Uma uyojova ingane yakho encane, uzizwa wesaba futhi unelukuluku, akunjalo? Kwenzekani ngempela kulelo thonsi elincane loketshezi elifakwe inaliti? Kungani lezi zinto zibaluleke kangaka ezinganeni zethu, nakithi? Ngezinye izikhathi siyesaba lapho sizwa yonke inkulumo ngemithi yokugoma. Ngakho-ke, namuhla sizokhuluma ngakho konke lokhu ngendlela ongayiqonda, kalula nangendlela enobungane. Njengoba nje ukhuluma nomngane.
Kalula nje, uyini umuthi wokugoma?
Kalula nje, umuthi wokugoma uwukuqeqeshwa kohlelo lokuzivikela lomzimba wethu, uhlelo lokuzivikela. Cabanga ngomzimba wethu njengezwe. Leli lizwe linebutho elilivikelayo. Lelo uhlelo lwethu lokuzivikela. Lapho izitha ezivela ngaphandle, okungukuthi, amagciwane asigulisa - izinto ezifana namagciwane namagciwane - zingena kuleli zwe, ibutho lethu lilwa nawo futhi lisivikele.
Lokho okwenziwa umuthi wokugoma ukufundisa amabutho ethu ukuqaphela lezi zitha ngaphambi kwempi yangempela. Kufana nokuqeqesha ibutho ngamamodeli esitha. Ngakho-ke lapho igciwane langempela lingena emzimbeni, amasosha ethu omzimba asuke eselungisiwe kakade, ngakho-ke ayasinqoba ngokushesha leso sitha ngaphambi kokuba sibangele ukugula.
Umehluko phakathi kokugoma nokugoma
Nakuba la magama amabili ezwakala ngendlela efanayo, kunomehluko omncane.
- Ukugoma inqubo yokukunikeza umuthi wokugoma (njengomjovo noma amaconsi omlomo).
- Ukugoma inqubo lapho umjovo wakhela khona isivikelo esifweni esisemzimbeni wakho.
Lokho kusho ukuthi, ukugoma kufana nokuya ekilasini, kanti ukuzivikela komzimba kufana nokufunda isifundo kulelo kilasi.
Imithi yokugoma isebenza kanjani emizimbeni yethu?
Lena inqubo ethakazelisayo kakhulu. Ake sibone ukuthi lokhu kwenzeka kanjani.
Ukuhlonza igciwane okokuqala (Impendulo Eyisisekelo Yokuzivikela Emzimbeni)
Uma igciwane elisha (igciwane noma amagciwane) esingakaze silibone lingena emizimbeni yethu, kuthatha isikhathi ukuthi amasosha ethu omzimba alibone kuqala. Kufana nomuntu ongamazi oza endlini.
1. Okokuqala, uhlobo olukhethekile lweseli "ebuthweni lethu", amaseli B , luhlola lo mhlaseli.
2. La ma-B-cell, njengofudu olufanela ukhiye, aqala ukwenza uhlobo olukhethekile lweprotheni olufanelana nalelo gciwane elithile. Siwabiza ngokuthi ama-antibodies .
3. Lawa ma-antibodies anamathela kumagciwane, awavale amandla, futhi abonise amanye amaseli okuzivikela ukuthi awabhubhise.
Lonke lolu hlelo luthatha izinsuku eziningana, ngakho-ke siyagula futhi sizizwe sigula phakathi naleso sikhathi. Kodwa ngemva kokuba lolu daba seluphelile, amasosha ethu omzimba enza into ebaluleke kakhulu. Adala "Iphosta Elifunwayo" lomhlaseli, inkumbulo. Lokhu kwenziwa ngamaseli enkumbulo .
Uma igciwane lifika okwesibili (Impendulo Yesibili Yokuzivikela Emzimbeni)
Manje ake ucabange ukuthi igciwane elifanayo elafika ngaphambili liphinde langena emizimbeni yethu ngolunye usuku. Kulokhu ibutho lethu ngeke lifane nelakuqala. Amaseli enkumbulo aphethe "i-Wanted Poster" azobona isitha ngokushesha nje lapho esibona.
Lapho nje sithola isignali ethi, "Leso sitha esidala sesibuyile!", amasosha ethu omzimba akhiqiza ngokushesha inani elikhulu lalawo ma-antibodies adalwe ngaphambilini.
