Ake sifunde ngenqubo yokuzivikela esisiza ukuzivikela komzimba wethu.

Unjani? Namuhla sizokhuluma ngenqubo emangalisayo kakhulu nebaluleke kakhulu eyenzeka ngaphakathi emizimbeni yethu. Ifana nento ekhethekile esiza ukuzivikela komzimba wethu. Kungenzeka ukuthi uke wezwa leli gama, futhi libizwa ngokuthi i-opsonization. Uma ufunda ngalo, uzoqonda ukuthi imizimba yethu isebenza kahle kangakanani.

Kuyini i-Opsonization?

Kalula nje, i-opsonization inqubo esiza amasosha omzimba ethu. Isebenza ngokubona nokubhubhisa amagciwane ayingozi, njengezifo ezibangelwa amagciwane (njengamabhaktheriya namagciwane), noma amangqamuzana ethu afile noma alimele. Cabanga ngesimiso sakho somzimba njengeqembu elikhethekile elivikela umzimba wakho. Bahlala beqapha umzimba wakho, befuna noma yini engabangela umonakalo noma izifo.

Izingxenye ezahlukene zesimiso sethu sokuzivikela komzimba – izitho zomzimba, amaseli, amaprotheni, amakhemikhali – konke kusebenza ndawonye. Ezinye izingxenye zihambahamba emzimbeni zifuna abahlaseli. Ezinye zibhubhisa izinto eziyingozi emzimbeni. Yilapho-ke amaprotheni abizwa ngokuthi ama-opsonin efika khona ukuze asize. Lawa ma-opsonin amboza amagciwane futhi 'awaphawule'. Khona-ke amanye amangqamuzana esimiso sokuzivikela komzimba angawabona kalula futhi awabhubhise. Inqubo ye-opsonization iphawula amangqamuzana afile nafayo, amangqamuzana athelelekile, ngisho namaseli omdlavuza.

Kuyini i-Opsonin?

Sibiza 'ama-opsonins' ngokuthi iqembu lamaprotheni ahlukene. Umsebenzi wawo oyinhloko ukubopha kumaseli nezinto ezifana namagciwane , nokusiza uhlobo olukhethekile lweseli ohlelweni lwethu lokuzivikela komzimba - esiwabiza ngokuthi ama-phagocyte - ukuwabona futhi 'uwagwinye'. Cabanga ngakho njengokwenza isidlo sinambitheke kahle futhi usiveze kahle ngendlela ekwenza ufune ukusidla.

Amanye ama-opsonin antanta ngokukhululeka egazini lethu noma oketshezini lwe-lymph. Amanye enziwa lapho amasosha ethu omzimba esebenza, evela kwamanye amaprotheni. Ngokuvamile, izinto ezifana nama-antibodies , okungenzeka ukuthi uke wezwa ngawo, nazo zisebenza njenge-opsonin ngenkathi zenza eminye imisebenzi ebalulekile.

Lawo maseli, abizwa ngokuthi ama-phagocyte , axhumana nama-opsonin njengebhuloho. Abe esesebenzisa lelo bhuloho ukuze agubungele futhi abhubhise into afuna ukuyibhubhisa. Yingakho ama-opsonin ebizwa nangokuthi 'ama-bridging molecules.' Uyaqonda?

Iyini inqubo ye-phagocytosis?

I-PhagocytosisKuyinqubo lapho imizimba yethu ibhubhisa futhi isuse khona izinto eziyingozi noma ezingafuneki. Kalula nje, kusho 'inqubo yamaseli agwinya futhi abhubhise okuthile'. Lezi zinto zingafaka phakathi amagciwane , izinto zakwamanye amazwe, noma ngisho namaseli ethu.

Yini ebhujiswa ku-phagocytosis?

Nazi ezinye izinto ezibhujiswa yi-phagocytosis:

• Izinhlobo ezahlukene zezifo ezibangelwa amagciwane njengegciwane, amabhaktheriya kanye nesikhunta.
• Amaseli athelelekile.
• Amaseli afile, agugile, noma onakele.
• Amaseli omdlavuza.
• Izingcezu zamaseli, noma udoti wamaseli.
• Ukuxhumana (ama-synapses) phakathi kwamaseli ezinzwa asebenze kancane.

