Ingabe umbono wakho uyafiphala? Ubona amabala amnyama phambi kwamehlo akho? Kungaba ukuwohloka kwe-Macular okumanzi!

Ingabe nawe uzizwa sengathi amehlo akho ayashintsha kancane njengoba ukhula? Ngezinye izikhathi uma ubheka incwadi noma iphephandaba, uzizwa sengathi izinhlamvu azicacile, noma uzizwa sengathi ubona izinto eduze? Nakuba lezi kuyizinto ezivamile ezenzeka njengoba ukhula, ngezinye izikhathi lokhu kungaba yinto okudingeka ukhathazeke ngayo kancane. Nokho, lesi yisimo esibi esenzeka ngaphakathi kweso esibizwa ngokuthi i-wet macular degeneration, noma `(Wet Macular Degeneration - WMD)`. Ake sixoxe ngalokhu ngokuningiliziwe namuhla.

Kuyini Ukonakala Kwe-Macular Okumanzi?

Kalula nje, ukuwohloka kwe-macular okumanzi kuyindlela enzima kakhulu futhi ethuthuke kakhulu yoKuwohloka kwe-Macular okuhlobene nobudala (ARMD), isimo esithinta amehlo ethu njengoba siguga. Manje ungase uzibuze ukuthi iyini i-ARMD. Yisimo esibangela umonakalo ku-macula , ingxenye yeso esisiza sibone kahle njengoba siguga.

Ngakho-ke, lapho lesi simo siba sibi kakhulu, okungukuthi, lapho kwenzeka i-wet macular degeneration (WMD), imithambo yegazi emisha, kodwa engaphilile, ebuthakathaka iqala ukwakheka ngaphansi kwe-membrane ebizwa ngokuthi i-retina ngaphakathi kweso. Ngenxa yokuthi le mithambo yegazi emisha ibuthakathaka kakhulu, iqala ukuvuza igazi noketshezi. Leli gazi noketshezi oluvuzayo kungalimaza amaseli ku-retina futhi kubangele ukulahlekelwa umbono wethu, ikakhulukazi umbono ophakathi . Ukuze kube sobala, yilokhu okubonayo uma ubheka phambili.

Cabanga nje, uma ubheka ubuso bomuntu, iphakathi lobuso lifiphele, futhi awukwazi ukubona izinto ezizungezile. Yilokho okwenzekayo kulokhu.

Lokhu kuphuma kwegazi kungabangela nokwakheka kwezicubu zesibazi. Lokhu kungalimaza kakhulu i-macula, kubangele ukuthi umbono ube mubi kakhulu. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, lokhu kuphuma kwegazi kanye nezicubu zesibazi kungaholela ekulahlekelweni umbono unomphela. Kodwa-ke, uma kuqashelwa futhi kwelashwa kusenesikhathi , kungavimbela umonakalo unomphela noma kumise ngisho nombono ukuthi ube mubi kakhulu. Ngakho-ke, uma ubona noma yiziphi izinguquko embonweni wakho, kubaluleke kakhulu ukubonana nochwepheshe wamehlo (ophthalmologist) ngokushesha okukhulu.

Amanye amagama odokotela abawasebenzisayo kulesi sifo yileli elithi "exudative macular degeneration" kanye nelithi "neovascular macular degeneration". Igama elithi "Exudate" lisho "uketshezi oluvuzayo." Yilapho igama livela khona.

Sivame kangakanani lesi sifo?

Ingozi yokuba `(ARMD)` iyanda njengoba sikhula. Eqinisweni, iyimbangela ehamba phambili yokulahlekelwa umbono kubantu abangaphezu kweminyaka engama-60. Cishe abantu abayi-10% kuya ku-20% abane-`(ARMD)` bahlakulela uhlobo olumanzi lwe-`(WMD). Lokho kusho ukuthi abantu abaphakathi kwezigidi eziyi-10 nezingama-20 emhlabeni wonke bahlushwa yilesi sifo.

Ziyini izimpawu zokuwohloka kwe-macular okumanzi?

Lesi simo `(WMD)` sibangela ukulahlekelwa umbono ophakathi ngaphandle kobuhlungu.Womabili amehlo angathinteka, kodwa ngezinye izikhathi elinye iso lithinteka kakhulu kanti elinye lithinteka kancane.

