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He aha ka mediastinum? E aʻo kākou e pili ana i kēia wahi koʻikoʻi i loko o ko kākou umauma.

He aha ka mediastinum? E aʻo kākou e pili ana i kēia wahi koʻikoʻi i loko o ko kākou umauma.

Ke noʻonoʻo ʻoe i kou umauma, he aha ka mea e hiki mai ana i ka noʻonoʻo? ʻO ka hapa nui o ka manawa, ʻo kou puʻuwai a me kou mau māmā, ʻeā? He ʻoiaʻiʻo kēlā. Akā, ua ʻike anei ʻoe ma waena o kou mau māmā, ma waenakonu o kou umauma, aia kahi wahi kūikawā kahi i loaʻa ai kou puʻuwai, a me nā ʻāpana koʻikoʻi ʻē aʻe a me nā kīʻaha koko? I ka lāʻau lapaʻau, ua kapa ʻia kēia wahi ʻo ka mediastinum. Ua like ia me kahi hui nui a koʻikoʻi i loko o ko kākou kino. E kamaʻilio pōkole kākou e pili ana i kēia lā.

He aha maoli ka mediastinum?

I ka ʻōlelo maʻalahi, ʻaʻole he ʻōkana ka mediastinum, he wahi ia. I ka pololei, he ʻāpana ia o kou umauma. E noʻonoʻo i kou umauma he hale me ʻekolu lumi. Aia i loko o kekahi lumi ka māmā hema, a aia i loko o kekahi lumi ka māmā ʻākau. ʻO ka hakahaka ma waena o kēia mau lumi ʻelua, e like me ka lumi hoʻokipa, ʻo ia ka mea a mākou e kapa nei ʻo mediastinum.

Hoʻolōʻihi kēia hakahaka mai luna o ka umauma a i lalo, ʻo ia hoʻi, mai ke kumu o ka ʻāʻī a i ka diaphragm, a mai ka sternum ma mua a i ke kuamoʻo ma hope. No laila, ʻaʻole kēia he hakahaka wale nō, akā, he wahi e pale ai i nā mea he nui e pono ai ko kākou ola.

He aha ka mea i loko o kēia mediastinum?

Nui nā mea ma kēia wahi. E māhele kākou iā lākou i kekahi mau ʻāpana.

Nā ʻōkana koʻikoʻi a me nā ʻano hana

Aia i loko o kēia wahi kekahi mau ʻōkana koʻikoʻi loa i loko o ko kākou kino.

ʻOkana/ʻAno He aha e hana maʻalahi ai
Puʻuwai ʻO kā mākou motika nui e hoʻopuka i ke koko ma ke kino holoʻokoʻa. Aia ia ma waenakonu o ka mediastinum. Ua hoʻopuni ʻia e kahi membrane pale (pericardium).
ʻEsophagus ʻO ka ʻōmole e lawe ana i ka meaʻai a kākou e ʻai ai a inu ai mai ka puʻu a i ka ʻōpū. Hele pū kēia ma o ka mediastinum.
TracheaʻO ka ʻōpū hanu nui e lawe i ka ea a kākou e hanu ai i nā māmā. Aia ia ma ke alo o ka esophagus.
ʻO ke kelepaʻi Thymus (Thymus) He ʻōpū e kōkua ana i ko kākou ʻōnaehana pale. He hana nui ia i ko kākou wā ʻōpiopio. Aia ia ma ka ʻaoʻao luna, mua o ka mediastinum.

Nā Moku Nui

ʻO nā kīʻaha koko nui loa e pili ana i ka puʻuwai, ʻo ia hoʻi, nā mea e lawe mai i ke koko a lawe aku i ke koko mai ka puʻuwai aku, aia nō hoʻi i loko o kēia mediastinum.

  • ʻAorta: ʻO ke kīʻaha koko nui loa o ke kino. Lawe ia i ke koko maʻemaʻe (ʻoxygenated) mai ka puʻuwai a i ke kino holoʻokoʻa.
  • ʻO Superior Vena Cava: Lawe mai i ke koko haumia mai ka ʻaoʻao o luna o ke kino ( poʻo , ʻāʻī, lima) i ka puʻuwai.
  • ʻO ke kumu o ka puʻuwai: Lawe i ke koko mai ka puʻuwai i nā māmā e loaʻa ai ka oxygen.

