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Yam koj yuav tsum paub txog 'Glucose Saline' (Dextrose) uas muab rau hauv tsev kho mob

Yam koj yuav tsum paub txog 'Glucose Saline' (Dextrose) uas muab rau hauv tsev kho mob

Koj puas tau saib ib tug neeg pw saum txaj pw hauv tsev kho mob thiab pom ib lub raj mis saline txuas rau ntawm lawv txhais tes? Peb feem ntau hu lawv txhua tus ua 'muab saline.' Tab sis muaj ntau yam ntxiv rau cov raj mis ntawd tsis yog li ntawd xwb. Niaj hnub no peb tab tom tham txog Dextrose lossis cov kua glucose, ib yam kua cawm txoj sia uas feem ntau siv hauv tsev kho mob.

Hauv lus yooj yim, Dextrose yog dab tsi?

Dextrose yog ib yam yooj yim heev. Qhov no yog lwm yam kev siv kho mob ntawm cov glucose uas peb tham txog txhua hnub. Yog hais kom meej, qhov no yog ib qho qab zib yooj yim ua los ntawm cov nroj tsuag, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog pob kws. Cov hlwb hauv peb lub cev xav tau lub zog los ua haujlwm. Ib yam li roj av rau lub tsheb. Lub zog ntawd yog roj tseem ceeb uas peb lub cev siv los tsim. Yog li Dextrose yog ib qho chaw muaj zog glucose ntshiab uas tuaj yeem xa ncaj qha mus rau cov ntshav.

Cov tshuaj no siv rau hauv cov xwm txheej twg?

Cov tshuaj Dextrose siv hauv tsev kho mob rau peb lub hom phiaj tseem ceeb.

1. Ua ib qho kev txhawb nqa kev noj haus

Xav txog tias ib tug neeg nyob rau hauv qhov xwm txheej uas lawv tsis tuaj yeem noj lossis haus lossis nqus cov as-ham los ntawm lawv txoj hnyuv tom qab phais loj, vim muaj kev kis kab mob hnyav, lossis vim muaj lwm yam mob. Hauv qhov xwm txheej zoo li no, nws tsis yooj yim sua kom yoo mov tau ntau hnub. Lub cev poob zog. Hauv cov xwm txheej zoo li no, cov khoom noj khoom haus tsim nyog tau muab ncaj qha rau lub cev los ntawm cov leeg ntshav. Peb hu qhov no "Kev Noj Qab Haus Huv Parenteral Tag Nrho - TPN" . Ntawm no, Dextrose yog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm lub zog hauv cov khoom noj khoom haus sib xyaw no. Ntawd yog, lub zog tau los ntawm cov khoom noj tau muab ncaj qha rau cov ntshav.

2. Thaum cov ntshav qab zib qis (Cov ntshav qab zib qis)

Qhov no yog qhov siv Dextrose ntau tshaj plaws thiab ceev tshaj plaws. Peb hu ua hypoglycemia thaum cov ntshav qab zib poob qis heev. Qhov no tuaj yeem tshwm sim thaum tus neeg mob ntshav qab zib noj insulin ntau dhau, tsis noj mov, lossis muaj lwm yam mob.

Nov tus neeg mob,

  • kiv taub hau
  • Kev tshee hnyo
  • Tawm hws ntau dhau
  • Kev tsis meej pem
  • Tej yam zoo li poob kev nco qab tuaj yeem tshwm sim tom qab .

Thaum muaj xwm txheej ceev zoo li no, yog tias nws nyuaj rau muab qab zib rau tus neeg mob los ntawm qhov ncauj, txoj hauv kev zoo tshaj plaws los kho qhov qab zib sai sai yog txhaj tshuaj Dextrose rau hauv cov hlab ntsha. Qhov no muab lub hlwb thiab lub cev nrog lub zog uas lawv xav tau tam sim ntawd.

3. Thaum cov potassium hauv cov ntshav nce siab (Cov Potassium Siab)

Qhov no nyuaj me ntsis. Peb cov ntshav muaj cov mineral hu ua potassium. Nws yog qhov tseem ceeb rau kev ua haujlwm ntawm lub plawv, cov hlab ntsha, thiab cov leeg. Txawm li cas los xij, yog tias cov potassium hauv cov ntshav siab dhau heev, txawm tias yog vim muaj teeb meem raum lossis lwm yam, nws tuaj yeem ua rau lub plawv tsis ua haujlwm.