Igama elithi 'phagocytosis' lisho 'ukudla amangqamuzana'. Lawa maseli, abizwa ngokuthi ama-phagocyte, agwinya lawa maseli namagciwane angafuneki, noma 'awadle', bese ewaphula. Ngemuva kwalokho umzimba ungawasusa kalula. Zonke izinhlobo zamangqamuzana, njenge -macrophages , amaseli e-dendritic , ama-neutrophils , namaseli e-natural killer (NK) , asebenzisa inqubo ye-opsonization ukuthola nokususa izinto ezingafuneki.

Yiziphi izimpawu ezitholwa amaseli e-phagocyte?

Lawo maseli, abizwa ngokuthi ama-phagocyte , anquma ukuthi agwinye okuthile noma cha ngokusekelwe ezimpawini ezahlukene. Kunezinhlobo eziningana zalezi zimpawu:

• Izimpawu 'zokuthola': Lokhu kungaba amaprotheni noma ezinye izinto ezisiza amangqamuzana e-phagocyte ukuthola amangqamuzana noma amagciwane afuna ukuwabhubhisa.
• Izimpawu zokuthi ngidle noma ungangidli: Njengoba igama lisikisela, lezi zimpawu zitshela i-phagocyte ukuthi idle okuthile noma cha.
• Ama-Opsonins: Sisanda kukhuluma ngalokhu. Lawa amaprotheni abopha amaseli noma amagciwane futhi atshele i-phagocyte ukuthi "igwinye lokhu futhi ikubhubhise." Asebenza futhi njengebhuloho, okwenza kube lula nge-phagocyte ukunamathela entweni efuna ukuyibhubhisa.
• Ama-opsonin amabi: Lawa enza okuphambene nalokho. Okusho ukuthi, ayayiqeda amandla noma enza kube nzima nge-phagocyte ukuthi ibambe futhi ibhubhise okuthile.

Ingabe zikhona izibonelo zokuphikisana?

Eqinisweni, kunezinhlobo eziningi zama-opsonins ezisetshenziswa yimizimba yethu ukuqaphela nokususa izinhloso ezahlukahlukene. Nazi ezimbalwa zazo ongafunda ngazo:

• Ama-antibodies: Ama-antibodies ayingxenye ebaluleke kakhulu yesimiso sethu somzimba sokuzivikela. Afana nokukhiya nokhiye,Ziqondene ngqo nezingxenye ezithile zegciwane (ezibizwa ngokuthi ama-antigen) . Ama-antibodies abizwa ngokuthi i-Immunoglobulin G (IgG) kanye ne-Immunoglobulin M (IgM) nawo asebenza njenge-opsonins.
• Izici zokwengeza: Lezi yiqembu lamaprotheni asiza amasosha omzimba wethu. Amaprotheni ahlukene okwengeza asebenza ndawonye ukuqondisa amaseli e-phagocyte ezindaweni lapho kudingeka abhujiswe khona. I-C1q, i-C3, i-C3b , kanye ne -C4b zonke izinhlobo zama-opsonins.
• Ama-opsonins abopha i-Phosphatidylserine: I-Phosphatidylserine iyisignali ethi 'ngidle'. Lapho amaseli esezokufa ( i-apoptosis ), lesi signali siyakhishwa ngaphakathi kweseli. Ama-opsonins amaningana, njenge -Annexin A1 , i-Apolipoprotein H , i-Del-1 , i-Gas6, kanye ne-Protein S, angabandakanyeka kulokhu.
• Amanye ama-opsonin: Ngaphezu kwalawa, amaprotheni afana ne-calreticulin , i-fibronectin , ama-ficolins (lawa angamaphrotheni okuqaphela amaphethini), i-mannose-binding lectin , i-milk fat globulin (i-lactadherin) , kanye nama -pentraxin nawo asebenza njenge-opsonin. Nakuba la magama engase abonakale eyinkimbinkimbi kancane, wonke lawa asiza ekuvikeleni imizimba yethu.