Eia kekahi, he nui nā kīʻaha koko koʻikoʻi ʻē aʻe ma kēia wahi.

Nā mea hou aku

Ma waho aʻe o kēia mau mea nui,

  • Nā kikowaena lymph
  • Nā aʻalolo
  • Ua piha pū kēia wahi i nā mea e like me ka ʻiʻo momona a me nā ʻiʻo pili.

No laila he aha ka hana o ka mediastinum?

He nui nā hana nui o kēia.

1. He hale palekana: I ka ʻōlelo maʻalahi, ua like kēia me kahi hale palekana no ka puʻuwai, nā kīʻaha koko nui, a me nā alaea. Kōkua ia i ka mālama ʻana i kēia mau ʻōkana a me ke ʻano.

2. Hāʻawi i ka palekana: ʻO ka ʻiʻo momona a me nā ʻiʻo hoʻopili ma kēia wahi e hāʻawi i ka uluna maikaʻi a me ka pale no nā ʻōpū o loko. Eia kekahi, ʻo ka iwi umauma (sternum) ma mua e pale i kēia mau ʻōpū koʻikoʻi mai nā hahau o waho.

3. ʻO ke kikowaena hoʻololi: He hui nui kēia, e like me Colombo Fort. ʻO nā mea a pau e neʻe ana mai kekahi wahi i loko o ko kākou kino a i kekahi wahi e hele ana ma kēia wahi. No ka laʻana, hele ka meaʻai a me ka mea inu mai ka puʻu a i ka ʻōpū ma ke ala esophagus, kahi e hele ana ma o ka mediastinum. Pēlā nō, hele nā ​​aʻalolo a me nā kīʻaha koko mai ka ʻāʻī a i ka umauma, a mai ka umauma a i ka ʻōpū, ma o kēia wahi.

Ke māhele nei nā kauka i kēia mediastinum i nā ʻāpana?

ʻAe. No ke kuhikuhi ʻana i kahi kikoʻī o kahi pilikia, hoʻokaʻawale nā ​​kauka i kēia wahi i kapa ʻia ʻo mediastinum i nā ʻāpana liʻiliʻi. ʻO ke ʻano hana hou loa i hoʻohana ʻia i kēia manawa, ʻo ia ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana o nā ʻāpana ʻekolu e pili ana i nā hoʻokolohua ʻekolu-dimensional (3D) e like me nā scan CT.

ʻĀpana Kahi a me nā ʻike
ʻĀpana prevascular ʻO ka ʻāpana ma mua o ka puʻuwai, ma hope o ka iwi umauma. Aia ka thymus gland, nā lymph nodes, a me nā ʻiʻo momona ma ʻaneʻi.
ʻĀpana waena (Visceral) Aia i loko nā mea e like me ka puʻuwai a me kona mau kīʻaha koko nui e pili ana, ka trachea, a me kahi ʻāpana o ka esophagus.
ʻĀpana hope (Paravertebral) ʻO ka ʻāpana ma hope o ka puʻuwai a ma mua o ka iwi kuamoʻo. ʻO kēia kahi o nā aʻalolo a me nā ʻiʻo palupalu.

Ma ke kamaʻilio ʻana e pili ana i ia mea ma nā ʻāpana e like me kēia, he kōkua nui ia i nā kauka ke kuhi i kahi o kahi puʻupuʻu a i ʻole kekahi pilikia ʻē aʻe a me ke ʻano o ia mea.

He aha nā kūlana e hoʻopilikia ai i ka mediastinum?

Nui nā kūlana e hiki ke hoʻopilikia i kēia wahi koʻikoʻi. Hiki i kekahi ke hoʻomaka ma ka mediastinum ponoʻī (e.g. tumors), aʻo kekahi e puka mai ma kahi ʻē aʻe a laha ma ʻaneʻi (e.g. cancer).

