezungeze ubuchopho kanye nomgogodla.
• I-Septicemia: Amabhaktheriya angena egazini asakazeke emzimbeni wonke. Lokhu nakho kuyingozi kakhulu.
• I-Septic arthritis: Ukutheleleka kolwelwesi lwelunga. Ngokuvamile kwenzeka lapho ukutheleleka kwenye indawo emzimbeni kusakazekela elungwini ngegazi.

Khumbula, ezinye zalezi zifo, ikakhulukazi i-Epiglottitis kanye ne-Meningitis, zingaba zimbi kakhulu ngokushesha okukhulu. Ngakho-ke, kubaluleke kakhulu ukufuna iseluleko sezokwelapha ngokushesha nje lapho ubona izimpawu.

Ubani othinteka kakhulu yi-Haemophilus influenzae?

Umuthi wokugomela i-Hib uyingxenye yesimiso sokugomela izingane njalo ezweni lethu. Ngakho-ke, isifo se-H. influenzae sithinta kakhulu izingane ezingakagonyelwa i-Hib. Izinsana ezingakaqedi uchungechunge lokugomela nazo zisengozini.

Kubikwa ukuthi i-H. influenzae ivame kakhulu ezinganeni zase-Alaska, noma ngabe zigonywe. Iphinde ithinte abantu abangaphezu kweminyaka engu-65 kanye nalabo abanezivikeli mzimba ezibuthakathaka .

Ivame kangakanani i-'Haemophilus influenzae'?

E-United States, ukwanda kwalesi sifo kwehle kakhulu ngemva kokwethulwa komjovo we-Hib wezingane ngo-1987 kanye nowezingane ezincane ngo-1990.Ngaphambi kokuba kuqaliswe umuthi wokugomela, izingane ezingaba ngu-20,000 ezingaphansi kweminyaka emi-5 ubudala zazihlushwa yisifo se-Hib esibi minyaka yonke, kanti ezingaba ngu-1,000 zafa. Kodwa ngomuthi wokugomela, isifo se-Hib esibi sehlisiwe ngamaphesenti angaphezu kuka-99 kusukela ngo-1991. Ngo-2019, cishe izingane ezingu-0.15 kwezingu-100,000 ezingaphansi kweminyaka emi-5 ubudala zaba nesifo se-Hib.

Manje, iningi lokutheleleka kwe-Haemophilus influenzae kuwo wonke amaqembu eminyaka kubangelwa yi-H. influenzae engeyiyo i-typeable. Ngo-2019, izingane ezingu-1.62 kwezingu-100,000 ezingaphansi kweminyaka emi-5 ubudala zathola lolu hlobo lokutheleleka. Manje, imbangela evame kakhulu yalokhu kutheleleka ezinganeni iphakathi kwalabo abangagonyiwe noma abangakaqedi uchungechunge oluphelele lokugonywa . Phakathi kwabantu abadala abaneminyaka engu-65 nangaphezulu, izinga lokutheleleka kwe-H. influenzae engeyiyo i-typeable lingu-4.88 kwabangu-100,000.

Ziyini izimpawu ze-'Haemophilus influenzae'?

Izimpawu ze-Haemophilus influenzae ezinganeni ezincane zincike esifweni esithile ababhekene naso. Ake sibheke izimpawu zezinye zezifo eziyinhloko.

Izimpawu Zokutheleleka Kwendlebe (`Otitis Media`):

• Ubuhlungu bendlebe (ingane ingase ibambe indlebe yayo ikhale)
• Isifiso sokudla
• Ukungahlaliseki njalo, ukukhala
• Ukungalali
• Imfiva
• Ukuphuma koketshezi endlebeni
• Ubunzima bokuzwa (ingane endala kancane izosho kanjalo)

Izimpawu ze-bronchitis:

• Ukukhwehlela okuvamile, okukhwehlelayo
• Umzimba ongenampilo
• Ukuphefumula
• Imfiva
• Ubunzima bokuphefumula

Izimpawu Zokutheleleka Kwesikhumba (i-Cellulitis):