Thaum muaj li no, cov kws kho mob muab cov tshuaj Dextrose nrog rau insulin. Tom qab ntawd, nrog kev pab los ntawm insulin, cov potassium ntau dhau hauv cov ntshav mus rau hauv lub cev cov hlwb. Uas yog, potassium raug tshem tawm ntawm cov ntshav, sai sai txo qhov kev pheej hmoo rau lub plawv.

Tej yam yuav tsum qhia rau koj tus kws kho mob ua ntej muab cov tshuaj no

Txawm hais tias qhov no yog tshuaj uas muab rau hauv tsev kho mob los xij, nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb uas koj pab neeg kho mob paub txog koj keeb kwm kev noj qab haus huv. Yog li ntawd, nco ntsoov qhia rau lawv yog tias koj muaj ib qho ntawm cov mob hauv qab no:

Kev noj qab haus huv lossis kev coj cwj pwm Vim li cas kev ceeb toom thiaj tseem ceeb?
Kab mob ntshav qab zib Vim tias dextrose yog qab zib, cov ntshav qab zib yuav tsum tau saib xyuas kom zoo thaum muab rau cov neeg mob ntshav qab zib.
Kab mob raum Thaum lub raum tsis ua haujlwm zoo, qhov sib npaug ntawm cov kua dej thiab cov ntsev hauv lub cev tuaj yeem hloov pauv.
Kev ntshav hauv lub hlwb lossis tus txha caj qaum Muaj tej lub sij hawm, kev hloov pauv ntawm cov ntshav qab zib tuaj yeem cuam tshuam rau cov mob no.
Kev quav dej cawv Kev haus dej cawv cuam tshuam rau lub cev cov vitamins thiab cov as-ham, yog li yuav tsum tau ceev faj thaum kho mob.
Kev ua xua rau dextrose, pob kws, lossis lwm yam Vim tias dextrose yog ua los ntawm pob kws, nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb uas yuav tsum qhia rau tus kws kho mob yog tias koj muaj kev ua xua rau pob kws.
Yog tias koj cev xeeb tub los yog tab tom yuav muaj menyuam Ib yam li lwm yam tshuaj, nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb uas yuav tsum qhia rau tus kws kho mob hauv cov rooj plaub no.
Yog tias leej niam pub mis rau nws tus menyuam Vim tias cov tshuaj uas leej niam noj tuaj yeem hla mus rau tus menyuam los ntawm mis niam, qhia rau tus kws kho mob txog qhov no thiab.

Nco ntsoov, qhov no yog cov kua dej uas tus kws kho mob lossis cov neeg saib mob tau muab rau hauv tsev kho mob. Qhov no tsis yog tshuaj uas koj tuaj yeem nqa mus tsev lossis siv rau koj tus kheej.

Cov tshuaj no puas muab tau rau menyuam yaus?

Yog, cov tshuaj no muab tau rau cov menyuam yaus nyob rau hauv kev saib xyuas ntawm tus kws kho mob menyuam yaus thaum tsim nyog. Txawm li cas los xij, muaj qee yam uas yuav tsum tau ceev faj txog. Tej yam xws li qhov ntau npaum li cas thiab qhov ceev ntawm kev siv yuav tsum tau xam kom zoo raws li qhov hnyav thiab mob ntawm tus menyuam.

Yog koj noj tshuaj ntau dhau yuav ua li cas?

Vim tias kev kho mob no yog ua nyob rau hauv kev saib xyuas ntawm kws kho mob hauv tsev kho mob, qhov kev pheej hmoo ntawm kev noj tshuaj ntau dhau yog tsawg heev. Pab pawg kho mob yuav saib xyuas koj tus mob tas li. Yog tias koj xav tias muaj qee yam tshwm sim, qhia rau tus kws kho mob lossis tus kws saib xyuas tam sim ntawd. Thaum muaj xwm txheej ceev, lawv yuav ua cov kauj ruam tsim nyog. Yog tias muaj kev xav tias muaj kev lom, lawv yuav tiv tauj Lub Chaw Qhia Txog Tshuaj Lom Hauv Tebchaws ntawm Tsev Kho Mob Colombo National kom tau txais lus qhia, lossis xa koj mus rau Chav Kho Mob Thaum Muaj Xwm Ceev (ETU) ntawm tsev kho mob.