Le mpendulo yesibili ishesha kakhulu kangangokuthi igciwane alinaso ngisho nesikhathi sokusabalala emzimbeni futhi lisigulise. Yingakho singabi naso isifo esifanayo kabili kalula.
Lokho okwenziwa umuthi wokugoma, ngaphandle kokusenza sigule, udala ngokwenziwa lowo mpendulo wokuqala (i-Primary Immune Response) bese udala lawo maseli enkumbulo. Khona-ke, lapho kufika igciwane langempela elibangela izifo, umzimba wethu usuke usukulungele ukubhekana nalo.
Yiziphi izinhlobo zemithi yokugoma ezikhona?
Kunezindlela ezahlukahlukene zokuqeqesha amasosha omzimba wethu ngokumelene namagciwane. Ngakho-ke, imijovo ihlukaniswe ngezinhlobo eziningana. Ake siqonde lokhu ngamagama alula.
| Uhlobo Lomuthi Wokugoma | Incazelo elula nezibonelo |
|---|---|
| Imithi yokugoma ephilayo encishisiwe | Lezi ziqukethe amagciwane aphilayo, kodwa abuthakathaka , elabhorethri. Ngenxa yokuthi afana kakhulu nokutheleleka kwangempela, ahlinzeka ngokuzivikela okuqinile kakhulu nokuhlala isikhathi eside. Umthamo owodwa noma emibili ingahlala impilo yonke. Izibonelo: Isimungumungwane, ukhunta, i-rubella (MMR), i-chickenpox. |
| Imithi yokugoma engasebenzi | Lezi ziqukethe amagciwane abulewe/angasebenzi kusetshenziswa amakhemikhali noma ukushisa. Awekho amathuba okuthi abangele ukugula. Aphephile futhi kulabo abanezivikeli mzimba ezibuthakathaka. Kodwa-ke, imithamo yokuqinisa ingadingeka ngemva kwesikhathi esithile ukuze kugcinwe ukuzivikela komzimba. Izibonelo: Umjovo we-polio, i-Hepatitis A. |
| Umuthi wokugomela i-subunit | Le mithi yokugoma ayinalo lonke igciwane. Iqukethe ingxenye ethile yegciwane (iphrotheni noma i-molecule kashukela) ebalulekile ekudaleni amasosha omzimba. Lokhu futhi kuphephile kakhulu. Izibonelo: I-Hepatitis B, i-HPV (ivimbela umdlavuza wesibeletho), i-Tetanus. |
| Umuthi wokugomela i-Toxoid (i-Toxoid) | Amanye amabhaktheriya abangela izifo ngokukhiqiza ubuthi. Le migomo iqukethe uhlobo olubuthakathaka lwalobu buthi (i-toxoid). Umzimba ube usuwakha amasosha omzimba ngokumelene nobuthi. Izibonelo: I-Tetanus, i-Diphtheria. |
| Umuthi Wokugomela i-Nucleic Acid (i-Nucleic Acid - mRNA) | Lobu ubuchwepheshe obusha. Esikhundleni sokunikeza imizimba yethu ingxenye yegciwane, sinikeza amangqamuzana ethu "iresiphi" (i-mRNA) yokwenza leyo ngxenye. Uma amangqamuzana ethu eseyikhiqizile leyo ngxenye, isimiso somzimba sokuzivikela siqala ukusebenza ngokumelene nayo. Le mRNA iyancibilika emzimbeni ezinsukwini ezimbalwa. Izibonelo: Eminye imithi yokugomela i-COVID-19. |
| Imithi Yokugomela Igciwane | Lapha, sisebenzisa elinye igciwane (umthwali) elingenabungozi kithi, ukuthumela olunye ulwazi lwezakhi zofuzo oluvela egciwaneni esidinga ukuzivikela kulo emaselini ethu. Lapho amangqamuzana ethu enza ingxenye yegciwane ngokusekelwe kulolo lwazi, isimiso somzimba sokuzivikela siyasebenza. Izibonelo: Eminye imithi yokugomela i-COVID-19 kanye ne-Ebola. |
Yini engaphakathi komjovo?
