Shin kun taɓa tunanin cewa idan jikinmu ya yi rashin lafiya ko ya ji rauni, ana yin babban yaƙi a ciki don warkarwa? Muna da rundunarmu mai ƙwarewa don yaƙi da maƙiya kamar ƙwayoyin cuta da ƙwayoyin cuta waɗanda ke fitowa daga wajen jikinmu. Muna kiran wannan tsarin garkuwar jiki. Don haka dole ne a sami wanda zai jagoranci wannan rundunar, ya musayar saƙonni, kuma ya aika su daidai inda maƙiyan suke. Waɗannan manzannin sirri sune cytokines da muke magana a kai a yau.
Menene ainihin cytokines?
A taƙaice dai, cytokines ƙananan sunadaran gina jiki ne da ke aika saƙonni tsakanin ƙwayoyin halitta a cikin tsarin garkuwar jikinmu. Yana kama da 'ƙungiyar WhatsApp' a cikin jikinmu. Idan barazana kamar kamuwa da cuta ko rauni ta zo wa jiki, ƙwayoyin garkuwar jiki suna fitar da waɗannan saƙonnin da ake kira cytokines. Waɗannan saƙonnin suna gaya wa sauran ƙwayoyin garkuwar jiki, "Akwai matsala a nan, ku zo da sauri!", "Wannan ita ce nau'in maƙiyin da muke buƙatar yaƙi da shi," da kuma "Yi ƙarin sojoji."
Ka yi tunanin wata cuta ta shiga jikinka. A lokacin, wasu ƙwayoyin halitta suna aika waɗannan saƙonnin cytokine, suna gaya wa wasu ƙwayoyin halitta su shirya don yaƙi da kwayar cutar. Wannan yana nufin cewa ba tare da waɗannan ƙananan manzanni ba, tsarin garkuwar jikinmu ba zai iya aiki yadda ya kamata ba. Waɗannan cytokines suna taimakawa wajen kiyaye tsarin garkuwar jikinmu lafiya, koda kuwa babu wata barazana.
Akwai manyan nau'ikan waɗannan cytokines?
Haka ne, kamar yadda akwai matsayi daban-daban a cikin rundunar, akwai nau'ikan cytokines daban-daban. Kowanne nau'i yana da takamaiman aiki. Bari mu kalli wasu manyan nau'ikan.
| Nau'in Cytokine | Abin da za a yi kawai |
|---|---|
| Chemokines | Kamar 'GPS' ne ga ƙwayoyin garkuwar jiki. Yana nuna musu hanyar zuwa inda kamuwar take. |
| Interferons | Idan kwayar cuta ta mamaye jiki, tana aika siginar gargaɗi ga sauran ƙwayoyin halitta, tana cewa, "Sanya garkuwar kariya!" Yana hana ƙwayoyin cuta kamuwa da cuta a jiki. |
| Interleukins | Waɗannan suna musayar saƙonni tsakanin ƙwayoyin garkuwar jiki (ƙwayoyin jini masu farin jini) kuma suna sadarwa da sauran ƙwayoyin halitta. |
| Ma'aunin ƙwayoyin cuta na Tumor (TNF) | Yana taimakawa wajen sarrafa kumburi a jiki kuma yana kuma nuna alamun ƙwayoyin garkuwar jiki don lalata ƙwayoyin cutar kansa. |
| Abubuwan da ke ƙara wa hanji ƙarfi (CSF) | Waɗannan suna ba da umarni ga ƙwayoyin halitta masu tushe na jini, kamar "ka zama farin ƙwayar jini," "ka zama jajayen ƙwayoyin jini," kuma suna mayar da su zuwa takamaiman nau'ikan ƙwayoyin halitta. |
Bugu da ƙari, wasu cytokines ana sanya musu suna bisa ga nau'in ƙwayar da ke samar da su:
- Lymphokines: Wani nau'in ƙwayoyin jinin farin jini da ake kira lymphocytes ne ke samar da shi.