Cov tshuaj no tej zaum yuav muaj tej yam tshwm sim tsis zoo li cas?

Ib yam li lwm yam tshuaj, Dextrose tuaj yeem ua rau muaj qee qhov kev mob tshwm sim. Txawm li cas los xij, feem ntau, cov no yog me me xwb.

Hom kev phiv tshuaj Cov tsos mob
Tej yam uas yuav tsum qhia rau koj tus kws kho mob lossis tus nais tam sim ntawd
Kev Ua XuaTawv nqaij ua pob khaus, khaus, o ntawm daim di ncauj, tus nplaig lossis lub ntsej muag.
Cov tsos mob ntawm cov ntshav qab zib siab (Hyperglycemia) Qhov ncauj qhuav, nqhis dej ntau dhau, tso zis ntau zaus, xeev siab, mob plab, ua pa tsw qab txiv hmab txiv ntoo.
Lwm yam Kev tsis meej pem.
Tej yam uas feem ntau tsis loj heev, tab sis yuav tsum tau tshaj tawm yog tias lawv tseem muaj
Kev raug mob me me Qhov ncauj qhuav, mob los yog o qhov chaw uas tau muab cov tshuaj saline rau.

Puas muaj teeb meem nrog lwm cov tshuaj?

Feem ntau cov tshuaj Dextrose tsis ua rau muaj teeb meem loj nrog lwm cov tshuaj. Txawm li cas los xij, nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb heev uas yuav tsum qhia rau koj tus kws kho mob txog txhua yam tshuaj uas koj noj (tshuaj rau lwm yam mob, cov vitamins, cov tshuaj ntsuab, thiab cov tshuaj ntxiv). Tsis tas li ntawd, qhia rau koj tus kws kho mob yog tias koj haus luam yeeb lossis haus cawv. Qee yam tuaj yeem cuam tshuam rau kev kho mob uas koj tau txais.

Cov Lus Qhia Txog Kev Coj Mus Tsev

  • Dextrose yog ib yam kua glucose (qabzib) uas muab los ntawm cov leeg ntshav hauv tsev kho mob. Nws muab zog rau lub cev.
  • Nws feem ntau yog siv los muab kev noj haus, thaum cov ntshav qab zib qis, thiab thaum cov potassium hauv cov ntshav siab.
  • Cov tshuaj no tsuas yog muab rau hauv tsev kho mob xwb, nyob rau hauv kev saib xyuas ntawm kws kho mob. Nws tsis tuaj yeem coj mus tsev.
  • Yog koj muaj tej yam mob xws li ntshav qab zib, mob raum, lossis ua xua, qhia rau koj tus kws kho mob ua ntej kho.
  • Yog tias koj muaj cov tsos mob txawv txawv (mob tawv nqaij, ua pa nyuaj, nqhis dej ntau dhau) thaum lub sijhawm kho mob, qhia rau pab pawg kho mob tam sim ntawd.

dextrose, glucose, glucose, saline, ntshav qab zib tsawg, hypoglycemia, kev kho mob hauv tsev kho mob, hyperkalemia, intravenously, TPN

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)

Cov tshuaj no puas muab tau rau menyuam yaus?

Yog, cov tshuaj no muab tau rau cov menyuam yaus nyob rau hauv kev saib xyuas ntawm tus kws kho mob menyuam yaus thaum tsim nyog. Txawm li cas los xij, muaj qee yam uas yuav tsum tau ceev faj txog. Tej yam xws li qhov ntau npaum li cas thiab qhov ceev ntawm kev siv yuav tsum tau xam kom zoo raws li qhov hnyav thiab mob ntawm tus menyuam.

⚠️ Important: The medical articles and information on Nirogi Lanka are for general awareness only, and are by no means a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. For any medical problem you have, consult a qualified physician immediately.

💬 Comments (0)

Tsis muaj lus teb tau muab tso tawm. Ntxiv koj cov lus tawm ntawm no thawj zaug.