  • Nā puʻupuʻu mediastinal: Nā puʻupuʻu e kū mai ana mai nā ʻiʻo ma kēia wahi. He maʻi kanesa paha kēia a ʻaʻole paha.
  • Mediastinitis: Ka maʻi a i ʻole ka pehu ʻana ma kēia wahi.
  • Lymphoma: ʻO ia ke ʻano maʻi kanesa e kū mai ana i loko o nā lymph nodes.
  • Nā maʻi o ka aorta: Nā kūlana weliweli e like me ka pehu ʻana o ka aorta (Thoracic aortic aneurysm) a i ʻole ka haehae ʻana i kona paia (Aortic dissection).
  • Ka maʻi ʻaʻai ʻōpū
  • ʻO ka tamponade cardiac: Hōʻiliʻili ka wai i loko o ka ʻeke e hoʻopuni ana i ka puʻuwai, e hoʻokau ana i ke kaomi ma ka puʻuwai.

He aha ka 'Mediastinum Widened'?

Ua ʻike anei ʻoe i kahi hōʻike X-ray umauma e ʻōlelo ana "widened mediastinum"? ʻAʻole kēia e pili ana i kahi maʻi. He hōʻailona ia a ke kauka e ʻike ai ma kahi X-ray.ʻO ia hoʻi, ʻoi aku ka laulā o ka mediastinum ma mua o ka maʻamau.

Nui nā kumu no kēia. Hiki ke hana ʻia e ka pilikia i ʻōlelo ʻia ma luna me ka aorta, kahi puʻupuʻu, kahi maʻi, a i ʻole kahi ʻeha umauma. Inā ʻike ʻia kekahi mea e like me kēia, e kauoha ke kauka i nā hoʻokolohua hou aʻe, e like me ka CT scan, e ʻike i ke kumu pololei.

Pehea e mālama ai i ke olakino o ka mediastinum?

No ka mea, he wahi ka mediastinum, ʻo ka mālama ʻana i ke olakino ʻo ia hoʻi ka mālama ʻana i nā ʻōkana i loko. He mea nui loa ia e mālama i kou puʻuwai a me nā kīʻaha koko.

  • E pale loa i ka puhipaka. He mea ʻino loa ka puhipaka i ka puʻuwai, nā kīʻaha koko, a me nā māmā.
  • E ʻai i ka meaʻai olakino no ka puʻuwai. E ʻai i ka meaʻai haʻahaʻa i ka ʻaila, ka paʻakai, a me ke kō, a nui i nā huaʻai a me nā mea kanu.
  • E hoʻoikaika kino mau. E kamaʻilio me kāu kauka ma mua o ka hoʻomaka ʻana i kekahi papahana hoʻoikaika kino.
  • E kaupalena i ka inu ʻana i ka waiʻona.
  • E hoʻohana i nā lāʻau lapaʻau i kuhikuhi ʻia iā ʻoe e like me ke kauoha (e.g. no ke koko kiʻekiʻe, ka maʻi diabetes, ka cholesterol).
  • E hana i kahi nānā olakino ma ka liʻiliʻi i hoʻokahi manawa i ka makahiki.

ʻO ka hana ʻana i kēia mau mea hiki ke hōʻemi i ka pilikia o nā kūlana he nui e pili ana i ka mediastinum.

Leka Lawe-Home

  • ʻAʻole he ʻōkana ka mediastinum, akā he wahi koʻikoʻi i loko o kou umauma ma waena o kou mau māmā.
  • Nui nā mea pono no ke ola, e like me kou puʻuwai, nā kīʻaha koko nui, ka trachea, a me ka esophagus, ua pale ʻia i loko o kēia wahi.
  • ʻO ka hana nui o ka mediastinum ka hāʻawi ʻana i kahi home palekana no kēia mau ʻōkana a me kahi alahele no nā mea nui e hele ai.
  • ʻO ka 'mediastinum ākea' kahi hōʻailona i ʻike ʻia ma kahi X-ray, ʻaʻole he maʻi. Pono nā hoʻokolohua hou aʻe e ʻike ai i ke kumu.
  • ʻO ke ala maikaʻi loa e mālama ai i kēia wahi olakino, ʻo ia ke hoʻohana ʻana i kahi nohona olakino no ka puʻuwai. Inā he mau nīnau kāu e pili ana i kēia, e kamaʻilio me kāu kauka.

Mediastinum, umauma, puʻuwai, ʻano kino, anatomia, trachea, aorta, nā ʻōpū mediastinal, mediastinum i hoʻonui ʻia
⚠️ Important: The medical articles and information on Nirogi Lanka are for general awareness only, and are by no means a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. For any medical problem you have, consult a qualified physician immediately.