Umuthi wokugoma awugcini nje ngokuqukatha ingxenye yegciwane, kodwa futhi uqukethe nezinye izinto eziningana ukuze usebenze kahle futhi uligcine liphephile.
- I-Antigen : Lena into eyinhloko. Yigciwane elibuthakathaka/elingasebenzi noma ingxenye yalo ebangela ukuzivikela komzimba.
- Izithasiselo: Lezi izinto ezingeziwe ukuthuthukisa impendulo yesimiso somzimba sokuzivikela. Lokhu kuvumela ukuvikeleka okukhulu ngemithamo embalwa yokugoma. Usawoti we-aluminium uyisithasiselo esivame ukusetshenziswa.
- Izithako zokuvikela: Lezi zengezwa ukuvimbela ukungena kwamagciwane lapho abantu abaningi begonywa ngebhodlela elifanayo.
- Iziqinisi:Lokhu kusiza ukugcina ikhwalithi yomjovo ngesikhathi sokukhiqizwa nokugcinwa kwawo. Izinto ezifana ne-gelatin zisetshenziselwa le njongo.
Nakuba abanye abantu besaba izithako ezitholakala emithini yokugoma, zonke lezi zithako zisetshenziswa ngamanani amancane kakhulu futhi kuye kwafakazelwa ngokwesayensi ukuthi ziphephile emzimbeni womuntu.
Ubani okufanele agonywe? Kunikezwa kanjani?
Ngokuvamile, kubalulekile ukuthi wonke umuntu agonywe. Ikakhulukazi:
- Ngesikhathi sobuntwana kanye nesezingane ezincane: Njengoba amasosha omzimba ezingane ebuthaka phakathi nalesi sikhathi, kuyimpoqo ukugonywa ngokwesimiso sokugoma sikazwelonke ukuze kuvikelwe ezifweni eziyingozi.
- Imithamo "ye-Booster": Isivikelo esinikezwa eminye imijovo siyaphela ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ngakho-ke imithamo ye-booster iyadingeka ukuze kuqiniswe leso sivikelo futhi.
- Ukugoma kwesizini: Isibonelo, ungathola ukugoma kwaminyaka yonke ukuze uvikele igciwane lomkhuhlane, elishintsha njalo ngonyaka.
- Njengoba ukhula: Abantu abangaphezu kweminyaka engu-50 basengozini enkulu yokuthola izifo ezithile (isb., ama-shingles), ngakho-ke kunemithi yokugomela enconywayo yalokho.
- Uma uhamba phesheya: Kwamanye amazwe, kungadingeka ukuthi ugonywe ngaphambi kokuhamba ukuze uzivikele ezifweni ezivamile.
Okubalulekile: Uma amasosha omzimba wakho ebuthakathaka (isib., umuntu othola ukwelashwa komdlavuza) noma ukhulelwe, eminye imigomo (ikakhulukazi imigomo ephilayo) ingase ingakulungeli. Ngakho-ke, kubalulekile ukukhuluma nodokotela wakho ngaphambi kokuthola noma yimuphi umuthi wokugoma.
Izindlela zokuphatha imijovo
- Njengomjovo: Imijovo eminingi inikezwa nge-intramuscular noma ngaphansi kwesikhumba.
- Njengoketshezi oluphuzwayo: Eminye imijovo, njengomjovo we-polio, inikezwa njengamaconsi omlomo.
- Ngokufutha ngekhala: Eminye imigomo yomkhuhlane iyatholakala njengesifutho sekhala.
Yiziphi izinzuzo zangempela zokugoma?
Izinzuzo zokugonywa azigcini kuwe kuphela. Kuyinkonzo emphakathini wonke.
1. Ukuzivikela: Into yokuqala nebaluleke kakhulu ukuzivikela ezifweni ezingaba yingozi noma ezibangela izinkinga ezinkulu.
2. Ukuvikela abanye: Kunabantu emphakathini abangakwazi ukugonywa. Isibonelo, izinsana ezisanda kuzalwa, iziguli ezinamasosha omzimba abuthakathaka kakhulu. Uma sigonywa, ukusabalala kwalesi sifo kuyaphela, futhi labo bantu abangenakuzisiza nabo bathola ukuvikeleka okungaqondile. Lokhu kubizwa ngokuthi yi-Herd Immunity .