Ntxiv koj cov lus

Thov xam: 7 + 7 =
Yam koj yuav tsum paub txog 'Glucose Saline' (Dextrose) uas muab rau hauv tsev kho mob

Yam koj yuav tsum paub txog 'Glucose Saline' (Dextrose) uas muab rau hauv tsev kho mob

Koj puas tau saib ib tug neeg pw saum txaj pw hauv tsev kho mob thiab pom ib lub raj mis saline txuas rau ntawm lawv txhais tes? Peb feem ntau hu lawv txhua tus ua 'muab saline.' Tab sis muaj ntau yam ntxiv rau cov raj mis ntawd tsis yog li ntawd xwb. Niaj hnub no peb tab tom tham txog Dextrose lossis cov kua glucose, ib yam kua cawm txoj sia uas feem ntau siv hauv tsev kho mob.

Hauv lus yooj yim, Dextrose yog dab tsi?

Dextrose yog ib yam yooj yim heev. Qhov no yog lwm yam kev siv kho mob ntawm cov glucose uas peb tham txog txhua hnub. Yog hais kom meej, qhov no yog ib qho qab zib yooj yim ua los ntawm cov nroj tsuag, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog pob kws. Cov hlwb hauv peb lub cev xav tau lub zog los ua haujlwm. Ib yam li roj av rau lub tsheb. Lub zog ntawd yog roj tseem ceeb uas peb lub cev siv los tsim. Yog li Dextrose yog ib qho chaw muaj zog glucose ntshiab uas tuaj yeem xa ncaj qha mus rau cov ntshav.

Cov tshuaj no siv rau hauv cov xwm txheej twg?

Cov tshuaj Dextrose siv hauv tsev kho mob rau peb lub hom phiaj tseem ceeb.

1. Ua ib qho kev txhawb nqa kev noj haus

Xav txog tias ib tug neeg nyob rau hauv qhov xwm txheej uas lawv tsis tuaj yeem noj lossis haus lossis nqus cov as-ham los ntawm lawv txoj hnyuv tom qab phais loj, vim muaj kev kis kab mob hnyav, lossis vim muaj lwm yam mob. Hauv qhov xwm txheej zoo li no, nws tsis yooj yim sua kom yoo mov tau ntau hnub. Lub cev poob zog. Hauv cov xwm txheej zoo li no, cov khoom noj khoom haus tsim nyog tau muab ncaj qha rau lub cev los ntawm cov leeg ntshav. Peb hu qhov no "Kev Noj Qab Haus Huv Parenteral Tag Nrho - TPN" . Ntawm no, Dextrose yog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm lub zog hauv cov khoom noj khoom haus sib xyaw no. Ntawd yog, lub zog tau los ntawm cov khoom noj tau muab ncaj qha rau cov ntshav.

2. Thaum cov ntshav qab zib qis (Cov ntshav qab zib qis)

Qhov no yog qhov siv Dextrose ntau tshaj plaws thiab ceev tshaj plaws. Peb hu ua hypoglycemia thaum cov ntshav qab zib poob qis heev. Qhov no tuaj yeem tshwm sim thaum tus neeg mob ntshav qab zib noj insulin ntau dhau, tsis noj mov, lossis muaj lwm yam mob.

Nov tus neeg mob,

  • kiv taub hau
  • Kev tshee hnyo
  • Tawm hws ntau dhau
  • Kev tsis meej pem
  • Tej yam zoo li poob kev nco qab tuaj yeem tshwm sim tom qab .

Thaum muaj xwm txheej ceev zoo li no, yog tias nws nyuaj rau muab qab zib rau tus neeg mob los ntawm qhov ncauj, txoj hauv kev zoo tshaj plaws los kho qhov qab zib sai sai yog txhaj tshuaj Dextrose rau hauv cov hlab ntsha. Qhov no muab lub hlwb thiab lub cev nrog lub zog uas lawv xav tau tam sim ntawd.

3. Thaum cov potassium hauv cov ntshav nce siab (Cov Potassium Siab)

Qhov no nyuaj me ntsis. Peb cov ntshav muaj cov mineral hu ua potassium. Nws yog qhov tseem ceeb rau kev ua haujlwm ntawm lub plawv, cov hlab ntsha, thiab cov leeg. Txawm li cas los xij, yog tias cov potassium hauv cov ntshav siab dhau heev, txawm tias yog vim muaj teeb meem raum lossis lwm yam, nws tuaj yeem ua rau lub plawv tsis ua haujlwm.

