Egbea míaƒo nu tso lãmenugbagbevi tɔxɛ (fotoxɔlawo) siwo kpena ɖe ŋuwò nèkpɔa xexeame to wò ŋkuwo dzi ŋu!

Èbu alesi míekpɔa nu dzeani siwo le xexe sia me, amadedeawo, nu nyuiwo ŋu kpɔa? Le nyateƒe me la, míaƒe ŋkuwo le abe fotoɖemɔ̃ wɔnuku eve ene. Lãmenugbagbevi sue tɔxɛ aɖewo ŋutɔ le "fotoɖemɔ̃" siawo me. Míeyɔa lãmenugbagbevi mawo be `(Fotoxɔlawo)`. Kpuie ko la, esiawoe nye esiwo ``léa'' kekeli eye woɖoa gbedasiwo ɖe míaƒe ahɔhɔ̃, gblɔna be, "Nusi mekpɔnae nye esi." Eyata, egbea míaƒo nu tso `(Fotoxɔlawo)` wɔnuku siawo ŋu tsitotsito vie, gake le bɔbɔe ŋutɔ.

Nukae nye esiawo (Fotoxɔlawo)?

Kpuie ko la, wò ``Fotoxɔlawo`` nye lãmenugbagbevi tɔxɛ aɖe si sea kekeli gɔme si le lãkusi tsɛ ŋutɔ si woyɔna be ``Retina`` le wò ŋkuwo ƒe megbe. Woxɔ ŋkɔ tso nyateƒe si wònye be wo gɔmee nye ``kekelixɔlawo.`` Lãmenugbagbevi siawo ƒe dɔ vevitɔe nye be woaxɔ kekeli si gena ɖe wò ŋku me eye woatrɔe wòazu elektrikŋusẽ ƒe dzesi si gɔme wò ahɔhɔ̃ ate ŋu ase. Ɣemaɣie nèkpɔa nusi nèyɔna be ``kpɔkpɔ.``

Ènya be míaƒe lãmekawo katã wɔa dɔ to lãmenugbagbevi tɔxɛ siwo woyɔna be ahɔhɔ̃mekawo dzia ? Ahɔhɔ̃meka siawo zãa elektrikŋusẽ kple atike ƒe dzesiwo tsɔ ɖoa ​​nyatakakawo tso míaƒe ŋutilã ƒe akpawo katã ɖe ahɔhɔ̃a me, eye wogatrɔna tsoa ahɔhɔ̃a me. Ahɔhɔ̃meka ƒomevi tɔxɛ mawo dometɔ ɖekae nye fotoɖemɔ̃ siwo le míaƒe ŋkume ƒe ŋkume. Le alesi míaƒe ŋku ƒe ŋkume tsina le fugboe ƒe tsitsi me ta la, fotoɖemɔ̃ siawo nye míaƒe titina lãmekawo ƒe akpa aɖe le mɔ̃ɖaŋununya nu – ɖoɖo ma ke si me ahɔhɔ̃ kple aklã hã le. Ðe esia mewɔ nuku oa?

Nukae dzɔna ɖe atikplɔwo kple atikplɔwo dzi?

Fotoɖemɔ̃ eve siawoe nye kalẽtɔ eve siwo le ɖoɖo si wò ŋkuwo zãna tsɔ dea dzesi kekeli hetrɔnɛ wòzua nane si gɔme wò ahɔhɔ̃ ate ŋu ase la me. Ne míebu míaƒe ŋkuwo ŋu la, zi geɖe la, míebua wo abe fotoɖemɔ̃wo ene. Le nyateƒe me la, amegbetɔ ƒe ŋku ƒe kpɔɖeŋue wowɔ egbegbe fotoɖemɔ̃ siwo wozãna le mɔ̃ dzi.

Bu dijitaal fotoɖemɔ̃ yeye aɖe ŋu kpɔ. Sensor tɔxɛ aɖe le eme. Sensor sia wɔa dɔ abe ŋkume ƒe ŋkumeʋuʋu si le míaƒe ŋkuwo me ene pɛpɛpɛ. Edea dzesi kekeli eye wòtrɔnɛ wòzua dijitaal kɔpi. Emegbe, kɔmpiuta ƒe chip sue aɖe si le fotoɖemɔ̃a me wɔa dɔ tso kɔpi ma ŋu be wòawɔ nɔnɔmetata alo video dzeani si míekpɔna.