• Ubuhlungu endaweni ethelelekile, ubuhlungu lapho kuthintwa
• Ukuvuvukala
• Ukuzizwa ufudumele uma uthintwa
• Ukushintsha kombala wesikhumba (ububomvu, ubunsomi)
• Ukuqhuma
• Umkhuhlane kanye nokubanda
• Umsebenzi onzima

Izimpawu ze-Epiglottitis (lesi yisimo esiphuthumayo!):

• Umphimbo obuhlungu kakhulu
• Imfiva
• Umsindo ongavamile, onzima lapho uphefumula (stridor)
• Ubunzima bokugwinya
• Ukuvuza amathe
• Ubunzima obukhulu bokuphefumula (ingane ingazama ukuphefumula ngokwelula intamo yayo bese igoba phambili)

Izimpawu ze-pneumonia:

• Umkhuhlane kanye nokubanda
• Ukukhwehlela (kungaba yi-phlegmy noma komile)
• Ubunzima bokuphefumula, ukushoda kokuphefumula
• Ukujuluka
• Ubuhlungu besifuba
• Ikhanda elibuhlungu
• Ubuhlungu bemisipha
• Umsebenzi onzima

Izimpawu ze-meningitis (lokhu nakho kuyisimo esiphuthumayo!):

• Umkhuhlane ophezulu
• Ikhanda elibuhlungu kakhulu
• Intamo eqinile (engakwazi ukugoba phambili)
• Umsebenzi onzima
• Isifiso sokudla
• Ukuhlanza kanye nesicanucanu
• Ukungahlaliseki, ukucasuka
• Ukudideka
• Ukuquleka

Izimpawu ze-Septicemia (lokhu nakho kuyisimo esiphuthumayo!):

• Umkhuhlane kanye nokubanda
• Ubuhlungu besisu
• Ukuhlanza kanye nesicanucanu
• Uhudo
• Ukukhathazeka noma ukudideka
• Umsebenzi onzima
• Ubunzima bokuphefumula, ukushoda kokuphefumula

Izimpawu zokutheleleka kwamalunga (`Septic Arthritis`):

• Imfiva
• Ubuhlungu bamalunga, ukuzwela
• Ukuvuvukala kwamalunga
• Ukufudumala kokuthintwayo
• Ukungakwazi ukuhambisa ilunga kahle (ukuhamba okulinganiselwe)

Yini ebangela i-Haemophilus influenzae?

Manje sesiyazi ukuthi i-'Haemophilus influenzae' uhlobo lwebhaktheriya. Kunezinhlobo eziyisithupha zaleli bhaktheriya, kusukela ku-a kuya ku-f. ​​Ezinye izinhlobo zihlukaniswa ngokuthi "azinawo uhlobo". Kulezi, uhlobo b, noma i-'Hib', lubangela u-95% wezifo ezinzima nezihlaselayo.

Lawa mabhaktheriya avame ukuhlala emakhaleni nasemphinjeni wethu. Isikhathi esiningi, awabangeli zinkinga lapho. Kodwa-ke, uma la mabhaktheriya ehamba eya kwezinye izingxenye zomzimba, abangela ukutheleleka.

Ingabe i-Haemophilus influenzae iyathelelana?

Yebo. Uma ungagonyiwe futhi ungavikelwe yileli gciwane, ungagula nge-Haemophilus influenzae.

I-Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) idluliselwa kanjani?

I-Haemophilus influenzae uhlobo b (i-Hib) isakazeka kusuka kumuntu kuya komunye ngamaconsi okuphefumula akhiqizwa lapho umuntu onegciwane ekhwehlela noma ethimula . La maconsi aqukethe amabhaktheriya, kanti amanye angagula uma ephefumula la maconsi. Angasakazeka futhi ngokuxhumana eduze, isikhathi eside nomuntu onamabhaktheriya ekhaleni noma emphinjeni (ngisho noma engabonisi zimpawu). Ososayensi bakholelwa ukuthi amabhaktheriya e-Hib awakwazi ukusinda ezindaweni ezingaphili noma endaweni ezungezile.

Ngingahlala isikhathi esingakanani ngingumfuyi wezinja?

