So woasusuw sɛnea yare pɔtee bi ka yɛn, ɛnyɛ bere a yɛwɔ yare no nko, na mmom yɛn asetra nyinaa ho pɛn? Nyarewa ne akwanhyia bi betumi ama yɛn nkwa nna ayɛ tiaa. Afoforo nso betumi ama ɛsɛ sɛ yɛde dɛmdi tra yɛn nkwa nna nyinaa mu. Enti, ɔkwan titiriw bi wɔ hɔ a yɛbɛfa so asusuw yɛn apɔwmuden asetra mu dodow a yɛhwere esiane saa nneɛma yi nti. Ɛno ne nea yɛfrɛ no DALY.
Sɛ yɛbɛka no tiawa a, dɛn ne DALY (Disability-Adjusted Life Year)?
Sɛ yɛbɛka no tiawa a, DALY (Disability-Adjusted Life Year) yɛ wiase nyinaa adeyɛ a nhwehwɛmufo ne akwahosan ho nhyehyɛeyɛfo de bu sɛnea nyarewa ahorow ka nnipa nkwa nna ne wɔn asetra pa wɔ nnipa dodow bi mu.
Susuw ho saa kwan yi so: DALY yɛ afe a nkwa a wɔhwere fi asetra a ahoɔden wom a edi mũ mu esiane yare, dɛmdi, anaa owu a ɛba ntɛm nti. Ɛdenam sɛnea wo yare no mu yɛ den so no, mfe a wode ahwere nkwa yi betumi ayɛ biako.
Saa kwan yi na wɔfa so te "yareɛ adesoa" a ɛwɔ ɔman anaa ɔmantam bi mu ase. Ɛne sɛ, abenfo hwɛ asetra, sikasɛm, nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia, ne amammuisɛm a ɛka nnipa akwahosan nyinaa. Wɔdii kan de saa kwan yi baeɛ wɔ 1990 mfeɛ no mu.
Ɔkwan bɛn so na wobu saa DALY ahorow yi?
Wɔde nneɛma atitiriw abien na ebu DALY ho akontaa.
1. Mfe a Asetra a Ayera (YLLs) .
2. Mfe a Wɔde Atra ase a Wɔadi M dɛm (YLDs) .
Wɔ eyi mu no, YLL ahorow yɛ mfe a nkwa a wɔhwere esiane owu a ɛba ntɛm nti. YLDs yɛ mfe dodow a apɔwmuden a wɔhwere esiane yare anaa dɛmdi bi nti.
Enti DALY yɛ YLL ne YLD nyinaa nyinaa a wɔaka abom.
DALY = YLL ahorow + YLD ahorow
Momma yɛmfa nhwɛso bi nte ase.
Fa no sɛ abofra kumaa bi a wadi mfe 15. Yɛfa no sɛ sɛ wannya yare a emu yɛ den biara (e.g. asikreyare , kokoram) a, ɔbɛtra ase akosi bɛyɛ mfe 80. Nanso, fa no sɛ abofra yi wu wɔ akwanhyia mu bere a wadi mfe 15.
Afei ne nkwa nna (YLL) yɛ 80 - 15 = mfeɛ 65. Ɛha yi, esiane sɛ wantra ase ne dɛmdi nti, YLD bo yɛ 0.
Enti ne DALY bo yɛ 65. Ɛno kyerɛ sɛ ɔhweree mfe 65 a na ɔwɔ apɔwmuden.
Nanso adepa bi wɔ ha. Sɛ wowɔ yareɛ mpo a, sɛ wonya ayaresa a ɛfata firi oduruyɛfoɔ hɔ, sesa w’asetena, na w’akwahosan tu mpɔn a, wobɛtumi atew saa DALY boɔ yi so, a ɛkyerɛ sɛ wobɛtumi ama wo nkwa nna a ɛwɔ apɔmuden no akɔ soro.
Nyarewa ne ɔhaw bɛn na ɛka DALYfo?
Wosusuw nyarewa, akwanhyia ne dɛmdi ahorow pii ho bere a wɔrebu DALY ahorow no. Tebea horow a abu so wɔ yɛn man yi mu mpo no bi wɔ ase ha.
| Yare/Tebea Kuw | Nhwɛso ahorow |
|---|---|
| Nyarewa a Wɔde Kɔ Nnipa Mu | Nyarewa te sɛ HIV, akisikuru, COVID-19, dengue, nsamanwaw, ne meningitis. |
| Nyarewa a ɛfa asetra kwan ho | Asikreyare, komayare, kokoram, srade a ɛdɔɔso. |
| Akwanhyia ne opira ahorow | Apirakuru a akwanhyia, asehwe, ne basabasayɛ nneyɛe de ba. |
| Adwene mu akwahosan ho haw ahorow | Adwenemhaw, Dadwen. |
| Tebea afoforo | Awo mu dɛmdi, nyarewa a efi mfe a obi adi (e.g. Alzheimer’s), aduannuru a enni mu, akyi/kɔn mu yaw, aso anaa aniwa a ɛyɛ mmerɛw. |
Nsonsonoe a ɛda DALY ne QALY ntam
Te sɛ DALY no, susudua foforo bi wɔ hɔ a wɔfrɛ no QALY (Quality-Adjusted Life Year) . Eyi nso susuw nkwa tenten ne sɛnea ɛte. QALY yɛ asetra afe a wotra ase wɔ akwahosan a edi mũ mu.
Nsonsonoe titiriw a ɛda abien yi ntam ne:
- DALY ahorow no susuw mfe dodow a wɔhwere esiane yare anaa owu nti.
- QALYƐsusuw mfe dodow a wunya apɔwmuden esiane asetra a ɛkɔ anim esiane ayaresa anaa asetra mu nsakrae nti .