- Monokines: Wani nau'in ƙwayar jinin farin jini da ake kira monocytes ne ke samar da shi.
Babban aikin cytokines: sarrafa kumburi
Idan yawancin mutane suka ji kalmar 'kumburi', suna tunanin abu ne mara kyau, alamar rashin lafiya. Amma kumburi a zahiri wata muhimmiyar alama ce da ke nuna cewa garkuwar jikinmu tana yaƙi da maƙiya ko kuma tana gyara nama da ya lalace. Ka yi tunanin idan ka yanke yatsanka, zai yi ja, ya kumbura, kuma ya ɗan yi zafi, ko ba haka ba? Wannan shine kumburi.
Cytokines su ne abin da ke aika saƙo ga ƙwayoyin garkuwar jiki, "Akwai matsala a nan, ku zo da sauri ku warkar da wannan rauni, ku hana ƙwayoyin cuta shiga!"
Cytokines galibi suna nuna waɗannan:
- Kunna ƙwayoyin halitta: Faɗa wa ƙwayoyin halitta inda za su je da abin da za su yi. Misali, tura ƙwayoyin rigakafi zuwa wurin da suka kamu da cutar.
- Bambancin ƙwayoyin halitta: Ana gaya wa ƙwayar halitta da ba ta kai ba "ta zama wani nau'in ƙwayar jinin fari na musamman wanda zai iya yaƙi da wannan cuta."
- Yaɗuwar ƙwayoyin halitta: Siginar samar da ƙarin ƙwayoyin halitta, ko ƙarin ƙwayoyin halitta. Misali, ana bayar da wannan siginar ne lokacin da ake buƙatar ƙarin ƙwayoyin jinin fari don yaƙi da babban kamuwa da cuta.
Cytokines masu hana kumburi da kuma masu hana kumburi
Wannan kamar na'urar ƙara gudu da birki ce ta mota. Dukansu suna da mahimmanci don daidaita martanin tsarin garkuwar jikinmu daidai.
- Cytokines masu hana kumburi: Waɗannan su ne masu hanzarta aiki . Idan ƙwayar cuta ta shigo, suna haifar da kumburi kuma suna hanzarta amsawar garkuwar jiki. Waɗannan su ne waɗanda ke ba da alama don fara yaƙin.
- Kwayoyin cytokine masu hana kumburi: Waɗannan su ne birki . Bayan sun kayar da abokan gaba, suna dakatar da ƙarin lalacewar kyallen jikinmu masu lafiya ta hanyar rage kumburi da kuma dawo da komai yadda ya kamata.
Kamar yadda yake da muhimmanci a dakatar da faɗa a lokacin da ya dace, haka nan yana da matuƙar muhimmanci a dakatar da shi a lokacin da ya dace. In ba haka ba, ƙwayoyin halittarmu na iya lalacewa kuma cututtuka masu tsanani na iya faruwa.
Ta yaya wannan musayar saƙonni ke faruwa?
Wannan tsari ne mai ban sha'awa sosai. Bari mu kwatanta shi da maɓalli da ramin maɓalli.
Cytokine kamar maɓalli ne. A saman tantanin halitta da ke buƙatar karɓar saƙon, akwai ramin maɓalli (mai karɓa) wanda ya dace da wannan maɓallin. Lokacin da cytokine (maɓallin) ya tafi ya haɗu da mai karɓa (hole ɗin maɓalli) akan wannan tantanin halitta, wannan tantanin halitta yana karɓar saƙon. Sannan wannan tantanin halitta yana aiki bisa ga wannan saƙon.
Akwai hanyoyi uku na aika waɗannan saƙonni:
1. Siginar Autocrine: Tantanin halitta yana aika saƙo ga kansa.
2. Siginar Paracrine: Wata tantanin halitta tana aika saƙonni zuwa ƙwayoyin da ke kusa.
3. Siginar endocrine: Kwayar halitta tana aika saƙonni ta cikin jini zuwa ƙwayoyin halitta da ke nesa da ita.
Wadanne ƙwayoyin halitta ne ke samar da mafi yawan cytokines?