Nazi ezinye zezimpawu eziyinhloko:

• Ukubona amabala amnyama noma izinto ezintantayo phambi kwamehlo .
• Umbono ofiphele , ikakhulukazi uma ubheka eduze.
• Ukubona imibala okufiphele noma okunciphile . Ungase ungakwazi ukuhlukanisa phakathi koluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka nophuzi.
• Umbono ophambene / ukuguqulwa kwesimo . Isibonelo, imigoqo yefasitela ingase ibonakale inwetshiwe.
• Ukubona izinto ezincane kunalokho eziyikho ngempela (i-micropsia) .
• Izindawo zokubona ezimnyama .
• Izindawo ezingaboni kahle/ama-scotoma .
• Ukulahlekelwa ngokuphelele kombono ophakathi, kusele umbono ongaphandle kuphela .

Uma unesinye noma ngaphezulu salezi zimpawu, qiniseka ukuthi ubona udokotela wamehlo ngokushesha.

Yiziphi izimbangela zokuwohloka kwe-macular okumanzi?

Kunzima ukukhomba imbangela eyodwa yalesi simo, ``(WMD).`` Kunalokho, izici eziningi eziyingozi ziyahlangana ukuze kwandiswe amathuba okuthola lesi sifo.

Nazi ezinye zalezo zici eziyingozi kanye nezici ezibangela lokhu:

• Ubudala : Njengoba ukhula, uba namathuba amaningi okuthuthukisa noma yiluphi uhlobo lokuwohloka kwe-macular.
• Ithonya lezakhi zofuzo kanye nomlando womndeni : Izinguquko ezithile (ukuguqulwa kwezakhi zofuzo) ezakhiweni zofuzo (i-DNA) ozizuza kubazali bakho zingase zandise ingozi yakho yokuthola i-WMD. Uma othile emndenini wakho eke waba nalesi sifo, kungenzeka kakhulu ukuthi usithole.
• Uhlanga : Abantu bozalo lwaseYurophu basengozini enkulu yokukhula (WMD). Abantu bozalo lwaseYurophu banamathuba amancane okukhula.
• Ukudla Okunomsoco : Ukuntuleka kwamavithamini athile (ikakhulukazi amavithamini C no-E) , amaminerali ( ithusi ne-zinc ), kanye nezingxenye zevithamini A noma izakhamzimba ezihlobene (i-beta-carotene, i-lutein, i-zeaxanthin) kungabangela i-WMD.
• Indawo yezwe : Uma uhlala eduze ne-equator, unethuba lokukhanya okuningi. Lokhu kungaba yimbangela.
• Eminye imikhuba : Ukusetshenziswa kogwayi kungasiza ekuthuthukisweni kwe-(WMD).
• Ezinye izimo zempilo : Izimo ezifana ne-cholesterol ephezulu (i-hypercholesterolemia), umfutho wegazi ophezulu (umfutho wegazi ophakeme), kanye nesifo senhliziyo (isifo senhliziyo) zingaba nomthelela ku-WMD. Kusenobufakazi obuxubile bokuthi isifo sikashukela (i-Diabetes Mellitus - Uhlobo 1 kanye nohlobo 2) naso siyaba nomthelela.

Yiziphi izinkinga zalesi sifo?

Inkinga eyinhloko yokuwohloka kwe-macular okumanzi ukulahlekelwa umbono ophakathi.Uma bengelashwa, abantu abaphakathi kuka-80% no-90% abane-WMD bazogcina belahlekelwe umbono wabo kuze kube yilapho bebhekwa njengabangaboni ngokusemthethweni. Okusho ukuthi, umbono wabo uyaphazamiseka kangangokuthi abakwazi ukwenza imisebenzi yansuku zonke.

Ungakuthola kanjani ukuwohloka kwe-macular okumanzi?

Uchwepheshe wamehlo, isibonelo udokotela wamehlo noma uchwepheshe we-retina, angaxilonga i-WMD esebenzisa inhlanganisela yezindlela eziningana.

Isinyathelo sokuqala ukuhlolwa kwamehlo okuvamile . Phakathi nalesi sikhathi, bangabheka ngqo i-retina yakho. Lokhu kungenziwa kusetshenziswa ithuluzi eliphathwa ngesandla elibizwa ngokuthi i-ophthalmoscope , noma ngokuvula i-pupil yakho bese benza ukuhlolwa kwesibani esiqhekekile . Bangasebenzisa futhi i-grid elula ebizwa ngokuthi i-Amsler grid eye test . Lokhu kungakusiza ukuthi ubone noma yikuphi ukuphazamiseka ekuboneni kwakho (i-grid ibonakala inwebekile ngenxa yokuphazamiseka kwe-retina yakho).

