Zicabange usensimini enhle yezimbali. Izimbali zonke zinemibala ehlukene... obomvu, oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, ophuzi... Yeka ukuthi zinhle kanjani! Manje zicabange ukuthi uphuma uye egcekeni ebusuku. Awukwazi ukubona imibala ngqo, kodwa konke kubukeka kumnyama nomhlophe. Ubani osibonisa umhlaba ngombala emini kanye nomnyama nomhlophe ebusuku? Liqembu elincane kodwa elibaluleke kakhulu lezisebenzi ngaphakathi kwamehlo ethu. Namuhla sikhuluma ngala maseli amangalisayo abizwa ngokuthi ama-photoreceptor.
Ziyini lezi zi-photoreceptors?
Kalula nje, ama-photoreceptors awuhlobo lweseli elibona ukukhanya elitholakala ku -retina ngemuva kwamehlo ethu. Leli gama lisho "umamukeli wokukhanya." Umsebenzi wawo oyinhloko ukuthatha ukukhanya okungena esweni bese kuguqula kube izimpawu zikagesi nezamakhemikhali ubuchopho bethu obungaziqonda.
Uhlelo lwethu lwezinzwa lwakhiwe ngamaseli ezinzwa abizwa ngokuthi ama-neurons. Okumangalisayo ukuthi lawa ma-photoreceptor nawo awuhlobo olukhethekile kakhulu lwe-neuron. Futhi ngenxa yendlela ama-retina ethu akhula ngayo, lawa maseli abhekwa njengengxenye yesistimu yethu yezinzwa ephakathi, okuyingqondo nomgogodla.
Kwenzekani ngempela kula maseli?
Cabanga ngamehlo ethu njengamakhamera athuthuke kakhulu emhlabeni. Eqinisweni, amakhamera edijithali anamuhla aklanyelwe ukulingisa indlela iso lomuntu elisebenza ngayo.
Uma uthatha isithombe ngefoni yakho, inzwa efonini yakho ithwebula ukukhanya bese ikuguqulela ikhodi yekhompyutha. Bese kuthi i-chip encane efonini yakho ithathe leyo khodi bese iyiguqula ibe isithombe esihle ukuze ikubonise.
Inqubo efanayo yenzeka ngaphakathi kwamehlo ethu. I-retina yethu isebenza njengenzwa efonini yethu. Amaseli e-photoreceptor ku-retina abamba ukukhanya bese ekuguqula kube izimpawu zemizwa. Lezi zimpawu zithunyelwa ebuchosheni nge-optic nerve. Ubuchopho "buyazichaza" lezo zimpawu, noma buziqonde, bese budala isithombe esisibonayo. Ngakho-ke yonke le nqubo iqala ngalawo maseli amancane e-photoreceptor.
Izinduku Namakhoni: Amaqhawe Amabili Aphezulu Amehlo Ethu (Izinduku Namakhoni)
Kunezinhlobo ezimbili eziyinhloko zama-photoreceptors esweni lomuntu. Aqanjwe ngesimo sawo.
Amaseli Ezinduku: Abaqaphi Bobusuku
Lawa maseli ayindilinga, noma anomumo weshubhu. Azwela kakhulu ngisho nokukhanya okuncane kakhulu. Amaseli e-Rod akha ama-95% ama-photoreceptor emehlweni ethu, noma angaba yizigidi eziyi-100-125 zawo.
Cabanga uhamba endlini ebusuku lapho kungekho zibani. Singabona izimo zezinto nesimo somuntu, kodwa asikwazi ukubona imibala yazo ngokucacile, akunjalo? Ngaleso sikhathi, la maseli enduku akusiza ukuthi ubone. Lawa maseli abhekene kakhulu nokubona ekukhanyeni okuphansi nasebusuku (umbono wasebusuku). Kodwa awakwazi ukuhlukanisa imininingwane emincane nemibala. Iqiniso lokuthi la maseli asisiza sibone ekukhanyeni okuphansi libizwa ngokuthi umbono we-scotopic kwisayensi yezokwelapha.
Amakhoni: Abaculi Bomhlaba Wemibala
Lawa maseli anomumo wekhoni, okusho ukuthi abheke phezulu futhi ayindilinga phansi. Adinga ukukhanya okwengeziwe ukuze asebenze kunamaseli enduku. Kodwa uma ekwenza lokho, singabona imibala nemininingwane emincane .
