Duk muna da bayanan kwayoyin halittarmu da aka adana a cikin ƙwayoyin jikinmu. Kamar littattafai ne a cikin babban ɗakin karatu. Muna kiran waɗannan littattafai da chromosomes. Muna girma da rabi daga mahaifiyarmu da rabi kuma daga mahaifinmu. Amma ka yi tunanin, wani lokacin shafuka biyu na waɗannan littattafan suna yagewa, kuma shafi daga wani littafi ya manne wa ɗayan, kuma shafi daga ɗayan littafin ya manne wa wannan littafin. Haka muke kiran translocation a magani lokacin da sassan chromosomes biyu suka rabu suka canza zuwa juna. Kada ka ji tsoro idan ka ji wannan suna. Mutane da yawa za su iya samun wannan, kuma ƙila ba su ma san shi ba. Bari mu ga menene ainihinsa.
Menene wannan canjin kwayoyin halitta da ake kira Canjin yanayi?
A taƙaice dai, canjin wuri wani canji ne a tsarin ƙwayoyin halitta. Wannan yana faruwa ne lokacin da wani ɓangare na ƙwayar halitta ɗaya ya karye ya manne da wani ƙwayar halitta daban. Wani lokaci, ɓangaren ƙwayar halitta ta biyu kuma zai iya manne da na farko.
A cikin kwayar halittar kowanne daga cikin ƙwayoyin halittarmu, akwai nau'i-nau'i 23 na chromosomes. Wannan jimillar chromosomes 46 ne. Daga cikin waɗannan, nau'i-nau'i 22 suna sarrafa duk wasu halaye na jiki (autosomes), yayin da nau'i na ƙarshe ke ƙayyade jinsinmu (chromosomes X da Y).
Za a iya raba wurin canzawa zuwa manyan nau'i biyu:
1. Canja wurin Juna: Wannan shine lokacin da ake musayar sassan chromosomes guda biyu daban-daban. Ka yi tunanin an canja wani yanki na chromosome 7 zuwa chromosome 21, kuma an canja wani yanki na chromosome 21 zuwa chromosome 7.
2. Sauyawar Robertsonian: Wannan shine lokacin da kwayar halitta ɗaya ta manne gaba ɗaya da wani kwayar halitta.
Yanzu akwai wani muhimmin abu. Idan aka canza waɗannan sassan, amma babu wani bayanin kwayoyin halitta da aka rasa ko aka samu, muna kiransa da Daidaitaccen Canji . Mutumin da ke da wannan yawanci ba ya samun wata matsala ta lafiya. Duk da haka, idan aka rasa wasu bayanan kwayoyin halitta ko aka samu sakamakon wannan canjin, muna kiransa da Daidaitaccen Canji . A lokacin ne matsalolin lafiya daban-daban suka fara tasowa.
Shin kawai canja wuri ne? Wasu canje-canje da ka iya faruwa a cikin ƙwayoyin halittar
Baya ga canza wurin aiki, akwai wasu canje-canje da dama da za su iya faruwa a tsarin chromosomes. Waɗannan kuma na iya kawo cikas ga tsarin samar da furotin a jikinmu da kuma shafar aikin ƙwayoyin halitta da kyallen takarda. Bari mu dubi menene su.
| Nau'in canji | Abin da kawai ke faruwa |
|---|---|
| gogewa | Wani ɓangare na chromosome yana karyewa kuma ana cire shi. Wannan na iya haifar da asarar wasu kwayoyin halitta masu mahimmanci ko ɗaruruwan a jiki. |
| Kwafi | Ana kwafi wani ɓangare na chromosome sau biyu ba daidai ba, wanda ke ba da ƙarin bayanai game da kwayoyin halitta. |
| Juyawa (juya wani ɓangare ta wata hanyar daban) | Kwayar halittar chromosome ta karye a wurare biyu, sannan sashin ya juya ya sake haɗawa. |
| Sauran canje-canje masu rikitarwa | Bambancin da suka fi rikitarwa na iya faruwa, kamar isochromosomes (chromosomes masu hannuwa biyu iri ɗaya) da zobe chromosomes (chromosomes masu siffar zobe). |
Yaushe wannan canjin wurin yake da muhimmanci?
Akwai miliyoyin ƙwayoyin halitta a jikinmu. Idan ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan ƙwayoyin halitta ya sami irin wannan canji, ba zai yi wani tasiri sosai ba. Wataƙila wannan ƙwayar za ta mutu bayan wani lokaci.
Duk da haka, wannan canjin wuri yana da matuƙar muhimmanci kuma yana da matuƙar muhimmanci idan ya faru ne a cikin ƙwan uwa (ƙwai), maniyyin uba (maniyyi), ko kuma ƙwayar halitta ta farko da aka samar ta hanyar haɗin biyu (zygote).