Ngaphezu kokuhlolwa kwamehlo nokuhlolwa kwesibani esinqunyiwe, udokotela wamehlo angenza nokuhlolwa kwezithombe zokuxilonga okungahlaseli. Lokhu kungabheka izakhiwo zangaphakathi nemithambo yegazi ngemuva kweso lakho. Ezinye zezivivinyo ezingenziwa zifaka:

• I-Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) : Lokhu kufana nokuskena okuthatha izithombe ezihlanganisa ingxenye yangaphakathi kweso.
• I-Fluorescein angiography : Lokhu kuhilela ukufaka idayi emthanjeni osengalweni yakho nokuthatha izithombe njengoba idlula emithanjeni yegazi engaphakathi kweso lakho.
• I-Indocyanine green angiography (ICGA) : Lolu uhlobo lokuhlola olusebenzisa olunye uhlobo lodayi, olufana nolwangaphambilini.

Kuphathwa kanjani lokhu?

Ukuwohloka kwe-macular okumanzi kuyisifo esingelapheka kakhulu uma sitholakala kusenesikhathi . Kunezindlela ezimbili eziyinhloko zokwelapha i-WMD: imithi kanye nezinqubo ze-laser .

Imithi isebenza ngokuvimba iphrotheni ebizwa ngokuthi i-Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) , esetshenziswa yimizimba yethu ukwenza imithambo yegazi emisha. Uma i-VEGF ivinjiwe, imithambo yegazi emisha iyayeka ukwakheka. Le mithi inikezwa ngomjovo ngqo esweni lakho . Ungesabi, noma ngabe bathi ijovwe esweni lakho, iqedwa ngokufaka iso lakho izinzwa kangangokuthi awuzizwa.

Nazi ezinye izinhlobo zemithi evimba i-VEGF:

• `I-Aflibercept`
• `I-Bevacizumab`
• `Brolucizumab`
• `I-Faricimab`
• `Ranibizumab`

Umgomo wokwelashwa nge-laser kwe-WMD ukumisa ukukhula kwemithambo yegazi emisha, futhi uma kungenzeka, uyinciphise. Ukuthi ungahlinzwa nge-laser kuncike ekutheni imithambo yegazi emisha ikuphi ngaphansi kwe-macula yakho kanye nezinye izici eziningana. Kodwa-ke, imijovo manje isivame kakhulu kunokwelashwa nge-laser.

Uchwepheshe wakho wamehlo angakuchazela kangcono izinketho zakho zokwelashwa. Ulwazi abalunikezayo lufaneleka kakhulu futhi luwusizo ngesimo sakho esithile . Bazokutshela nangemiphumela emibi noma izinkinga ezingaba khona nokuthi yikuphi ukwelashwa okuzokusiza kakhulu.

Iyini inhloso yokwehla kwe-macular okumanzi?

Umbono wesimo `(WMD)`, okungukuthi, ukuthi sizolulama kahle kangakanani noma ukuthi umbono waso uzoba njani, kuncike ezintweni eziningana. Lezi yizi:

• Yeka ukuthi isimo sakho `(WMD)` sibi kangakanani.
• Ukuphi umonakalo ku-macula yakho?
• Izindlela zokwelapha ongazithola, noma osuvele uzithola.
• Ezinye izimo zempilo onazo.

Ngenxa yokuthi ziningi izinto ezithinta umbono wakho, umbono wakho ungahluka kakhulu. Udokotela wakho wamehlo angakutshela ukuthi umbono wakho uzoba yini ngokusekelwe esimweni sakho.

Ingabe ukuwohloka kwe-macular okumanzi kungavinjelwa?

Ngenxa yokuthi kunezinto eziningi kanye nezici eziyingozi ezifaka isandla ekuthuthukisweni kwe-`(WMD)`, akunakwenzeka ukuyivimbela ngokuphelele. Kodwa-ke, kunezinto ongazenza ukuze unciphise ingozi yakho yokuyithola noma ukulibazisa ukuthuthukiswa kwayo.