Uma ubheka umdwebo omuhle, ungabona ngokucacile umehluko wemibala ocashile ngisho nemigqa emincane kakhulu. Yilokho okusinika umbono obukhali noningiliziwe. Lawa maseli e-cone atholakala kakhulu endaweni ekhethekile ye-retina ebizwa ngokuthi i-macula . Yingakho isikhungo sokubona kwethu sicacile futhi sinemibala.
| Isici | Amaseli enduku (Ama-Rod) | Amakhoni |
|---|---|---|
| Isimo | Mude, uyisilinda (njengepayipi) | Okumise okwekhoni (okucijile phezulu) |
| Inombolo | Cishe izigidi eziyi-100-125 (eziphezulu kakhulu) | Cishe izigidi ezingu-6-7 (eziphansi kakhulu) |
| Ukuzwela kokukhanya | Kuphezulu kakhulu (kuzwela ekukhanyeni okuphansi) | Kuphansi (kudinga ukukhanya okwengeziwe) |
| Umbono wombala | Cha (imibala emnyama, emhlophe kanye nempunga kuphela) | Yebo (ibona yonke imibala) |
| Umsebenzi oyinhloko | Ukubona ebusuku kanye nombono ophansi | Ukubona imibala kanye nombono ocacile noningiliziwe |
Sibona kanjani umbala?
Kunezinhlobo ezintathu zamaseli e-cone emehlweni ethu, futhi asebenza ndawonye ukuze asibonise umhlaba wombala. Lawa maseli e-cone awaboni imibala ngqo. Abona ubude obuhlukene bokukhanya futhi atshele ubuchopho ngawo. Ubuchopho busebenzisa lolo lwazi ukudala imibala.
Kulula ukukuqonda lokhu uma ubheka uthingo. Ubomvu bunobude obude kakhulu, ngakho-ke bungaphandle kothingo. Uviolet unobude obufushane kakhulu, ngakho-ke bungaphakathi.
Ngokuvamile, iso lomuntu ophilile linazo zonke izinhlobo ezintathu zamaseli e-cone. Lokhu kubizwa ngokuthi i-trichromacy .
Lezo zinhlobo ezintathu yilezi:
- Izwela kuma-wavelength amafushane (aluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka)
- Izwela kuma-wavelength aphakathi nendawo (oluhlaza okotshani)
- Izwela kuma-wavelength amade (obomvu)
Nakuba lezi zinhlobo ezintathu zama-cone zikhethekile ngemibala ehlukene, ukuzwela kwazo kuyahambisana ngandlela thile. Ubuchopho buqhathanisa umehluko omncane ezimpawini ezivela kulezi zinhlobo ezintathu zama-cone ukuze kutholakale imibala. Kungenxa yale nqubo emangalisayo ukuthi umuntu ojwayelekile angahlukanisa futhi aqaphele imibala engaba yisigidi .
Okumangalisayo ukuthi, akuvamile kakhulu, abanye besifazane baba noguquko lwezakhi zofuzo olubavumela ukuba babe nezinhlobo ezine zamaseli e-cone. Kubizwa ngokuthi i-tetrachromacy . Kufana nokuba namandla amakhulu. Esikhundleni semibala eyizigidi umuntu ovamile angayibona, laba besifazane kuthiwa bayakwazi ukuhlukanisa nokubona imibala engaba yizigidi eziyi-100!
Yiziphi izifo ezithinta la maseli?
Kunezimo eziningana ezingathinta amangqamuzana ethu enduku kanye ne-cone, ezinye zazo ezithinta nezinye izingxenye ze-retina.
- Ukungaboni kombala : Ukulahlekelwa ingxenye noma okuphelele kokubona umbala, ngokubona okumnyama nokumhlophe kuphela(i-Achromatopsia) ingase ivele.
- I-Cone-rod dystrophy
- Ukuwohloka kwe-macular
- i-retinitis pigmentosa
- I-Solar retinopathy : Umonakalo obangelwa ukubuka ilanga ngqo.
- I-Usher syndrome
Ungazibona kanjani izimpawu?