3. Kunciphisa ukulaliswa esibhedlela:Uma ubhubhane lusakazeka, izibhedlela zingase ziphelelwe amandla. Ukugoma kunciphisa inani labantu abagula kakhulu, okunciphisa ingcindezi ohlelweni lwezempilo.
4. Ukuqeda izifo: Uma abantu abaningi begonyiwe, akekho ozosakaza lesi sifo, futhi lesi sifo singasuswa emhlabeni. Ukugoma kwaba ngowokuqala ukuqeda isifo esibulalayo i-smallpox .
Ukwesaba kanye nemibono eyiphutha mayelana nemithi yokugoma
Kunemibono eyiphutha mayelana nemigomo esakazeka emphakathini. Ake sithole iqiniso ngalokho futhi.
- "Imithi yokugoma ibangela imiphumela emibi, akunjalo?"
Njenganoma yimuphi umuthi, imijovo ingaba nemiphumela emibi emincane. Kujwayelekile ukuzwa ukubomvu, ukuvuvukala, ubuhlungu, kanye nomkhuhlane omncane endaweni yokujova . Lokhu akukubi ngempela, kodwa kuyisibonakaliso sokuthi amasosha omzimba wakho aqala ukusebenza! Lokhu kuzophela ngokuphelele ngosuku olulodwa noma ezimbili. Akuvamile kakhulu, ukusabela okukhulu kokungezwani komzimba kungenzeka. Kodwa lokho kungaba ngumuntu oyedwa kwabayisigidi.
- "Ingabe kuyiqiniso ukuthi imijovo ibangela i-autism?"
Cha. Lokhu kungamanga ngokuphelele. Le ndaba yaqala ngombiko wocwaningo ongelona iqiniso owashicilelwa eminyakeni edlule. Kamuva kwafakazelwa ukuthi awulungile ngokwesayensi futhi kwahoxiswa ephephabhukwini elaliyishicilela. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, izifundo ezinkulu ezihilela izinkulungwane zezingane emhlabeni jikelele ziye zaqinisekisa ngokuphindaphindiwe ukuthi akukho ukuxhumana phakathi kwemigomo kanye ne-autism.
- "Ingabe imijovo iyayishintsha i-DNA yethu?"
Lutho neze. Akukho lutho emgomeni wokugoma olungasebenzisana noma lushintshe i-DNA engaphakathi kwe-nucleus yamaseli ethu. Ikakhulukazi, "iresiphi" emigomeni ye-mRNA ihlala ngaphakathi kweseli izinsuku ezimbalwa bese iphuka ngokwemvelo.
- "Ngagula ngisho nangemva kokuthola umuthi wokugoma. Ngakho-ke awusizi ngalutho, akunjalo?"
Ngezinye izikhathi lokho kungenzeka. Kunezizathu eziningana zalokho. Akukho muthi wokugoma osebenza kahle ngokuphelele. Kodwa noma ngabe umuntu othola umuthi wokugoma uyagula, kuzoba yisifo esithambile kakhulu, esifana nomkhuhlane futhi uzolulama ngokushesha. Ingozi yezinkinga ezinkulu, ukulaliswa esibhedlela, noma ukufa incishisiwe kakhulu. Lelo yilona inani langempela lomthi wokugoma.
Umlayezo Wokuya Nawe Ekhaya
- Umuthi wokugoma uwukuqeqeshwa okuphephile kwesimiso somzimba wethu sokuzivikela ekulweni nezifo eziyingozi.
- Ukugonywa akugcini nje ngokukuvikela, kodwa nomndeni wakho, abangani, kanye nomphakathi wonke, ikakhulukazi izingane ezincane kanye nabagulayo abangakwazi ukugonywa.
- Imiphumela emibi evela emithini yokugoma ivame ukuba mincane kakhulu, okusho ukuthi amasosha omzimba wakho asebenza kahle.
- Isimangalo sokuthi imijovo ibangela izifo ezifana ne-autism sifakazelwe ngokwesayensi ukuthi singamanga. Ungadali ukwesaba okungadingekile ngakho.
- Buza udokotela womndeni wakho (udokotela) ngemigomo okufanele uyithole wena noma ingane yakho, ishejuli yokugoma kazwelonke, kanye nanoma yimiphi imibuzo ongase ube nayo.
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