Kwayoyin halittarmu a cikin tsarin garkuwar jikinmu galibi suna samar da Cytokines. Duk da haka, ba su kaɗai ba ne ƙwayoyin halitta. Sauran nau'ikan ƙwayoyin halitta a jikinmu suma suna iya samar da su.
Kwayoyin garkuwar jiki
- Macrophages
- Kwayoyin Dendritic
- Kwayoyin Lymphocytes
- Monocytes
- Neutrophils
- Basophils
- Eosinophils
- Kwayoyin mast
Wasu ƙwayoyin halitta
- Kwayoyin Endothelial (ƙwayoyin da ke rufe cikin jijiyoyin jini)
- Kwayoyin epithelial sune ƙwayoyin da ke rufe saman gabobinmu.
- Kwayoyin halitta a cikin kyallen haɗin kai (Fibroblasts, ƙwayoyin Stromal)
- Kwayoyin da ke kewaye da jijiyoyi (ƙwayoyin Schwann)
Me zai faru idan aka rasa ma'aunin cytokine?
Duk da cewa cytokines suna da mahimmanci ga lafiyarmu, kamar komai, yawan su ba shi da kyau. Wani lokaci, saboda kamuwa da cuta ko wasu magunguna, tsarin garkuwar jiki yana ƙaruwa kuma yana fara samar da yawan cytokines da ba a iya sarrafawa ba.
Muna kiran wannan yanayin da Cytokine Release Syndrome (CRS) ko kuma guguwar cytokine . Kamar dai garkuwar jikinmu ta lalace, tana kai hari ba kawai ga maƙiyanmu ba har ma da ƙwayoyin halittarmu masu lafiya. Wannan na iya haifar da kumburi mai yawa, lalacewar nama, da kuma cututtuka iri-iri.
Cututtukan da yawan cytokines zai iya haifarwa:
- Cututtukan garkuwar jiki: A cikin wannan, tsarin garkuwar jiki yana kai hari ga ƙwayoyin halittarsa masu lafiya cikin kuskure.
- Matsalolin narkewar abinci: Matsalolin da ke tattare da tsarin mayar da abinci zuwa makamashi.
- Ciwon daji.
- Sepsis: Wannan yanayi ne mai matuƙar tsanani. Mummunan kumburi a jiki yana haifar da raguwar kwararar jini zuwa manyan gabobin jiki. Wannan gaggawa ce ta likita kuma yana iya zama mai kisa idan ba a yi magani ba.
Idan kana da wata shakka game da wannan yanayin, yana da matuƙar muhimmanci ka ga likitanka nan da nan don neman shawara .
Gwajin kwamitin Cytokine
Likitoci za su iya gane ko jikinka yana da cytokines da yawa ko kuma kaɗan. Ana kiran gwajin jini da cytokine panel . Yana auna matakan cytokines a cikin jininka waɗanda ke da hannu a kumburi. Dangane da sakamakon, likitanka zai iya rubuta magunguna don magance kumburi idan kana da yawa.
Saƙon Ɗauka Gida
- Cytokines manzannin sinadarai ne da suke da mahimmanci don sadarwa a cikin tsarin garkuwar jikinmu.
- Waɗannan suna aiki ne don yaƙar barazanar jiki, haifar da 'kumburi', da kuma dakatar da shi da zarar yaƙin ya ƙare.
- Daidaiton cytokines yana da mahimmanci ga lafiya mai kyau. Yawan su ko ƙarancin su na iya haifar da rashin lafiya.
- 'Guguwar cytokine' wata mummunar cuta ce da ke faruwa sakamakon yawan aikin garkuwar jiki.
- Idan kana da wata damuwa ko alamu da suka shafi garkuwar jikinka, a koyaushe ka nemi shawara daga ƙwararren likita.
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