Uma sithola umkhuhlane noma umkhuhlane, kuba ngcono ezinsukwini ezimbalwa, akunjalo? Wake wazibuza ukuthi lokho kwenzeka kanjani? Siphinde sibe nebutho elikhulu ngaphakathi emizimbeni yethu, elilwa namagciwane abangela izifo avela ngaphandle. Elinye lamasosha akhethekile kakhulu kulelo butho libizwa ngokuthi 'ama-antibodies'. Namuhla sizokhuluma ngohlobo olukhethekile lwe-antibody, 'ama-Polyclonal Antibodies'. Nakuba leli gama lizwakala lingokwesayensi kancane, indaba ilula kakhulu. Ake sibheke imininingwane yalezi zivikeli zomzimba.
Kalula nje, ayini la ma-antibody e-polyclonal?
Ama-antibodies e-polyclonal amaprotheni amancane ayingxenye yesimiso sethu somzimba sokuzivikela. Ngokukhethekile, akhiqizwa yiqembu lamaseli abizwa ngokuthi amaseli e-plasma B.
Manje ake sikwenze kube lula lokhu kancane. Ake sithi isitha sifikile ezweni lakini. Ukuze sithole leso sitha, kukhona 'amamaki' athile akhethekile emzimbeni waso. Kuyafana nalapho igciwane, igciwane noma igciwane, lingena emizimbeni yethu. Lelo gciwane 'linophawu' olukhethekile ebusweni balo. Kwezokwelapha, sibiza lolu phawu ngokuthi 'i-antigen' .
Uma amasosha ethu omzimba ebona le antigen, ayayibona bese ethi, "O... lona akayena omunye wethu, ngumuntu ovela ngaphandle." Khona-ke ibutho lethu, okungukuthi, ama-antibodies, liqala ukusebenza.
Kodwa kukhona okunye okuncane lapha. Kwi-antigen eyodwa, okungukuthi, emzimbeni wesitha esisodwa, kunezindawo eziningana lapho ama-antibodies ethu angabamba khona. Njengoba nje kunezimbobo eziningana zezihluthulelo ezingena emnyango owodwa. Sibiza ngayinye yalezi zimbobo ngokuthi 'i-epitope' .
Igama elithi 'polyclonal' lisho 'ezinhlotsheni ezahlukene'. Ngakho-ke, ama-antibodies e-polyclonal ayiqoqo lezinhlobo eziningi ezahlukene zama-antibodies angahlasela izindawo ezahlukene (ama-epitopes) esitheni esifanayo (i-antigen). Lokhu kunciphisa kakhulu amathuba esitha okusinda.
Nakuba lokhu kukhiqizwa ngokwemvelo emizimbeni yethu, ukuze kusetshenziswe kwezokwelapha ngezinye izikhathi kukhishwe emizimbeni yezilwane ezinjengonogwaja nezimvu, noma egazini labantu abalulame ezifweni ezithile.
Zisebenza kanjani lezi zinto emzimbeni?
Inqubo yalokhu iyathakazelisa kakhulu. Cabanga ngayo njengesihluthulelo nofudu.
1. Isitha siyangena: Igciwane noma amagciwane angena emizimbeni yethu. Linombala 'obomvu' ebusweni balo. Lawa angama-antigen.
2. Imininingwane yofudu: Kodwa ufudu ngalunye lunezimbobo eziningana. Lezi ziyiziqongo.
3. Ibutho lezihluthulelo liyafika: Lapho nje isimiso sethu somzimba sokuzivikela sibona lesi silokazane, sidala 'izinhlobo eziningi zezihluthulelo' ezifanelana emgodini ngamunye. Lelo butho lezihluthulelo libizwa ngokuthi ama-polyclonal antibodies.
4. Impi iyaqala:Lezi zinhlobo ezahlukene zezihluthulelo (ama-antibodies) zibopha ezimbobeni ezahlukene (ama-epitopes) emzimbeni wesitha. Zihlasela isitha esifanayo zivela ezindaweni eziningi.
5. Ibhubhisa isitha: Uma ama-antibodies enamathela kanje, amanye amaseli ohlelweni lokuzivikela komzimba angasibona kalula futhi asibhubhise lesi sitha.
Kalula nje, ubuchwepheshe bama-antibodies e-polyclonal ukuthi esikhundleni sokuhlasela isitha esisodwa ngendlela eyodwa, basihlasela ngezindlela ezahlukene. Lokhu kwenza impendulo yomzimba ibe namandla kakhulu futhi isebenze kahle .
Zisetshenziswa ngani lezi kwezokwelapha?
Ngaphezu kokukhiqizwa ngokwemvelo emizimbeni yethu, la ma-antibodies e-polyclonal asetshenziselwa imisebenzi eminingi ebalulekile kwezokwelapha.
- Ukuxilonga: Ezinye izivivinyo zelebhu, njenge-ELISA kanye ne-immunohistochemistry, zisetshenziselwa ukuthola ukuthi kukhona yini ukutheleleka noma umdlavuza.
- Ocwaningweni lwesayensi: Abacwaningi basebenzisa lokhu ukuqonda ukuthi imizimba yethu isebenza kanjani nokuthi izifo zikhula kanjani.