Ochwepheshe abaqiniseki "ngesikhathi sokufukamela" esiqondile se-Haemophilus influenzae - isikhathi esithathayo ukuze izimpawu zivele ngemva kokuba amagciwane engena emzimbeni. Kodwa-ke, abacwaningi bakholelwa ukuthi izimpawu zingavela ezinsukwini ezimbalwa ngemva kokutheleleka.

I-Haemophilus influenzae itholakala kanjani?

Udokotela wakho uvame ukuxilonga ukutheleleka kwe-H. influenzae ngokuhlolwa okukodwa noma ngaphezulu kwelebhu. Bangase bathathe isampula yegazi lakho, uketshezi lomgogodla, uketshezi lwamalunga, uketshezi lwe-pleural (uketshezi oluzungeze amaphaphu), noma i-aspirate yendlebe ephakathi .

Ukuhlolwa kokuqala kubizwa ngokuthi 'i-Gram staining'. Lokhu 'i-Gram stain' kuhlola amabhaktheriya kusampula kanye nohlobo lwamabhaktheriya abangela lesi sifo. Ngemva kwalokho, udokotela wakho angase futhi enze 'isiko' legazi noma uketshezi lomzimba ukuqinisekisa ukuthi amabhaktheriya akhona yini.

Ingabe i-'Haemophilus influenzae' ine-gram positive noma i-gram negative?

Ngaphansi kwe-'Gram stain', amabhaktheriya ashintsha kusuka komunye wemibala emibili (opinki kuya obomvu noma onsomi kuya oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka). Ahlukaniswa ngokuthi 'Gram-negative' noma 'Gram-positive'. I-'Haemophilus influenzae' iyi -'coccobacillus' engemihle ngegram (ibhaktheriya elifushane, elimise okwenduku) . Uma libukwa nge-microscope, libonakala libomvu. Amabhaktheriya angemihle ngegram anegobolondo langaphandle eliqinile. Lokhu kuyawavikela futhi kwenza kube nzima ukuwabulala. Amelana nama-antibiotic amaningi akhona, futhi lawa mabhaktheriya angathola izindlela ezintsha zokubalekela ukuhlaselwa.

Iphathwa kanjani i-Haemophilus influenzae?

Ukwelashwa kwe-Haemophilus influenzae kuncike ohlotsheni lokutheleleka noma isifo onaso. Ngokuvamile , ama-antibiotic anikezwa ukulwa nokutheleleka . Kodwa-ke, kubalulekile ukukhumbula ukuthi amabhaktheriya e-H. influenzae angaba namandla okumelana nama-antibiotic.

Kuye ngokuthi isimo sakho sibucayi kangakanani, ungadinga ukwelashwa okwengeziwe esibhedlela. Lokhu kwelashwa kungafaka:

• Usizo lokuphefumula – umoya-mpilo onikezwa nge-face mask (`face mask oxygen`) noma `intubation` (ukufaka ipayipi epayipini lomoya bese ulixhuma emshinini).
• Ukunikeza ama-steroid ngemithambo yegazi.
• Imithi yokwelapha umfutho wegazi ophansi.
• Ukunakekelwa kwenxeba lesikhumba esonakele.
• Ukukhipha amanzi ngokuhlinzwa kwezifo zamalunga (`Septic Arthritis`).

Ingabe ukhona umuthi wokugomela i-'Haemophilus influenzae'?

Yebo, ikhona! Unganika ingane yakho umuthi wokugomela i-Hib ukuze uyivikele ezifweni ze-Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib). I-World Health Organization (CDC) itusa ukuthi zonke izingane ezingaphansi kweminyaka emi-2 zithole lo muthi wokugomela . ESri Lanka, ufakiwe ohlelweni lokugomela lukazwelonke.

Udokotela wengane yakho uvame ukunikeza umuthi wokugomela i-Hib ngemithamo emithathu noma emine.

• Ingane yakho izothola umthamo wokuqala ezinyangeni ezimbili ubudala .
• Umthamo wesibili unikezwa ezinyangeni ezine .
• Uma kunikezwa imithamo emine, umthamo wesithathu unikezwa ezinyangeni eziyisithupha .
• Bese kuthi umthamo wokugcina (we-booster) unikezwe phakathi kwezinyanga ezingu-12 kuya kwezingu-15 ubudala ukuze kuqedwe uchungechunge lokugoma.