Yini eyenziwa yi-opsonization ku-phagocytosis?

Njengoba sishilo ngaphambili, amangqamuzana abizwa ngokuthi ama-phagocytes 'adla' amagciwane namaseli angadingeki emizimbeni yethu, okubizwa ngokuthi i-phagocytosis , ukuze umzimba ukwazi ukuwasusa kalula. Yilapho-ke ama-opsonins eza khona ukusiza. Ama-opsonins amboza amangqamuzana nabahlaseli abafuna ukuwabhubhisa. Kufana nokufaka izinongo esitsheni ukuze sikwenze kube mnandi futhi kube mnandi kakhulu. Lapho ama-phagocytes ebona lawa 'makhambi', awenza abukeke 'emnandi'. (Eqinisweni, igama elithi 'opsonization' livela egameni lesiGreki elisho 'ukwenza kube mnandi'!)

Amaseli e-phagocyte akhangwa yilesi simbozo se-opsonin, esibe sesibopha kuma-receptor awo.Basebenzisa izingxenye ezibizwa ngokuthi ama-opsonin ukuze banamathele kukho. Ngaleyo ndlela, ama-opsonin afana nefoloko elibasiza ukubamba lokho kudla okumnandi. Bese i-phagocyte idonsa lokho 'kudla', ikuhlukanise, bese 'ikugaya'.

Kwenzeka kanjani ukuthi i-opsonization ingasebenzi?

Kunezinqubo eziningi ezahlukene ezibangela i-opsonization. Eziyinhloko yilezi:

• Impendulo yokuzivikela yomzimba: Amaprotheni afana ne -C3 emzimbeni wethu ayaqaphela futhi abophe izingxenye zamagciwane, amagciwane, noma isikhunta. Lesi yisinyathelo esisodwa ekuhlaselweni yi-opsonization. Lena yindlela yokuzivikela umzimba wethu ozalwa nayo.
• Impendulo yokuzivikela komzimba eguquguqukayo: Ama-antibodies aqaphela ama-antigen avela kumabhaktheriya atholakale ngaphambilini, amagciwane, noma abanye abahlaseli abayingozi. Njengokhiye nokhiye, lawa ayahlangana ukuze akhe i-antigen-antibody complex . Amaprotheni abe esebopha kule complex bese emboza i- pathogen noma iseli ngama-opsonin engeziwe. Lokhu kuyinto imizimba yethu eyifundayo ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.
• Izimpawu 'zokudla-mina': Uma amangqamuzana onakele noma esezokufa, athumela izimpawu ohlelweni lokuzivikela komzimba ukuze 'angibhubhise.' Ama-Opsonins ayazibona lezi zimpawu futhi azibophezele.

Kunezinyathelo eziningana kuzo zonke lezi zinqubo, futhi zonke ziyahlangana ukuze kusebenze isimiso sethu somzimba sokuzivikela.

Kungani ukubandlulula kubalulekile?

Uyazi, amagciwane anobuqili kakhulu. Ngenxa yokuthi adinga ukusinda, azama ukucasha noma ukugwema amangqamuzana ethu omzimba. Yilapho inqubo ye-opsonization iba yinto ebaluleke kakhulu. Kusiza amangqamuzana e-phagocyte ukuthola igciwane elifihliwe kalula, alinamathele, futhi ekugcineni alibhubhise.

Ngokufanayo, amangqamuzana ethu asebenzisa i-opsonization ukutshela isimiso somzimba sokuzivikela ukuthi, ‘Ngithelelekile,’ ‘Ngilimele,’ noma ‘Ngizokufa.’ Lapho umzimba uthola lesi siginali, uyazi ukuthi kufanele uwasuse lawo maseli.

Kalula nje, i-opsonization ifana nohlelo lokuxhumana olubalulekile olugcina imizimba yethu iphilile. Ngaphandle kwayo, amasosha ethu omzimba abeyoba nesikhathi esinzima sokusebenza kahle.

Ingabe izinkinga zokungavumelani zingadala izifo?