Ka yi tunanin, wannan ƙwayar halitta guda ɗaya tana rabuwa ta kuma rabu don samar da cikakken yaro. Wannan yana nufin cewa kowace ƙwayar halitta a jikin yaron tana da wannan canjin. A lokacin ne cututtuka daban-daban ke faruwa saboda ƙaruwa ko raguwar bayanan kwayoyin halitta.
Wani lokaci wannan canjin yana faruwa ne bayan an ɗauki cikin jariri. Sannan wasu ƙwayoyin halitta a jiki na iya zama na al'ada kuma wasu ƙwayoyin halitta na iya samun canjin wurin aiki. Muna kiran wannan da Mosaicism .
Bari mu dubi wani misali na gaske.
Domin mu fahimci wannan sosai, bari mu ɗauki misali. A yi tunanin akwai wani mutum, bari mu kira shi Sunil. Sunil ba shi da wata cuta, yana da lafiya. Amma idan muka duba kwayoyin halittarsa, yana da daidaiton canjin wuri tsakanin ƙwayoyin halittarsa na 7 da 21. Wannan yana nufin cewa an canza sassan jikinsa, amma yana da duk bayanan kwayoyin halittar da ake buƙata a jikinsa. Saboda haka, ba shi da wata matsala.
Matsalar tana zuwa ne lokacin da aka haifi yaro. Idan aka yi maniyyi a jikin Sunil, sai chromosome ya rabu. A nan, abin takaici, wasu maniyyi na iya ɗaukar chromosome na 7 tare da guntu na 21 da aka haɗa maimakon chromosome na 7 na yau da kullun. A lokaci guda, chromosome na 21 na yau da kullun na iya zuwa ga wannan maniyyi.
To, me zai faru idan wannan maniyyi ya haɗu da ƙwai mai lafiya kuma aka haifi ɗa? Uwar tana karɓar chromosome ɗaya na 21. Uba (Sunil) yana karɓar chromosome na 21 na yau da kullun da kuma ɓangaren chromosome na 21 da aka haɗa da chromosome na 7. Sannan, ƙwayoyin yaron suna da bayanai guda uku na kwayoyin halitta da suka shafi chromosome na 21. Wannan shine abin da muke kira Down syndrome .
Yanzu ka fahimci yadda wanda ke da daidaiton canja wuri zai iya samun ɗa mai rashin daidaiton canja wuri, koda kuwa ba shi da alamun cutar?
Cututtukan da za a iya haifarwa ta hanyar canja wuri
Akwai manyan cututtuka da dama da za a iya haifarwa ta hanyar sauya wurin aiki.
| Yanayin lafiya | Kwayoyin halittar da ake yawan dangantawa da su da kuma bayaninsu |
|---|---|
| Ciwon Down | Wannan yanayin galibi yana faruwa ne sakamakon kasancewar kwafi uku na chromosome 21 maimakon biyu (Trisomy 21). Duk da haka, ƙaramin kaso na shari'o'in yana faruwa ne sakamakon canzawar wuri. Mafi yawan lokuta shine musayar tsakanin chromosomes 14 da 21. Waɗannan yaran na iya samun matsaloli a cikin zuciya, hanyar narkewar abinci, da kashin baya. |
| Ciwon sankarar jini na Myelogenous na yau da kullun (CML) | Wannan nau'in ciwon daji ne na jini. Yana faruwa ne sakamakon wani abu da aka canza tsakanin ƙwayoyin halitta 9 da 22. Sabon ƙwayar halitta ta 22 da ta samo asali sakamakon haka ana kiranta da ƙwayar halitta ta Philadelphia.Wannan yana haifar da samar da wani enzyme mara kyau, wanda ke haifar da ƙwayoyin cutar kansa su girma ba tare da wani tsari ba. |
| Lymphoma da sauran nau'in cutar sankarar bargo | Canja wurin da ke tsakanin sauran ƙwayoyin halitta, kamar su chromosomes 8 da 11, na iya haifar da nau'ikan cutar sankarar jini da lymphoma daban-daban. |
Saƙon Ɗauka Gida
- Canja wurin wuri na iya zama mara lahani (daidaitacce), ko kuma yana iya haifar da cututtuka masu tsanani (rashin daidaito).
- Idan kana da daidaitaccen wurin zama, za ka iya rayuwa mai kyau. Matsalolin da za ka iya fuskanta kawai su ne idan ana maganar haihuwa.
- Ana iya gadon wannan yanayin daga iyaye, ko kuma yana iya tasowa sabo a lokacin daukar ciki.
- Babu "magani" ga wani abu da aka canza, domin yana nan a cikin kowace ƙwayar halitta a jiki. Duk da haka, ana iya magance cututtukan da ke faruwa sakamakonsa.
- Wannan ba cuta ce mai yaɗuwa ba. Za ka iya yin mu'amala da wasu, yin jima'i, da kuma bayar da jini ba tare da wata fargaba ba.
- Idan wani a cikin iyalinka yana da cutar kwayar halitta, ko kuma idan kana da wasu shakku ko tambayoyi game da wannan, abin da ya fi kyau shi ne ka ga likitanka ko likitanka ka yi magana a kai.
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