Esia tututu nye nusi dzɔna ne wò ŋku ƒe ŋkume kple ahɔhɔ̃ wɔ dɔ ɖekae tsɔ fia xexe si ƒo xlã wò wò. Wotrɔa nusiwo wò ŋku ƒe ŋkume ƒe dzesiwo dea dzesii zua lãmeka ƒe dzesi siwo woŋlɔ ɖe kɔpi me, siwo woɖona ɖe wò ahɔhɔ̃ to ŋku ƒe lãmeka dzi . Ahɔhɔ̃a "xlẽa" eye wòɖea dzesi mawo gɔme, "wɔa" nusi nèkpɔna. Woyɔa lãmenugbagbevi tɔxɛ siwo le wò ŋku ƒe ŋkume siwo dzea dɔ sia katã gɔme la be fotoɖemɔ̃wo. Azɔ, ɖe nya ma me kɔa?

Nukawoe nye fotoɖemɔ̃ ƒomeviwo?

``Fotoxɔlawo`` ƒomevi vevi eve le amegbetɔ ƒe ŋku me. Woƒe nɔnɔme tae wotsɔ ŋkɔ na wo. Woawoe nye:

1. Atikplɔ ƒe lãmenugbagbeviwo `(Atikplɔwo)`

2. Cone lãmenugbagbeviwo `(Cones)`

Azɔ mina míalé ŋku ɖe ƒomevi siawo dometɔ ɖesiaɖe ŋu ɖe vovo.

Mina míasrɔ̃ nu tso atikplɔ ƒe lãmenugbagbeviwo ŋu.

Fotoɖemɔ̃ siawo kɔkɔ eye wole abe ʋuƒo ene, abe atikplɔ suewo ene. Esia tae woyɔa wo be "atikplɔ ƒe lãmenugbagbeviwo." Wosea veve ɖe kekeli suetɔ kekeake gɔ̃ hã nu ŋutɔ. Bu eŋu kpɔ ko, fotoɖemɔ̃ siwo le wò ŋkuwo me ƒe 95% lɔƒo (ema nye miliɔn 100 va ɖo 125 gã aɖe!) nye atikplɔ ƒe lãmenugbagbeviwo.

• Esiawo nyo ŋutɔ na kpekpeɖeŋu nana wò be nàkpɔ nu le nɔnɔme siwo me kekeli mele o me, abe ne èle zɔzɔm le gota le zã me ene.
• Gake esiawo meɖea nya nyuiawo fiana nyuie o.
• Nu vevitɔ kekeakee nye be atikplɔ ƒe lãmenugbagbeviwo mate ŋu ade vovototo amadedewo dome o. Ameyibɔ, yevu, kple aŋutiɖiɖi koe wokpɔna.

Atikplɔ ƒe fotoɖemɔ̃wo koŋue naa kekeli si mebɔ o ƒe nukpɔkpɔ kple zã me nukpɔkpɔ. Wokpena ɖe ŋuwò nèkpɔa nu le kekeli si me mekɔ o me, si woyɔna le atikewɔwɔ me be scotopic vision .

Nyatakaka siwo ku ɖe cone cells ŋu

Cone cells nyea cone ƒe nɔnɔme, si fia be wole goglo le ete eye wofia asi etame (photoreceptors).

• Lãmenugbagbevi siawo hiã kekeli geɖe hafi woate ŋu awɔ dɔ wu atikplɔ lãmenugbagbeviwo, si fia be wowɔa dɔ wu le teƒe siwo kekeli le nyuie.
• Gake, ne wowɔ nusiawo ŋudɔ la, àte ŋu ade dzesi amadedewo! Ẽ, lãmenugbagbevi siawo siwo woyɔna be cone cells ye kpena ɖe ŋuwò nèkpɔa amadede siwo katã le xexe si nèkpɔna me.
• Cone cell akpa gãtɔ le wò ŋku ƒe titina, le teƒe tɔxɛ aɖe si woyɔna be macula . Esia tae wò ŋku ƒe akpa vevitɔ te ŋu kpɔa amadedewo kple nu nyui bubuwo (e.g., ŋɔŋlɔdzesi siwo le agbalẽ me xexlẽ) nyuie.

Amadede Kpɔkpɔ ƒe Mɔnu wɔnuku (Amadede ƒe Nukpɔkpɔ) .