Uphawu oluyinhloko lwezifo ezithinta la maseli ukulahlekelwa umbono, kodwa izinga lokulahlekelwa liyahlukahluka kuye ngohlobo lweseli elithintekile.
| Uhlobo lweseli elithintekile | Izimpawu ezivamile |
|---|---|
| Izinkinga ezihlobene nezinduku | Ukuqala kokungaboni ebusuku kusenesikhathi (nyctalopia) . Lokhu kusho ukuthi ukubona kunzima kakhulu ebusuku noma ekukhanyeni okuphansi. Ezinye izifo (isib. i-retinitis pigmentosa) zingathinta namaseli e-cone uma eba mabi kakhulu. |
| Izinkinga ngama-Cones | Ukungaboni imibala, noma ukulahlekelwa ikhono lokuhlukanisa imibala ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, kungabangela ukulahlekelwa ikhono lokubona imininingwane emincane, okuholela ekuboneni okufiphele noma okunenkungu. Ezinye izimo zingathinta namaseli enduku uma eba mabi kakhulu. |
Ngokuvamile, ezimweni ezifana nokuwohloka kwe-macular, zombili lezi zinhlobo zamaseli zingathinteka ngasikhathi sinye.
Yini okufanele siyenze ukuze sivikele la maseli ayigugu?
Amaseli ethu e-photoreceptor ayingxenye ye-retina, ngakho-ke ukugcina amehlo ethu ne-retina kuphilile kubaluleke kakhulu ekulondolozeni umbono wethu.
- Thola ukuhlolwa kwamehlo njalo: Lokhu kufana nokuhlolwa komzimba wonke kwamehlo akho. Kubalulekile ukuthi wonke umuntu, hhayi labo abagqoka izibuko kuphela, abonane nodokotela wamehlo okungenani kanye eminyakeni emibili . Lokhu kungasiza ekutholeni izifo eziningi ngaphambi kokuba zidale izimpawu.
- Thola ukuhlolwa njalo kwezokwelapha: Ezinye izifo ezingamahlalakhona zithinta ngqo amehlo ethu. IkakhulukaziUmfutho wegazi ophakeme (Umfutho wegazi ophakeme) kanye nesifo sikashukela sohlobo lwesibili (Ushukela wohlobo lwesibili) . Ngokuhlolwa kwezokwelapha minyaka yonke, lezi zifo zingatholakala futhi zilawulwe ngaphambi kokuba zilimaze amehlo.
- Gwema i-nicotine: Ukubhema, ukufutha ugwayi, nokuhlafuna ugwayi kulimaza uhlelo lwethu lokujikeleza kwegazi. Imithambo yegazi ethambile enikeza igazi ku-retina yeso ibucayi kakhulu kulokhu.
- Beka phambili ukudla okunempilo: I-Vitamin A ibalulekile ekusebenzeni kwamaseli e-photoreceptor. Ukudla okufana nezaqathi, ubhatata, kanye nesipinashi kucebile nge-vitamin A. Ukudla ukudla okunomsoco kuhle empilweni yakho iyonke kanye namehlo akho.
- Gcina isisindo esinempilo: Ungathola isiqondiso osidingayo kudokotela wakho ngalokhu.
Into ebaluleke kakhulu ukubona udokotela wamehlo ngokushesha uma ubona noma yiziphi izinguquko embonweni wakho, njengokuncipha kokubona ebusuku, ubunzima bokuhlukanisa imibala, noma umbono ofiphele. Uma lesi sifo sitholakala ngokushesha, kuba lula ukwelapha.
Umlayezo Wokuya Nawe Ekhaya
- Amehlo ethu anezinhlobo ezimbili ezikhethekile zamaseli azwela ukukhanya abizwa ngokuthi ama-rod nama-cone.
- Amaseli e-cone asisiza sibone umbala nemininingwane emincane, kuyilapho amaseli e-rod esisiza sibone ebumnyameni.
- Ukuncipha kokubona ebusuku (ubumpumputhe basebusuku) noma ubunzima bokubona imibala kuyisibonakaliso sokuthi kungase kube nenkinga ngala maseli.
- Njengoba izifo ezifana nesifo sikashukela kanye nomfutho wegazi ophezulu zithinta ngqo amehlo, ukunakekela impilo iyonke nakho kubaluleke kakhulu empilweni yamehlo.
- Ngisho noma kungekho zimpawu, izifo eziningi zingatholakala kusenesikhathi ngokubona udokotela wamehlo njalo nokuhlolwa kwamehlo akho.
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