Ngemva kwalolu chungechunge lokuqala lwemigomo, phakathi kuka-95% no-100% wezingane zithola amazinga okuvikela ama-antibody ngokumelene ne-Hib .

Umuthi wokugomela i-Hib unganikezwa njengomthi wokugomela owodwa [`PRP-T (ActHIB)`, `PRP-T (Hiberix)` noma `PRP-OMP (Pedvax HIB)`] noma njengengxenye yomthi wokugomela ohlanganisiwe [`DTap-IPV-Hib (Pentacel)` noma `DTap-IPV-Hib-Hep B (Vaxelis)`]. Umuthi wokugomela ohlanganisiwe uyinhlanganisela yemithi yokugomela eminingana enikezwa ngesikhathi esisodwa.

Umuthi wokugomela i-Hib uvimbela ukutheleleka okubangelwa yi-Haemophilus influenzae uhlobo b. Kodwa-ke, awuvimbeli ukutheleleka okubangelwa ezinye izinhlobo ze-H. influenzae. Ukuze uvimbele ezinye izinhlobo ze-H. influenzae, gcina izandla zengane yakho zihlanzekile futhi uzigcine kude nabantu abagulayo. Fundisa ingane yakho ukuthi ingazigeza kanjani izandla zayo isencane.

Kwenzekani uma ingane yami ithola i-Haemophilus influenzae?

Ukubikezela ukutheleleka kwe-H. influenzae kuncike ohlotsheni kanye nobukhali besimo sengane yakho. Uma lesi sifo sitholakala futhi selashwa kusenesikhathi , udokotela wengane yakho angalawula ukutheleleka.

Kodwa-ke, ngisho noma kunama-antibiotic, ezinye izifo ze-H. influenzae zingabangela izinkinga zesikhathi eside . Isibonelo, ingane ingase ilahlekelwe yilungu ngenxa yokutheleleka kwegazi. Cishe abantu abangu-20% abathola i-meningitis (ukuvuvukala kobuchopho) bangase babe nokulahlekelwa ukuzwa unomphela noma ezinye izinkinga zezinzwa. Phakathi kuka-3% no-6% wabo bonke abantwana abathola ukutheleleka kwe-Hib bafa ngenxa yalesi sifo.

Yingakho sithi ukugonywa kubaluleke kakhulu . Futhi, ukufuna iseluleko sezokwelapha ngokushesha nje lapho ubona izimpawu kungasindisa impilo.

Ingane yami kufanele ibone nini udokotela?

Uma ingane yakho ibonisa noma yiziphi izimpawu zokutheleleka kwe-H. influenzae, kufanele uyiyise kudokotela ngokushesha . Ukuxilongwa nokwelashwa okusheshayo kubalulekile kulezi zifo ezibangelwa amagciwane.

Okokugcina, izinto okufanele uzikhumbule (Umyalezo Wokuya Ekhaya)

Ibhaktheriya ethi 'Haemophilus influenzae' ingadala izifo ezahlukahlukene, kusukela ezifweni ezincane nezilula kuya ezifweni ezingathi sína kakhulu nezisongela impilo. Indlela engcono kakhulu yokuvimbela lezi zifo ukugoma . I-CDC (World Health Organization) itusa ukuthi ingane yakho igonywe uhlobo oluvame kakhulu lwe-'Haemophilus influenzae', uhlobo b (`Hib`). Iphinde ifakiwe ohlelweni lukazwelonke lokugoma eSri Lanka.

Uma ingane yakho ibonisa izimpawu zokutheleleka kwe-'H. influenzae', ungachithi isikhathi bese ubona udokotela ngokushesha . Uma ingane yakho isheshe ithole ukwelashwa, kulapho amathuba ayo okululama nokusinda aba maningi khona. Njengabazali, kubaluleke kakhulu kithi ukuthi sihlale siqaphile ngempilo yezingane zethu.

I- Haemophilus influenzae, i-Hib, izifo ezibangelwa amagciwane, izifo zobuntwana, imijovo, i-meningitis, i-pneumonia