Cone cell ƒomevi etɔ̃e le míaƒe ŋkuwo me. Míekpɔa ŋutete wɔnuku si woyɔna be amadedekpɔkpɔ elabena ƒomevi etɔ̃awo katã wɔa dɔ ɖekae. Nusi wɔ nuku enye be, cone cell siawo me "kpɔa" amadedewo ŋutɔŋutɔ o. Ke boŋ kekeli ƒe ƒutsotsoe vovovowo koe wokpɔna. Emegbe wogblɔa ƒutsotsoe mawo na ahɔhɔ̃a. Wò ahɔhɔ̃ dzroa nyatakaka mawo me eye wònaa ŋutete wò be nàkpɔ amadedewo.

Ne èlé ŋku ɖe dziŋgɔli ŋu la, nusi tututu kpɔm nèle nye kekeli ƒe keklẽ si wokpɔna gɔmesese ƒe kpɔɖeŋu nyui aɖe. Kekeli dzĩ ƒe ƒutsotsoe didi wu, si tae wòle dziŋgɔli ƒe gota — eye wòdidi wu — ƒe akpa dzi ɖo. Violet ƒe ƒutsotsoe ƒe didime le kpuie wu, si tae wòle dziŋgɔli ƒe akpa si le eme — eye wòle kpuie wu — ɖo.

Cone photoreceptor ƒomevi etɔ̃ le ame akpa gãtɔ si. Woyɔa cone ƒomevi etɔ̃awo katã ƒe amesinɔnɔ be trichromacy . Ƒomevi etɔ̃awoe nye:

• Sensitive to short wavelengths (S-cones): Esiawo sea veve ɖe blɔ koŋ nu.
• Medium wavelength sensitive (M-cones): Esiawo sea veve ɖe amadede dzẽ nu koŋ.
• Sensitive to long wavelengths (L-cones): Esiawo sea veve ɖe dzodzro nu koŋ.

Togbɔ be cone cell ƒomevi etɔ̃awo katã sea nu gɔme na amadede aɖewo koŋ wu hã la, vovototo aɖewo le ƒomevi etɔ̃awo dome le seselelãme gome. Wò ahɔhɔ̃ ate ŋu ade vovototo amadede vovovowo kple woƒe vɔvɔli vovovowo dome ne etsɔ dzesi siwo tsoa lãmenugbagbevi ƒomevi etɔ̃awo katã me ƒe sesẽme ƒe vovototowo sɔna kple wo nɔewo. Esia tae amegbetɔ ƒe ŋku si le lãmesẽ me le mama dedie nu te ŋu dea vovototo amadede siwo ade miliɔn ɖeka me ɖo!

Tetrachromacy: Lãmenugbagbevi ene siwo me kɔ!

Esia nye nɔnɔme si mebɔ kura o. Domenyiŋusẽfianu ƒe tɔtrɔ si gblẽa nu le nyɔnuwo ko ŋu nana cone cell ƒomevi ene nɔa ame aɖewo si. Woyɔa esia be tetrachromacy (tetra gɔmee nye "ene" le blema Helagbe me).

`(Tetrachromacy)` ƒe nɔnɔme sia ateŋu agbɔdzɔ alo asẽ. Ame si si `(Tetrachromacy)` sesẽ le, si fia be ahɔhɔ̃a wɔa nyatakaka siwo tso cone cell enelia me ŋudɔ nyuie la, ate ŋu ade vovototo amadede siwo ade miliɔn 100 dome ahade dzesi wo! Gake esia ƒã ŋutɔ, ƒã ŋutɔ, eyata wogale numekuku wɔm le eŋu kokoko.

Dɔléle kple nɔnɔme siwo bɔ siwo gblẽa nu le fotoɖemɔ̃wo ŋu

Nublanuitɔe la, nɔnɔme geɖe li siwo ate ŋu akpɔ ŋusẽ ɖe wò atikplɔwo kple kɔwo dzi. Wo dometɔ aɖewo nye nɔnɔme siwo kaka ɖe teƒe geɖe siwo gblẽa nu le ŋku ƒe akpa bubuwo kple lãkusi siwo ƒo xlã ŋkua ŋu. Gake nɔnɔme aɖewo li siwo kpɔa ŋusẽ ɖe wò fotoɖemɔ̃wo koŋ dzi. Mina míalé ŋku ɖe wo dometɔ vevi aɖewo ŋu:

• Amadede ƒe ŋkumaʋumaʋu: Esia ƒe nɔnɔmewo ƒe akpa aɖewo kple esiwo de blibo (e.g., achromatopsia - ŋutetemanɔamesi be woakpɔ amadede aɖeke o) le esi.
• Cone-rod dystrophy: Le esia me la, cone cells kple rod cells siaa gblẽna vivivi.
• Macular degeneration: Nu gblẽna le macula ŋu, vevietɔ ne ame tsi la, egblẽa nu le nukpɔkpɔ le titina ŋu.
• Refsum dɔléle: Domenyiŋusẽfianu ƒe nɔnɔme si mebɔ o.
• Retinitis pigmentosa: Domenyiŋusẽfianu ƒe dɔléle si dzea atikplɔ ƒe lãmenugbagbeviwo dzi gbã eye emegbe wòdzea cone lãmenugbagbeviwo dzi.
• Ɣe ƒe ŋkume ƒe dɔléle: Nusiwo gblẽna le ŋku ƒe ŋkume ŋu ne ŋkuléle ɖe ɣea ŋu tẽ, abe le ɣe ƒe xɔxlɔ̃ me ene.
• Usher syndrome: Domenyiŋusẽfianu si gblẽa nu le nukpɔkpɔ kple nusese siaa ŋu.

Nukawoe nye dɔléle siwo do ƒome kple fotoɖemɔ̃ ƒe dzesi siwo bɔ?

Ne dɔléle aɖe le ŋuwò si gblẽa nu le wò fotoɖemɔ̃wo ŋu la, dzesi vevitɔe nye be màte ŋu akpɔ nu nyuie o alo màgate ŋu akpɔ nu nyuie o. Gake alesi gbegbe ame ƒe ŋkuwo megakpɔa nu nyuie o ate ŋu ato vovo. Enɔ te ɖe fotoɖemɔ̃ ƒomevi si ŋu wògblẽ nu le dzi (atiwo, ʋuƒo, alo evea siaa).

Nɔnɔme siwo me atikplɔwo le ƒe nɔnɔmewo

• Dzesi vevitɔ si wokpɔna zi gbãtɔ le nɔnɔme mawo mee nye ŋkumaʋumaʋu le zã me (Nyctalopia), si fia be nukpɔkpɔ dzi ɖena kpɔtɔna le kekeli si me mekɔ o me.
• Nɔnɔme aɖewo, abe retinitis pigmentosa ene, ate ŋu agblẽ ɖe edzi le ɣeyiɣi aɖe megbe eye wòagblẽ nu le cone photoreceptors ŋu mlɔeba, si agblẽ nu le ŋkeke me nukpɔkpɔ kple amadede ƒe nukpɔkpɔ siaa ŋu.

Nɔnɔme siwo me cone cells le ƒe nɔnɔmewo

• Zi geɖe la, esiawo dometɔ aɖewoe nye amadede ƒe ŋkumaʋumaʋu (ŋutete be woade vovototo amadede vovovowo dome) alo amadede ƒe nukpɔkpɔ ƒe bu le ɣeyiɣi aɖe megbe.
• Woate ŋu akpɔ ŋusẽ ɖe wò ŋutete be nàkpɔ nu suesuesuewo nyuie hã dzi, si ate ŋu ana nànɔ alilikpo alo ŋku si me kɔ o.
• Nɔnɔme siawo dometɔ aɖewo ate ŋu agblẽ ɖe edzi eye emegbe woahe dzesi siwo do ƒome kple atikplɔ ƒe lãmenugbagbeviwo (abe zã me ŋkuʋuʋu ene) vɛ.

Vevietɔ la, nɔnɔme geɖe siwo do ƒome kple fotoɖemɔ̃ kpɔa ŋusẽ ɖe cone kple rod cells siaa dzi le ɣeyiɣi ɖeka me. Esia bɔ vevietɔ le nɔnɔme siwo me ŋku ƒe lãkusi gblẽ alo trɔ asi le eŋu. Ŋku ƒe dɔmawɔmawɔ nyuie nye esia ƒe kpɔɖeŋu vevitɔ.

Aleke mawɔ alé ŋku ɖe nye atikplɔ kple cone lãmenugbagbeviwo ƒe lãmesẽ ŋu?

Dodokpɔ geɖe li nàte ŋu awɔ atsɔ anya nu tso wò fotoɖemɔ̃wo ƒe lãmesẽ ŋu.