Thaum muaj li no, cov kws kho mob muab cov tshuaj Dextrose nrog rau insulin. Tom qab ntawd, nrog kev pab los ntawm insulin, cov potassium ntau dhau hauv cov ntshav mus rau hauv lub cev cov hlwb. Uas yog, potassium raug tshem tawm ntawm cov ntshav, sai sai txo qhov kev pheej hmoo rau lub plawv.

Tej yam yuav tsum qhia rau koj tus kws kho mob ua ntej muab cov tshuaj no

Txawm hais tias qhov no yog tshuaj uas muab rau hauv tsev kho mob los xij, nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb uas koj pab neeg kho mob paub txog koj keeb kwm kev noj qab haus huv. Yog li ntawd, nco ntsoov qhia rau lawv yog tias koj muaj ib qho ntawm cov mob hauv qab no:

Kev noj qab haus huv lossis kev coj cwj pwm Vim li cas kev ceeb toom thiaj tseem ceeb?
Kab mob ntshav qab zib Vim tias dextrose yog qab zib, cov ntshav qab zib yuav tsum tau saib xyuas kom zoo thaum muab rau cov neeg mob ntshav qab zib.
Kab mob raum Thaum lub raum tsis ua haujlwm zoo, qhov sib npaug ntawm cov kua dej thiab cov ntsev hauv lub cev tuaj yeem hloov pauv.
Kev ntshav hauv lub hlwb lossis tus txha caj qaum Muaj tej lub sij hawm, kev hloov pauv ntawm cov ntshav qab zib tuaj yeem cuam tshuam rau cov mob no.
Kev quav dej cawv Kev haus dej cawv cuam tshuam rau lub cev cov vitamins thiab cov as-ham, yog li yuav tsum tau ceev faj thaum kho mob.
Kev ua xua rau dextrose, pob kws, lossis lwm yam Vim tias dextrose yog ua los ntawm pob kws, nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb uas yuav tsum qhia rau tus kws kho mob yog tias koj muaj kev ua xua rau pob kws.
Yog tias koj cev xeeb tub los yog tab tom yuav muaj menyuam Ib yam li lwm yam tshuaj, nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb uas yuav tsum qhia rau tus kws kho mob hauv cov rooj plaub no.
Yog tias leej niam pub mis rau nws tus menyuam Vim tias cov tshuaj uas leej niam noj tuaj yeem hla mus rau tus menyuam los ntawm mis niam, qhia rau tus kws kho mob txog qhov no thiab.

Nco ntsoov, qhov no yog cov kua dej uas tus kws kho mob lossis cov neeg saib mob tau muab rau hauv tsev kho mob. Qhov no tsis yog tshuaj uas koj tuaj yeem nqa mus tsev lossis siv rau koj tus kheej.

Cov tshuaj no puas muab tau rau menyuam yaus?

Yog, cov tshuaj no muab tau rau cov menyuam yaus nyob rau hauv kev saib xyuas ntawm tus kws kho mob menyuam yaus thaum tsim nyog. Txawm li cas los xij, muaj qee yam uas yuav tsum tau ceev faj txog. Tej yam xws li qhov ntau npaum li cas thiab qhov ceev ntawm kev siv yuav tsum tau xam kom zoo raws li qhov hnyav thiab mob ntawm tus menyuam.

Yog koj noj tshuaj ntau dhau yuav ua li cas?

Vim tias kev kho mob no yog ua nyob rau hauv kev saib xyuas ntawm kws kho mob hauv tsev kho mob, qhov kev pheej hmoo ntawm kev noj tshuaj ntau dhau yog tsawg heev. Pab pawg kho mob yuav saib xyuas koj tus mob tas li. Yog tias koj xav tias muaj qee yam tshwm sim, qhia rau tus kws kho mob lossis tus kws saib xyuas tam sim ntawd. Thaum muaj xwm txheej ceev, lawv yuav ua cov kauj ruam tsim nyog. Yog tias muaj kev xav tias muaj kev lom, lawv yuav tiv tauj Lub Chaw Qhia Txog Tshuaj Lom Hauv Tebchaws ntawm Tsev Kho Mob Colombo National kom tau txais lus qhia, lossis xa koj mus rau Chav Kho Mob Thaum Muaj Xwm Ceev (ETU) ntawm tsev kho mob.