Ezinye zezinto ezibaluleke kakhulu ongazenza ukuvimbela noma ukubambezela i-AMD ziqala uma une -dry macular degeneration, uhlobo lwe-AMD olungelubi kangako. Nazi ezinye zezinyathelo udokotela wakho wamehlo angase azincome:

• Sebenzisa igridi ye-Amsler nsuku zonke . Udokotela wakho wamehlo angakunika igridi ye-Amsler ongayisebenzisa ekhaya futhi akubonise ukuthi uyisebenzisa kanjani. Uma ubona noma yiziphi izinguquko noma ukuphazamiseka ekuboneni kwakho, kufanele uxhumane nodokotela wakho wamehlo ngokushesha okukhulu. Ukwenza kanjalo kunganciphisa ingozi yokulimala kwe-retina okungenakuguqulwa kanye nokulahlekelwa umbono.
• Vakashela udokotela wakho wamehlo ukuze uhlolwe amehlo njalo . Lokhu kungasiza ekutholeni i-WMD kusenesikhathi.
• Thatha izithasiselo zokudla nsuku zonke . Lezi zivame ukuqukethe i-vitamin C, i-vitamin E, ithusi, i-zinc, i-lutein, i-zeaxanthin, kanye ne-beta-carotene. (Ungayithathi i-beta-carotene uma ubhema, ngoba kwandisa ingozi yakho yomdlavuza wamaphaphu.)
• Yeka ukusebenzisa ugwayi, noma ungawuqali . Lokhu kufaka phakathi zonke izinhlobo zokusebenzisa ugwayi/i-nicotine, okuhlanganisa i-vaping kanye nogwayi ongenantuthu. Udokotela wakho angakutshela ngezinsiza ezingakusiza ukuthi uyeke.
• Gqoka izibuko zelanga. Ukuchayeka elangeni kungandisa ingozi yakho yokuthola ukuwohloka kwe-macular (MWD). Izibuko zelanga zinganciphisa imiphumela yokukhanya kwelanga emehlweni akho.
• Hlala umatasa . Ukuzivocavoca kusiza impilo yakho ngezindlela eziningi, okuhlanganisa nempilo ye-retina yakho.
• Gcina isisindo esinempilo . Izinto eziningi ezibangela ingozi yokukhula (WMD) zihlobene nempilo yakho yonke yomzimba.

Kunezinye izinto ongazenza ukusiza ekuvimbeleni ukulahlekelwa umbono ngenxa ye-WMD. Uma unemibuzo noma ukukhathazeka ngalokho ongakwenza, buza udokotela wakho wamehlo. Angakunikeza isiqondiso nezinsiza ezingakusiza.

Ngingazinakekela kanjani uma nginesifo sokuwohloka kwe-macular esimanzi?

Uma uqala ukulahlekelwa umbono wakho ngenxa ye-(WMD), kungaba yinkinga enkulu. Kungathinta ikhono lakho lokuphila ngokuzimela kanye nenqubo yakho yansuku zonke kanye nemisebenzi.

Uma usuvele ungaboni ngenxa ye-`(WMD)`, kusenezinto ongazenza ukuze uzisize. Lezi yizi:

• Buza udokotela wakho wamehlo mayelana nokuvuselelwa kokubona okuphansi . Lokhu kufana nokwelashwa ngokomzimba noma ngokomsebenzi, kodwa ngamehlo akho. Lolu hlobo lokuvuselelwa lukufundisa ukuzivumelanisa nokusebenza ngezinguquko embonweni wakho osuvele unazo.
• Sebenzisa amathuluzi nobuchwepheshe . Izinto zobuchwepheshe obuphansi njengezibuko zokukhulisa noma amalensi zingenza imisebenzi yansuku zonke nemisebenzi ibe lula. Izinto zobuchwepheshe obuphezulu njengezinhlelo zokusebenza ze-smartphone noma amadivayisi akhethekile kagesi nazo zingakusiza ukuthi uvumelane nokulahlekelwa kwakho ukubona noma izinguquko. Udokotela wakho wamehlo angakunikeza iseluleko esiqondile nolwazi mayelana nokuthi yimaphi amathuluzi (ezobuchwepheshe obuphezulu noma ezobuchwepheshe obuphansi) angase abe usizo kuwe.
• Sebenzisa izinsiza kanye nosizo olutholakalayo kuwe . Kuye ngokuthi uhlalaphi, kungase kube nohulumeni kanye nezinhlangano ezizimele ezingakusiza ngezidingo zakho zansuku zonke. Ukuzisebenzisa kungakusiza ukuthi uphile ngokuzimela futhi kwenze impilo yakho ibe lula.