• Ŋkudodokpɔ si wowɔna ɖaa: Esia le abe ƒe sia ƒe ƒe lãmesẽ dodokpɔ blibo na wò ŋkuwo ene. Ŋkudɔdala alo ŋkudɔdala ate ŋu ado wò ŋku ƒe eme kple megbe (nukpɔkpɔ ƒe ŋkume) kpɔ.
• Mydriasis kple slit lamp dodokpɔ : Dɔwɔwɔ siawo wɔnɛ be woate ŋu akpɔ ŋku ƒe ŋkume ƒe ŋkume nyuie wu le ŋkudodokpɔ me. Esia ate ŋu akpe ɖe ame ŋu woade dzesi nɔnɔme siwo ne menye nenema o la, womate ŋu akpɔ wo o eye ɖewohĩ womaɖe dzesiwo afia le woƒe gɔmedzedze o.
• Dodokpɔ tɔxɛwo: Ɣeaɖewoɣi la, wò ɖɔkta ate ŋu aɖo aɖaŋu na wò be nàwɔ dodokpɔ tɔxɛ bubuwo. Kpɔɖeŋuwo:
• Electroretinography (ERG): Esia dzidzea wò ŋkume ƒe elektrikŋusẽ ƒe dɔwɔwɔ, eye wòléa ŋku ɖe alesi wòwɔa nu ɖe ​​kekeli ŋui ŋu.
• Visual evoked potentials (VEP): Le nyateƒe me la, esia nye ahɔhɔ̃ dodokpɔ, gake ate ŋu anya ne wò ahɔhɔ̃ le dzesi siwo tso wò ŋku ƒe ŋkume xɔm nyuie.
• Nɔnɔmetatawo dodokpɔ: Dodokpɔ siawo kpena ɖe ame ŋu wòkpɔa ŋkume ƒe akpa vovovoawo nyuie, eye ʋukawo hã le eme. Woate ŋu ade dzesi ʋuka yeyewo ƒe tsitsi (si ate ŋu adzɔ le nɔnɔmewo abe suklidɔ ene me) alo lãmenugbagbeviwo ƒe tɔtrɔ bubu siwo ate ŋu agblẽ nu le ŋku ƒe ŋkume ŋu.

Wò ŋkuŋutinunyala atso nya me le dodokpɔ siwo sɔ na wò ŋu eye wòaɖe wo me na wò.

Aleke mawɔ akpɔ nye fotoɖemɔ̃wo dzii?

Wò ``(Fotoxɔlawo)`` nye wò ŋkume ƒe akpa vevi aɖe ŋutɔ. Eyata beléle na wò ŋku ƒe ŋkume kple ŋku ƒe lãmesẽ bliboae nye mɔ nyuitɔ si dzi nàto akpɔ wò ŋku ƒe ŋkumekpɔkpɔ ta. Nu vevi aɖewo siwo nàte ŋu awɔe nye esi:

• Do ŋkumekpɔ edziedzi: Menye dodokpɔ siwo wowɔna tsɔ léa ŋku ɖe atike si woŋlɔ na wò ŋu koe esiawo nye o. Woate ŋu ade dzesi ŋku ƒe dɔléle sesẽwo ɣeyiɣi didi aɖe hafi dzesiawo nadze egɔme. Èɖado ŋkumeɖonu alo ŋkumeɖonu alo mèdoe o, ele vevie be amesiame nado ŋku kpɔ ƒe eve ɖesiaɖe ya teti (alo kaba ne wò ɖɔkta kafui).
• Do wò ŋutilã kpɔ edziedzi: Wò ŋkuwo nye ahuhɔ̃e si ɖea wò ŋutilã bliboa ƒe lãmesẽ fiana. Dɔléle siwo nɔa anyi didi, vevietɔ ʋusɔgbɔdɔ kple suklidɔ ƒomevi evelia, ate ŋu agblẽ nu le wò ŋkuwo ŋu tẽ. Ƒe sia ƒe ƒe ŋutilãmedodokpɔ siawo ate ŋu ade dzesi nɔnɔme siawo dometɔ geɖe ɣeyiɣi didi aɖe hafi woahe dzesiwo alo agblẽ nu le wò ŋkuwo ŋu.
• Ƒo asa na Nicotine keŋkeŋ: Atamanono, atamanono, kple atama bubuwo gblẽa nu le wò ʋu ƒe sisi ŋu ŋutɔ. Anɔ eme be nicotine zazã agblẽ nu le ʋuka tsɛ siwo naa ʋu wò ŋkume ƒe ŋkume ŋu.
• Tsɔ nunyiame nyuitɔ ɖo nɔƒe gbãtɔ: Vitamin A koŋ nye nunyiame vevi aɖe si ana fotoɖemɔ̃wo nawɔ dɔ. Nuɖuɖu si da sɔ si me nunyiame le le vevie na wò lãmesẽ bliboa, kpakple wò ŋkuwo ƒe lãmesẽ.
• Lé lolo nyuie me ɖe asi: Kpɔ wò ƒomea ƒe ɖɔkta le alesi nàwɔ esiae ŋu.