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He aha ka mediastinum? E aʻo kākou e pili ana i kēia wahi koʻikoʻi i loko o ko kākou umauma.

He aha ka mediastinum? E aʻo kākou e pili ana i kēia wahi koʻikoʻi i loko o ko kākou umauma.

Ke noʻonoʻo ʻoe i kou umauma, he aha ka mea e hiki mai ana i ka noʻonoʻo? ʻO ka hapa nui o ka manawa, ʻo kou puʻuwai a me kou mau māmā, ʻeā? He ʻoiaʻiʻo kēlā. Akā, ua ʻike anei ʻoe ma waena o kou mau māmā, ma waenakonu o kou umauma, aia kahi wahi kūikawā kahi i loaʻa ai kou puʻuwai, a me nā ʻāpana koʻikoʻi ʻē aʻe a me nā kīʻaha koko? I ka lāʻau lapaʻau, ua kapa ʻia kēia wahi ʻo ka mediastinum. Ua like ia me kahi hui nui a koʻikoʻi i loko o ko kākou kino. E kamaʻilio pōkole kākou e pili ana i kēia lā.

He aha maoli ka mediastinum?

I ka ʻōlelo maʻalahi, ʻaʻole he ʻōkana ka mediastinum, he wahi ia. I ka pololei, he ʻāpana ia o kou umauma. E noʻonoʻo i kou umauma he hale me ʻekolu lumi. Aia i loko o kekahi lumi ka māmā hema, a aia i loko o kekahi lumi ka māmā ʻākau. ʻO ka hakahaka ma waena o kēia mau lumi ʻelua, e like me ka lumi hoʻokipa, ʻo ia ka mea a mākou e kapa nei ʻo mediastinum.

Hoʻolōʻihi kēia hakahaka mai luna o ka umauma a i lalo, ʻo ia hoʻi, mai ke kumu o ka ʻāʻī a i ka diaphragm, a mai ka sternum ma mua a i ke kuamoʻo ma hope. No laila, ʻaʻole kēia he hakahaka wale nō, akā, he wahi e pale ai i nā mea he nui e pono ai ko kākou ola.

He aha ka mea i loko o kēia mediastinum?

Nui nā mea ma kēia wahi. E māhele kākou iā lākou i kekahi mau ʻāpana.

Nā ʻōkana koʻikoʻi a me nā ʻano hana

Aia i loko o kēia wahi kekahi mau ʻōkana koʻikoʻi loa i loko o ko kākou kino.

ʻOkana/ʻAno He aha e hana maʻalahi ai
Puʻuwai ʻO kā mākou motika nui e hoʻopuka i ke koko ma ke kino holoʻokoʻa. Aia ia ma waenakonu o ka mediastinum. Ua hoʻopuni ʻia e kahi membrane pale (pericardium).
ʻEsophagus ʻO ka ʻōmole e lawe ana i ka meaʻai a kākou e ʻai ai a inu ai mai ka puʻu a i ka ʻōpū. Hele pū kēia ma o ka mediastinum.
TracheaʻO ka ʻōpū hanu nui e lawe i ka ea a kākou e hanu ai i nā māmā. Aia ia ma ke alo o ka esophagus.
ʻO ke kelepaʻi Thymus (Thymus) He ʻōpū e kōkua ana i ko kākou ʻōnaehana pale. He hana nui ia i ko kākou wā ʻōpiopio. Aia ia ma ka ʻaoʻao luna, mua o ka mediastinum.

Nā Moku Nui

ʻO nā kīʻaha koko nui loa e pili ana i ka puʻuwai, ʻo ia hoʻi, nā mea e lawe mai i ke koko a lawe aku i ke koko mai ka puʻuwai aku, aia nō hoʻi i loko o kēia mediastinum.

  • ʻAorta: ʻO ke kīʻaha koko nui loa o ke kino. Lawe ia i ke koko maʻemaʻe (ʻoxygenated) mai ka puʻuwai a i ke kino holoʻokoʻa.
  • ʻO Superior Vena Cava: Lawe mai i ke koko haumia mai ka ʻaoʻao o luna o ke kino ( poʻo , ʻāʻī, lima) i ka puʻuwai.
  • ʻO ke kumu o ka puʻuwai: Lawe i ke koko mai ka puʻuwai i nā māmā e loaʻa ai ka oxygen.