Kufanele ngimbone nini udokotela wami wamehlo?

Udokotela wakho wamehlo uzoncoma isimiso sokulandelela sokuvakashela udokotela ukuze aphathe isimo sakho se-WMD futhi alungise ukwelashwa kwakho uma kudingeka. Lokhu kuvakasha kubaluleke kakhulu ukuze kuncishiswe ukulahleka kokubona.

Futhi, uma ubona izinguquko ekuboneni kwakho, isibonelo, ukuphazamiseka okuvela lapho uhlola amehlo akho ngegridi ye-Amsler, kufanele uxhumane nodokotela wakho wamehlo ngokushesha .

Yimiphi imibuzo okufanele ngiyibuze udokotela wami wamehlo?

Nazi ezinye imibuzo ongase ufune ukuyibuza udokotela wakho wamehlo:

• Sibi kangakanani isimo sami se-`(WMD)`?
• Yisiphi isikhathi esingaba khona sokulahlekelwa umbono, futhi yini engingayenza ukuze nginciphise noma nginciphise umonakalo?
• Ingabe indawo lapho izinguquko zitholakala khona ku-macula ithinta ukwelashwa okungenzeka noma amathuba okuba lokho kwelashwa kuphumelele?
• Ngingawunciphisa kanjani umonakalo owengeziwe?
• Yiziphi izinsiza kanye nosizo engingaluthola?
• Ingabe ngizozuza ekwelashweni kokuvuselelwa kwamehlo?

Ukubona kuyinto abantu abaningi abayisebenzisayo ekuphileni kwabo kwansuku zonke, ngokuvamile ngaphandle kokucabanga ngakho. Ukulahlekelwa umbono wakho kungaba yinto ekhungathekisayo nekhungathekisayo. Kodwa-ke, kunezinto ongazenza ukuze unciphise umonakalo, uvimbele ukulahlekelwa umbono okwengeziwe, futhi uzivumelanise nezinguquko esezenzeka kakade.

Indlela engcono kakhulu yokufunda ngalokho ongakwenza ngalesi simo ukukhuluma nodokotela wakho wamehlo. Uzokuqondisa ngezinyathelo nezinguquko ezingakusiza. Akudingeki ubhekane nalesi simo noma imiphumela yaso wedwa, bakhona ukuzokusiza.

Izinto ezibaluleke kakhulu okufanele uzikhumbule (Umyalezo Wokuya Ekhaya)

Kulungile, ake sifingqe amanye amaphuzu abalulekile okudingeka uwakhumbule kulokho esikhulume ngakho:

• Ukuwohloka kwe-macular okumanzi (WMD) uhlobo olubi kakhulu lokuwohloka kwe-macular okuhlobene nobudala (ARMD). Kuyisimo lapho kwakheka khona imithambo yegazi emisha, ebuthakathaka ngaphakathi kweso, okungavuza igazi futhi kubangele ukulahlekelwa umbono ophakathi.
• Izimpawu zingase zihlanganise amabala amnyama phambi kwamehlo, umbono ofiphele, kanye nombono ofiphele. Uma uzibona lezi, bona udokotela ngokushesha.
• Uma lokhu kuqashelwa kusenesikhathi, kungelashwa . Kunemithi yamehlo, imijovo, kanye nokwelashwa nge-laser.
• Kunezinto ongazama ukuzigwema , njengokudla ukudla okunempilo, ukugwema ukubhema, ukugqoka izibuko zelanga, kanye nokuhlolwa amehlo njalo.
• Uma unalesi simo, kubaluleke kakhulu ukuthi uhlale uxhumana nodokotela wakho wamehlo njalo futhi ulandele iseluleko sakhe. Kukhona nezindlela namadivayisi angakusiza ukuthi uphile ngokubona okuphansi.

Ngakho-ke, ukunakekela amehlo akho kusezandleni zakho. Uma unemibuzo noma izinkinga, ungangabazi ukufuna iseluleko sezokwelapha.

Ukuwohloka kwe - macular, ukuwohloka kwe-macular okumanzi, i-WMD, i-ARMD, ukubona, izifo zamehlo, i-macula