Aleke fotoɖemɔ̃wo wɔa nu ɖe ​​kekeli ŋui?

Kpuie ko la, ne kekeli va dze wò atikplɔwo kple kɔwo dzi la, atikewo kple elektrikŋusẽ ƒe kɔsɔkɔsɔ sesẽ aɖe wɔa dɔ le lãmenugbagbevi mawo kple lãmenugbagbevi bubu siwo le ŋkume ƒe ŋkume si do ƒome kpli wo me. Mɔnu siawo dzie fotoɖemɔ̃wo kple ŋku ƒe lãmenugbagbeviwo trɔa kekeli ƒe ŋusẽ wòzua elektrikŋusẽ ƒe dzesi siwo gɔme wò ahɔhɔ̃ ate ŋu ase.

Atikplɔ kple ʋuƒo nye wò nukpɔkpɔ ƒe akpa vevi siwo le vevie ŋutɔ. Woawo manɔmee la, wò ahɔhɔ̃ makpɔ dzesi siwo wòhiã be wòatsɔ "awɔ" nusi nèkpɔna o. Eye wowɔ wo aɖaŋutɔe na dɔ aɖewo koŋ wɔwɔ. Togbɔ be ɖewo kpena ɖe ŋuwò nèkpɔa nu le viviti me hã la, bubuwo kpena ɖe ŋuwò nèkpɔa ŋudzedze ɖe amadede ɖesiaɖe, nu suesuesue ɖesiaɖe, si le xexe si ƒo xlã wò me ŋu.

Ne èse alesi wowɔa dɔe gɔme la, menye ɖeko nàkpɔ ŋudzedze ɖe woƒe dɔwɔwɔ wɔnukua ŋu ko o, ke àtsɔ ɖe le wò ŋkuwo ƒe lãmesẽ me léle ɖe asi hã me geɖe wu. Ne nya aɖe le asiwò ku ɖe wò `(Photoreceptors)`, ŋku ƒe ŋkume, alo ŋku ƒe kuxi bubu aɖe si do ƒome kple ŋku ŋu la, mègahe ɖe megbe le ŋkudɔdala gbɔ yiyi me o. To mɔ sia dzi la, àte ŋu akpɔ wò nukpɔkpɔ ta ɣeyiɣi didi aɖe eye nàkpɔ viɖe geɖe tso eme.

Nu vevitɔ kekeake si dzi wòle be nàɖo ŋkui tso nyati sia me (Take-Home Message) .

Eyata, gbedasi vevitɔ si wòle be nàtsɔ ayi aƒemee tso nusianu si ŋu míeƒo nu tsoe egbea mee nye esi:

Fotoɖemɔ̃ sue siawo siwo le míaƒe ŋkuwo me – atikplɔwo kple ʋuƒo – ye nye "dɔwɔla" vevitɔ siwo kpena ɖe mía ŋu míekpɔa xexe dzeani sia si le amadede vovovowo me kple nu nyui siwo le eme la nyuie. Lãmenugbagbevi siawo léle ɖe te le lãmesẽ me le vevie ŋutɔ, vevie ŋutɔ be míaƒe ŋku xɔasi la nalé ɖe te!

Eyata, lé be na wò ŋkuwo. Do ŋkume na wò edziedzi eye nànɔ agbe si me lãmesẽ le. Elabena wò ŋkuwo nye nunɔamesi xɔasi aɖe si le asiwò!

` Photoreceptors, Rod cells, Cone cells, Ŋku ƒe lãmesẽ, Amadede ƒe nukpɔkpɔ, Retina