Eia kekahi, he nui nā kīʻaha koko koʻikoʻi ʻē aʻe ma kēia wahi.

Nā mea hou aku

Ma waho aʻe o kēia mau mea nui,

  • Nā kikowaena lymph
  • Nā aʻalolo
  • Ua piha pū kēia wahi i nā mea e like me ka ʻiʻo momona a me nā ʻiʻo pili.

No laila he aha ka hana o ka mediastinum?

He nui nā hana nui o kēia.

1. He hale palekana: I ka ʻōlelo maʻalahi, ua like kēia me kahi hale palekana no ka puʻuwai, nā kīʻaha koko nui, a me nā alaea. Kōkua ia i ka mālama ʻana i kēia mau ʻōkana a me ke ʻano.

2. Hāʻawi i ka palekana: ʻO ka ʻiʻo momona a me nā ʻiʻo hoʻopili ma kēia wahi e hāʻawi i ka uluna maikaʻi a me ka pale no nā ʻōpū o loko. Eia kekahi, ʻo ka iwi umauma (sternum) ma mua e pale i kēia mau ʻōpū koʻikoʻi mai nā hahau o waho.

3. ʻO ke kikowaena hoʻololi: He hui nui kēia, e like me Colombo Fort. ʻO nā mea a pau e neʻe ana mai kekahi wahi i loko o ko kākou kino a i kekahi wahi e hele ana ma kēia wahi. No ka laʻana, hele ka meaʻai a me ka mea inu mai ka puʻu a i ka ʻōpū ma ke ala esophagus, kahi e hele ana ma o ka mediastinum. Pēlā nō, hele nā ​​aʻalolo a me nā kīʻaha koko mai ka ʻāʻī a i ka umauma, a mai ka umauma a i ka ʻōpū, ma o kēia wahi.

Ke māhele nei nā kauka i kēia mediastinum i nā ʻāpana?

ʻAe. No ke kuhikuhi ʻana i kahi kikoʻī o kahi pilikia, hoʻokaʻawale nā ​​kauka i kēia wahi i kapa ʻia ʻo mediastinum i nā ʻāpana liʻiliʻi. ʻO ke ʻano hana hou loa i hoʻohana ʻia i kēia manawa, ʻo ia ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana o nā ʻāpana ʻekolu e pili ana i nā hoʻokolohua ʻekolu-dimensional (3D) e like me nā scan CT.

ʻĀpana Kahi a me nā ʻike
ʻĀpana prevascular ʻO ka ʻāpana ma mua o ka puʻuwai, ma hope o ka iwi umauma. Aia ka thymus gland, nā lymph nodes, a me nā ʻiʻo momona ma ʻaneʻi.
ʻĀpana waena (Visceral) Aia i loko nā mea e like me ka puʻuwai a me kona mau kīʻaha koko nui e pili ana, ka trachea, a me kahi ʻāpana o ka esophagus.
ʻĀpana hope (Paravertebral) ʻO ka ʻāpana ma hope o ka puʻuwai a ma mua o ka iwi kuamoʻo. ʻO kēia kahi o nā aʻalolo a me nā ʻiʻo palupalu.

Ma ke kamaʻilio ʻana e pili ana i ia mea ma nā ʻāpana e like me kēia, he kōkua nui ia i nā kauka ke kuhi i kahi o kahi puʻupuʻu a i ʻole kekahi pilikia ʻē aʻe a me ke ʻano o ia mea.

He aha nā kūlana e hoʻopilikia ai i ka mediastinum?

Nui nā kūlana e hiki ke hoʻopilikia i kēia wahi koʻikoʻi. Hiki i kekahi ke hoʻomaka ma ka mediastinum ponoʻī (e.g. tumors), aʻo kekahi e puka mai ma kahi ʻē aʻe a laha ma ʻaneʻi (e.g. cancer).