Yebo, impela. I -Phagocytosis ingaphazamiseka ngenxa yezifo ezithile zofuzo , ukusabela emithini ethile, noma ezinye izimbangela.Ukuntuleka kwesistimu kanye nezinye izifo zesistimu yomzimba kungashintsha indlela imizimba yethu ebona ngayo ukuthi yini eyingozi nengeyona eyingozi. Cabanga ngalokhu:

• Amaseli akho e-phagocyte angase angakwazi ukubhubhisa izinto eziyingozi njengamaseli alimele, amabhaktheriya, namagciwane. Lezi zinto eziyingozi zingase ziqongelelane emzimbeni bese zibangela izifo.
• Ngaphandle kwalokho, amangqamuzana akho e-phagocyte angaqala ukubhubhisa izinto okungafanele zibhujiswe, njengamaseli anempilo. Kufana nebutho lakho elizihlasela lona.

Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi inkinga iyini, ingaholela ezifweni zokuzivikela komzimba , njenge -lupus , noma izifo zezinzwa ezifana ne-Alzheimer's . Ungase uthole nezifo eziningi noma ube nengozi eyengeziwe yokuba nomdlavuza.

Ingabe i-opsonization ingasetshenziswa ukwelapha izifo?

Lona umbuzo omuhle kakhulu. Ochwepheshe bezokwelapha sebevele bacwaninga izindlela zokusebenzisa le nqubo ye-opsonization ukwelapha izifo. Ithemba labo ukuthuthukisa izindlela zokusiza amasosha omzimba wethu ngokushintsha izinto eziyingozi noma ukuvimbela amaseli anempilo ukuthi angashintshi. Lolu cwaningo lungasiza ekuthuthukiseni ukwelashwa kwezifo ezifana nalezi:

• Umdlavuza: 'Ungaphawula' amangqamuzana omdlavuza futhi usize amasosha omzimba ukuwabhubhisa.
• Izifo Ezithelelanayo: Le ndlela ingaba usizo kakhulu ekulweni nokutheleleka okuthile kwamagciwane.
• Izifo ezithinta amasosha omzimba: Zizama ukuvimba amangqamuzana anempilo ukuthi 'angabi namabala' futhi zinciphise ikhono lomzimba lokuzilimaza.

Akukhona lokho kuphela, abacwaningi basebenzisa nenqubo ye-opsonization ukuhlola ukuthi imijovo kanye nokwelashwa kwama-antibody kusebenza kahle kangakanani. Lokhu kuhlolwa kubizwa ngokuthi ukuhlolwa kokubulala kwe-opsonophagocytic (OPKA) . Ngakho-ke lena yindawo ethembisayo kakhulu yocwaningo.

Izinto ezimbalwa okufanele uzikhumbule kafushane

Kulungile, ngakho-ke sesikhulume kakhulu ngokungezwani komzimba, akunjalo? Kuyingxenye ebaluleke kakhulu yesimiso sethu somzimba sokuzivikela. Kufana nokwakha ibhuloho phakathi kwezinto eziyingozi emzimbeni wethu namaseli awabhubhisayo.

Uyakhumbula ukuthi ngisho nokudla okunempilo okungathandwa yizingane kunamathuba amaningi okukudla uma ufaka ukunambitheka okuncane kuzo? Yilokho opsonization ekushoyo. Ivumela lawo ma-phagocyte ukuthiAkugcini nje ngokwenza 'ukudla' kube mnandi emaselini, kodwa futhi kubanika 'ifoloko' yokubambelela kuyo. Bese beya ngqo kuyo bakudle!

Ngakho-ke, ukuphikiswa kufana neqhawe elithule elisiza ukugcina imizimba yethu iphilile futhi ivikelekile ezifweni. Kungenxa yokuthi le nqubo yenzeka kahle ukuthi asiguli isikhathi esiningi. Ngakho-ke, akufanele yini ukuqaphela kancane lezi zinto ezimangalisayo ezenzeka emizimbeni yethu? Ngiyethemba ukuthi lolu lwazi luzokusiza wena nomndeni wakho nihlale niphilile.

Ukungavikeleki komzimba , i-opsonization, i-phagocytosis, amagciwane, amaseli, ama-antibodies, uhlelo lokuzivikela