Wobɛyɛ dɛn atumi ama wo DALY nkontabuo atu mpɔn?
Nhwehwɛmu ada no adi sɛ nneɛma pii wɔ hɔ a wubetumi ayɛ na ama w’apɔwmuden nkwa nna akɔ soro na ama yare adesoa so atew . Wubetumi ne wo duruyɛfo asusuw eyinom ho na woayɛ wɔ ɔkwan a ɛfata wo so.
| Nea ɛsɛ sɛ wɔyɛ | Nkyerɛmu |
|---|---|
| Nipadua mu duru (BMI) a wɔtew so . | Kura mu duru a ɛfata mu ma wo tenten. Kɔ wo duruyɛfo nkyɛn kɔhwehwɛ afotu wɔ eyi ho. |
| Sigaretnom a wobegyae | Sigaretnom a wogyae anaa wɔtew so koraa no boa ma wɔbɔ wɔn ho ban fi nyarewa pii ho. |
| Nsã a wɔnom a wobegyae | Nsã a wɔnom ano hye anaasɛ wogyae koraa no so wɔ mfaso kɛse ma akwahosan. |
| Apɔw-mu-teɛteɛ ne apɔw-mu-teɛteɛ | Sɛ wode wo ho hyɛ da biara da apɔw-mu-teɛteɛ te sɛ nantew, mmirikatu, ne asuguare mu a, ebetumi ama wo koma ne wo nipadua anya apɔwmuden. |
| Aduan a ɛkari pɛ | Aduan a nhabannuru a wɔayɛ no foforo, nnuaba, atoko, ne nnuan a ahoɔdennuru pii wom (te sɛ aburow a ɛyɛ bruu, aburow a wɔayam) pii wom a wobedi. |
Nhwehwɛmu bi daa no adi sɛ nnipa a wɔfa asetra pa a ɛte sɛɛ no de anyɛ yiye koraa no mfe 2 asetra a ahoɔden wom ka wɔn asetra ho bere a wɔde toto wɔn a wɔnyɛ saa no ho no.
Dɛn nti na mfaso wɔ DALY susudua no so?
Ɛdenam DALY data a wɔbɛhwɛ so no, akwahosan ho adwumayɛfo ne nnuruyɛfo betumi ate adesoa a yare bi de aba ɔman bi so no ase. Wobetumi agyina saa nsɛm no so ayɛ nneɛma a ɛho hia de asiw yare no ano, akyerɛkyerɛ nkurɔfo, na wɔatu mpɔn wɔ akwahosan ho nhyehyɛe mu.
Sɛ nhwɛso no, sɛ asikreyare anaa komayare renya nkɔanim wɔ mmerante ne mmabaa mu wɔ yɛn man yi mu a, DALY data bɛkyerɛ sɛnea ɛbɛka wɔn daakye apɔwmuden nkwa nna. Afei, yebetumi adi saa tebea no so denam nhyehyɛe ahorow a wɔde bɛma nkurɔfo ate ase wɔ sukuu no mu, te sɛ nkuranhyɛ a yɛbɛhyɛ wɔn ma wɔateɛteɛ wɔn apɔw mu no so.
So anohyeto bi wɔ DALY kwan no so?
Aane. Esiane sɛ DALY susuw nkɛntɛnso a yare bi nya wɔ dodow biako mu nti, ɛtɔ mmere bi a ɛnkyerɛ mfonini no nyinaa. Efisɛ ɛnyɛ yare anaa ɔhaw biara na ɛyɛ pɛ.
Sɛ nhwɛso no, ɛsono nneɛma abien sɛ wubenya ayamtu bere tiaa bi na wo ne schizophrenia , adwenemyare a emu yɛ den , atra wo nkwa nna nyinaa mu.
Afei nso, sɛ obi adi dɛm mpo (e.g., ontumi nnantew, ɛyɛ den sɛ ɔbɛkasa) a, obetumi atra ase a edi mũ na anigye wom sɛ onya akwahosan ho nhyehyɛe pa, abusua ne mpɔtam hɔ mmoa, ne nnwinnade a ɛbɛma n’asetra ayɛ mmerɛw a. Ebia ɛnyɛ bere nyinaa na wosusuw asetra mu nneɛma yi ho bere a wɔrebu DALY ahorow no.
Nanso, DALY yɛ adwinnade a ɛho hia yiye na mfaso wɔ so a ɛbɛma wɔanya ntease a ɛtrɛw wɔ ɔman bi akwahosan tebea nyinaa ho.
Nkrasɛm a Wɔde Kɔ Fie
- DALY yɛ ɔkwan a wɔfa so susuw mfe dodow a woahwere apɔwmuden esiane yare, dɛmdi, anaa owu a ɛba ntɛm nti.
- Wɔnam mfe a wɔhwere esiane owu a ɛba ntɛm (YLLs) ne mfe a wɔadi dɛm (YLDs) a wɔaka abom so na ebu eyi ho akontaa.
- Nneɛma pii ka DALY bo a ɛsom, te sɛ asetra mu nyarewa, nyarewa a wɔde yare mmoawa ba, akwanhyia, ne adwenemyare .
- Ɛdenam asetra pa a wubenya (aduan pa, apɔw-mu-teɛteɛ, ne sigaretnom ne nsa a wobɛkwati) so no, wubetumi ama wo nkwa nna a ahoɔden wom no akɔ soro.
- DALY data ho hia yiye ma nhyehyɛe ne ɔman bi akwahosan ho nhyehyɛe a ɛbɛma atu mpɔn. Sɛ wowɔ nsɛmmisa bi fa akwahosan ho asɛm bi ho a, wo ne wo duruyɛfo nkasa.
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