  • Nā puʻupuʻu mediastinal: Nā puʻupuʻu e kū mai ana mai nā ʻiʻo ma kēia wahi. He maʻi kanesa paha kēia a ʻaʻole paha.
  • Mediastinitis: Ka maʻi a i ʻole ka pehu ʻana ma kēia wahi.
  • Lymphoma: ʻO ia ke ʻano maʻi kanesa e kū mai ana i loko o nā lymph nodes.
  • Nā maʻi o ka aorta: Nā kūlana weliweli e like me ka pehu ʻana o ka aorta (Thoracic aortic aneurysm) a i ʻole ka haehae ʻana i kona paia (Aortic dissection).
  • Ka maʻi ʻaʻai ʻōpū
  • ʻO ka tamponade cardiac: Hōʻiliʻili ka wai i loko o ka ʻeke e hoʻopuni ana i ka puʻuwai, e hoʻokau ana i ke kaomi ma ka puʻuwai.

He aha ka 'Mediastinum Widened'?

Ua ʻike anei ʻoe i kahi hōʻike X-ray umauma e ʻōlelo ana "widened mediastinum"? ʻAʻole kēia e pili ana i kahi maʻi. He hōʻailona ia a ke kauka e ʻike ai ma kahi X-ray.ʻO ia hoʻi, ʻoi aku ka laulā o ka mediastinum ma mua o ka maʻamau.

Nui nā kumu no kēia. Hiki ke hana ʻia e ka pilikia i ʻōlelo ʻia ma luna me ka aorta, kahi puʻupuʻu, kahi maʻi, a i ʻole kahi ʻeha umauma. Inā ʻike ʻia kekahi mea e like me kēia, e kauoha ke kauka i nā hoʻokolohua hou aʻe, e like me ka CT scan, e ʻike i ke kumu pololei.

Pehea e mālama ai i ke olakino o ka mediastinum?

No ka mea, he wahi ka mediastinum, ʻo ka mālama ʻana i ke olakino ʻo ia hoʻi ka mālama ʻana i nā ʻōkana i loko. He mea nui loa ia e mālama i kou puʻuwai a me nā kīʻaha koko.

  • E pale loa i ka puhipaka. He mea ʻino loa ka puhipaka i ka puʻuwai, nā kīʻaha koko, a me nā māmā.
  • E ʻai i ka meaʻai olakino no ka puʻuwai. E ʻai i ka meaʻai haʻahaʻa i ka ʻaila, ka paʻakai, a me ke kō, a nui i nā huaʻai a me nā mea kanu.
  • E hoʻoikaika kino mau. E kamaʻilio me kāu kauka ma mua o ka hoʻomaka ʻana i kekahi papahana hoʻoikaika kino.
  • E kaupalena i ka inu ʻana i ka waiʻona.
  • E hoʻohana i nā lāʻau lapaʻau i kuhikuhi ʻia iā ʻoe e like me ke kauoha (e.g. no ke koko kiʻekiʻe, ka maʻi diabetes, ka cholesterol).
  • E hana i kahi nānā olakino ma ka liʻiliʻi i hoʻokahi manawa i ka makahiki.

ʻO ka hana ʻana i kēia mau mea hiki ke hōʻemi i ka pilikia o nā kūlana he nui e pili ana i ka mediastinum.

Leka Lawe-Home

  • ʻAʻole he ʻōkana ka mediastinum, akā he wahi koʻikoʻi i loko o kou umauma ma waena o kou mau māmā.
  • Nui nā mea pono no ke ola, e like me kou puʻuwai, nā kīʻaha koko nui, ka trachea, a me ka esophagus, ua pale ʻia i loko o kēia wahi.
  • ʻO ka hana nui o ka mediastinum ka hāʻawi ʻana i kahi home palekana no kēia mau ʻōkana a me kahi alahele no nā mea nui e hele ai.
  • ʻO ka 'mediastinum ākea' kahi hōʻailona i ʻike ʻia ma kahi X-ray, ʻaʻole he maʻi. Pono nā hoʻokolohua hou aʻe e ʻike ai i ke kumu.
  • ʻO ke ala maikaʻi loa e mālama ai i kēia wahi olakino, ʻo ia ke hoʻohana ʻana i kahi nohona olakino no ka puʻuwai. Inā he mau nīnau kāu e pili ana i kēia, e kamaʻilio me kāu kauka.

Mediastinum, umauma, puʻuwai, ʻano kino, anatomia, trachea, aorta, nā ʻōpū mediastinal, mediastinum i hoʻonui ʻia
⚠️ Important: The medical articles and information on Nirogi Lanka are for general awareness only, and are by no means a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. For any medical problem you have, consult a qualified physician immediately.

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