Cov tshuaj no tej zaum yuav muaj tej yam tshwm sim tsis zoo li cas?

Ib yam li lwm yam tshuaj, Dextrose tuaj yeem ua rau muaj qee qhov kev mob tshwm sim. Txawm li cas los xij, feem ntau, cov no yog me me xwb.

Hom kev phiv tshuaj Cov tsos mob
Tej yam uas yuav tsum qhia rau koj tus kws kho mob lossis tus nais tam sim ntawd
Kev Ua XuaTawv nqaij ua pob khaus, khaus, o ntawm daim di ncauj, tus nplaig lossis lub ntsej muag.
Cov tsos mob ntawm cov ntshav qab zib siab (Hyperglycemia) Qhov ncauj qhuav, nqhis dej ntau dhau, tso zis ntau zaus, xeev siab, mob plab, ua pa tsw qab txiv hmab txiv ntoo.
Lwm yam Kev tsis meej pem.
Tej yam uas feem ntau tsis loj heev, tab sis yuav tsum tau tshaj tawm yog tias lawv tseem muaj
Kev raug mob me me Qhov ncauj qhuav, mob los yog o qhov chaw uas tau muab cov tshuaj saline rau.

Puas muaj teeb meem nrog lwm cov tshuaj?

Feem ntau cov tshuaj Dextrose tsis ua rau muaj teeb meem loj nrog lwm cov tshuaj. Txawm li cas los xij, nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb heev uas yuav tsum qhia rau koj tus kws kho mob txog txhua yam tshuaj uas koj noj (tshuaj rau lwm yam mob, cov vitamins, cov tshuaj ntsuab, thiab cov tshuaj ntxiv). Tsis tas li ntawd, qhia rau koj tus kws kho mob yog tias koj haus luam yeeb lossis haus cawv. Qee yam tuaj yeem cuam tshuam rau kev kho mob uas koj tau txais.

Cov Lus Qhia Txog Kev Coj Mus Tsev

  • Dextrose yog ib yam kua glucose (qabzib) uas muab los ntawm cov leeg ntshav hauv tsev kho mob. Nws muab zog rau lub cev.
  • Nws feem ntau yog siv los muab kev noj haus, thaum cov ntshav qab zib qis, thiab thaum cov potassium hauv cov ntshav siab.
  • Cov tshuaj no tsuas yog muab rau hauv tsev kho mob xwb, nyob rau hauv kev saib xyuas ntawm kws kho mob. Nws tsis tuaj yeem coj mus tsev.
  • Yog koj muaj tej yam mob xws li ntshav qab zib, mob raum, lossis ua xua, qhia rau koj tus kws kho mob ua ntej kho.
  • Yog tias koj muaj cov tsos mob txawv txawv (mob tawv nqaij, ua pa nyuaj, nqhis dej ntau dhau) thaum lub sijhawm kho mob, qhia rau pab pawg kho mob tam sim ntawd.

dextrose, glucose, glucose, saline, ntshav qab zib tsawg, hypoglycemia, kev kho mob hauv tsev kho mob, hyperkalemia, intravenously, TPN

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)

Cov tshuaj no puas muab tau rau menyuam yaus?

Yog, cov tshuaj no muab tau rau cov menyuam yaus nyob rau hauv kev saib xyuas ntawm tus kws kho mob menyuam yaus thaum tsim nyog. Txawm li cas los xij, muaj qee yam uas yuav tsum tau ceev faj txog. Tej yam xws li qhov ntau npaum li cas thiab qhov ceev ntawm kev siv yuav tsum tau xam kom zoo raws li qhov hnyav thiab mob ntawm tus menyuam.

⚠️ Important: The medical articles and information on Nirogi Lanka are for general awareness only, and are by no means a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. For any medical problem you have, consult a qualified physician immediately.

💬 Comments (0)

Tsis muaj lus teb tau muab tso tawm. Ntxiv koj cov lus tawm ntawm no thawj zaug.

Ntxiv koj cov lus

Thov xam: 7 + 7 =