- Ukwelapha nokuvimbela izifo: Ama-antibodies e-Polyclonal asetshenziselwa ukwelapha izimo ezifana nokweqisa izidakamizwa ezithile, ukulunywa yizinyoka, kanye nezinye izifo zegazi.
| Indlela yokwelapha | Incazelo elula |
|---|---|
| I-antivenom yenyoka (i-antivenom) | Lezi ziqukethe ama-antibodies aklanyelwe ukulwa nobuthi obungena emzimbeni lapho inyoka iluma. |
| I-Plasma Yokuphulukisa | I-plasma yegazi yomuntu oselulame esifweni esithathelwanayo iqukethe ama-antibodies e-polyclonal akhiqizwe ngokumelene naleso sifo. Le plasma inikezwa umuntu ogulayo ukuze alashwe. |
| I-Digoxin immune fab | Umjovo onikezwa uma kwenzeka ukudlula ngokweqile umuthi wenhliziyo i-Digoxin. |
| I-Rho(D) immune globulin | Lo mjovo unikezwa umama okhulelwe onegazi elingenayo i-Rh ukuze kuvinjelwe izinkinga (i-rhesus isoimmunization) ezingase zenzeke uma uhlobo lwegazi lomntwana luba yi-Rh-positive. Uphinde unikezwe njengokwelashwa kwesifo segazi esibizwa ngokuthi i-ITP (i-immune thrombocytopenia). |
Uyini umehluko phakathi kwama-antibodies e-polyclonal kanye nama-antibody e-monoclonal?
Kungenzeka ukuthi uke wezwa 'ngama-antibodies e-monoclonal.' Nakuba womabili lawa ma-antigen ehlasela, kunomehluko omncane kodwa obalulekile.
| Isici | Ama-antibodies e-Polyclonal (i-Polyclonal) | Ama-antibodies e-Monoclonal (i-Monoclonal) |
|---|---|---|
| Indlela eyakheka ngayo | Yakhiwa ngeqoqo lezinhlobo ezahlukene zamaseli e-B. | Zenziwa elabhorethri ngamakhophi (ama-clone) eseli elilodwa le-B. |
| Igoli | Zihlasela ama-epitopes (amabala) ahlukene ku-antigen efanayo. | Ihlasela kuphela i-epitope eyodwa ethile ku-antigen eyodwa. |
| Ukukhiqizwa | Itholakala ngokwemvelo egazini lezilwane noma labantu. | Ikhishwa egazini lezilwane futhi yenziwe amakhophi ayizigidigidi elabhorethri. |
| Imvelo | Ingxube yama-antibodies ahlukene. Ikhwalithi ingahluka kusukela ku-batch kuya ku-batch. | Ngenxa yokuthi wonke ayizinhlobo ezifanayo zama-antibodies, azinzile kakhulu futhi izakhiwo zawo azishintshi. |
Yiziphi izinzuzo zalokhu?
- Izindleko eziphansi zokukhiqiza: Kulula ukuzenza lezi kune-monoclonal antibodies, ezenziwe ngendlela eyinkimbinkimbi elabhorethri.
- Ikhono elihle lokubona: Ngisho noma inani le-antigen kusampula lincane kakhulu , lingalibona kalula ngoba lingabopha ezindaweni ezahlukene.
- Ukucaciswa okuphezulu: Ngenxa yokuthi i-antigen efanayo ibopha ezindaweni eziningi, impendulo iyafana kakhulu.
Akukho yini ukushiyeka-ke?
Vele, kukhona nezinkinga.
- Ukwehluka Kwekhwalithi: Ngenxa yokuthi lokhu kwenzeka ngokwemvelo, kungase kube nokwehluka kwekhwalithi phakathi kweqoqo elilodwa lama-antibodies nelinye. Ngakho-ke, ukusebenza kahle kungahluka.
- Kungenzeka kube nemiphumela emihle engamanga: Ngezinye izikhathi, kungenzeka ukuthi kube nokuhlangana kwe-antigen nenye i-antigen efana ne-antigen eqondiwe. Ngakho-ke, imiphumela emihle engamanga ingenzeka ezivivinyweni.
- Ukusabela kokungezwani komzimba: Uma kusetshenziswa ama-antibodies e-polyclonal atholakala ezilwaneni ukwelapha abantu, kunengozi yokusabela kokungezwani komzimba noma eminye imiphumela emibi.
Ngakho-ke, njengoba ubona, la ma-antibodies e-polyclonal ayingxenye ebaluleke kakhulu yesimiso somzimba wethu sokuzivikela, kanye nakwezokwelapha. Avame ukusetshenziswa ocwaningweni nasekuhlolweni kokuxilonga. Uma unemibuzo ngalokhu, ikakhulukazi uma unikezwa lawa ukuze uthole ukwelashwa okuthile, kungcono ukucela udokotela noma umhlengikazi wakho ukuthi akucacisele.
Umlayezo Wokuya Nawe Ekhaya
- Ama-antibodies e-polyclonal ayiqembu lokuzivikela kwemvelo okukhiqizwa izinhlobo ezahlukene zamaseli ohlelweni lokuzivikela lomzimba wethu.
- Lokhu kusebenza ngokuhlasela izindawo ezahlukene (ama-epitopes) esitheni esifanayo (i-antigen) nokusiza ekubhubhiseni leso sitha. Lokhu kwenza impendulo ibe namandla kakhulu.
- Kwezokwelapha, zisetshenziselwa ukuxilongwa nokucwaninga, kanye nokwelashwa okufana nobuthi benyoka kanye nemigomo yomama abakhulelwe abangenayo i-Rh.
- Lezi zihlukile kuma-antibody e-monoclonal, enziwa elabhorethri kusuka kuseli elilodwa futhi ahlasela inhloso eyodwa kuphela.
- Uma unenkinga nganoma yikuphi ukwelashwa okunikezwayo kulokhu, xoxa ngakho ngokucacile nodokotela wakho.
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