Niaj hnub no peb yuav tham txog cov neeg tiv thaiv me me hauv peb lub cev: Polyclonal Antibodies!

Koj puas tau hnov ​​​​​​cov lus 'Polyclonal Antibodies'? Tej zaum koj hnov ​​​​​​ib tug kws kho mob hais li ntawd, lossis koj nyeem nws hauv phau ntawv lossis ntawv xov xwm qhov twg. Txawm hais tias qhov no yuav zoo li yog ib lo lus tshawb fawb thiab nyuaj rau nkag siab, nws yog ib yam dab tsi tseem ceeb heev rau peb lub cev kev noj qab haus huv thiab los tiv thaiv peb ntawm cov kab mob. Yog li hnub no peb yuav tham txog cov polyclonal antibodies no yog dab tsi, lawv ua haujlwm li cas hauv peb lub cev, lawv muaj txiaj ntsig li cas rau peb, thiab lawv cov txiaj ntsig thiab qhov tsis zoo yog dab tsi, yooj yim, zoo li peb tab tom qhia rau ib tug phooj ywg zoo lossis tsev neeg. Npaj txhij?

Hauv lwm lo lus, cov tshuaj polyclonal antibodies no yog dab tsi?

Zoo, ua ntej cia peb nkag siab meej tias cov Polyclonal Antibodies no yog dab tsi. Koj puas nco qab, thaum peb lub cev mob, uas yog, thaum ib yam dab tsi zoo li kab mob nkag mus, peb muaj cov khoom tshwj xeeb hauv peb lub cev uas tawm tsam nws. Qhov ntawd yog qhov peb hu ua cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob. Cov no zoo li cov tub rog me me, lossis cov tub rog, hauv peb lub cev. Cov protein no hu ua cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob yog tsim los ntawm peb lub cev tshwj xeeb los tawm tsam cov kab mob thiab cov kab mob thiab tiv thaiv peb.

Tam sim no cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob no los ntawm ib hom cell tshwj xeeb hu ua '(Plasma B cells)'. Lo lus "polyclonal" txhais tau tias "los ntawm ntau hom sib txawv" (poly = ntau, clonal = lineages/types). Ntawd yog, cov tshuaj tiv thaiv polyclonal no tsis yog tib hom, lawv tsis yog los ntawm tib pwm. Lawv yog cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob uas los ntawm ntau hom plasma B cell lineages ('lineages'), thiab uas txawv me ntsis ntawm ib leeg. Xav txog nws zoo li ib pawg tub rog los ntawm ntau pawg tub rog ntawm tib pab tub rog.

Tom qab ntawd txhua tus ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob no, lossis cov tub rog sib txawv, lees paub cov feem sib txawv ntawm tib lub antigen. Tam sim no koj nug, "Antigen yog dab tsi?" Xav txog nws zoo li ib daim 'daim ntawv lo' lossis 'tus chij' me me ntawm cov kab mob, paj ntoos, lossis lwm yam protein tsis paub uas nkag mus rau hauv peb lub cev. Los ntawm kev saib daim ntawv lo no, peb lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob, peb lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob, lees paub seb nws yog peb tus kheej ('tus kheej') lossis tus yeeb ncuab txawv teb chaws ('tsis yog tus kheej'). Nws zoo li cov khaub ncaws ntawm tus yeeb ncuab, lossis tus chij ntawm cov tub rog yeeb ncuab.

Yog li, cov tshuaj tiv thaiv polyclonal no yog cov tub rog sib txawv (cov tshuaj tiv thaiv) uas tuaj yeem paub txog cov cim sib txawv, cov duab sib txawv (peb hu ua cov 'epitopes ') ntawm cov khaub ncaws sib xws lossis chij ntawm tib tus yeeb ncuab (antigen). Koj puas nkag siab? Nws zoo li ib pab tub rog txawj ntse uas tuaj yeem tawm tsam tib tus yeeb ncuab los ntawm ntau qhov kev taw qhia.

Thaum tib neeg thiab lwm yam tsiaj txhu muaj mob, uas yog, thaum lawv kis tau tus kab mob, cov tshuaj polyclonal antibodies no tau tsim tawm hauv lawv lub cev. Txawm li cas los xij, cov tshuaj polyclonal antibodies siv rau hauv kev tshawb fawb kho mob thiab qee qhov kev kho mob feem ntau tau txais los ntawm cov tsiaj txhu xws li luav, yaj, thiab tshis. Qee zaum, lawv kuj tau txais los ntawm cov ntshav ntawm cov neeg uas tau zoo los ntawm qee yam kab mob.

Cov tshuaj polyclonal antibodies no ua haujlwm li cas?

Tam sim no cia peb saib seb cov polyclonal antibodies no ua haujlwm li cas hauv peb lub cev, lawv tawm tsam li cas. Thaum koj tau txais tus kab mob, cov kab mob me me, lossis lwm yam kab mob (pathogen) rau hauv koj lub cev, koj lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob tsim cov tshuaj tiv thaiv los tawm tsam lawv.

Cov kab mob no muaj cov antigens uas peb tau tham txog ua ntej ntawm lawv qhov chaw. Cov tshuaj tua kab mob (peb cov tub rog) paub cov antigens no thiab khi rau lawv. Txhua lub antibody khi rau ib lub antigen tshwj xeeb xwb. Hauv lwm lo lus, txhua tus yuam sij tsuas yog haum rau ib lub xauv tshwj xeeb xwb. Thaum lub antibody khi rau ib lub antigen, nws xa ib lub cim mus rau lwm qhov ntawm lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob, hais tias, "Nov yog tus yeeb ncuab, tam sim no rhuav tshem nws."

Tiam sis, txawm tias rau ib qho antigen xwb los, yuav muaj ntau qhov chaw uas cov antibody txuas nrog, zoo li lub qhov tseem ceeb ntawm tus vaub kib. Peb hu cov chaw khi tshwj xeeb no '(epitopes)'. Yog li cov polyclonal antibodies hauv koj cov ntshav, lossis hauv cov tshuaj concentrated ('serums') muab rau kev kho mob, yog cov khoom sib sau ua ke ntawm cov antibodies sib txawv. Txhua tus ntawm cov antibodies no tuaj yeem paub thiab khi rau cov '(epitopes)' sib txawv (cov chaw khi sib txawv) ntawm cov antigen ntawd. Hauv lwm lo lus, nws zoo li ntau pab pawg tub rog sib txawv ua haujlwm tib lub sijhawm los ntes tib tus yeeb ncuab.

Xav txog seb, muaj ib tug yeeb ncuab loj heev. Yog tias koj tuaj yeem ntes tus yeeb ncuab ntawd tsis yog hauv ib qho chaw xwb, tab sis ntau qhov chaw ib zaug, xws li nws txhais tes, ceg, taub hau, thiab caj dab, qhov muaj feem yuav tswj thiab ua rau tus yeeb ncuab tsis muaj zog ntau dua. Qhov ntawd yog li cas cov tshuaj tiv thaiv polyclonal ua haujlwm. Ntau hom tshuaj tiv thaiv ('lineages') muab ntau lub sijhawm rau lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob los paub, tawm tsam, thiab ntes cov kab mob. Qhov no ua rau peb lub cev tiv thaiv muaj zog dua.

Peb siv cov tshuaj polyclonal antibodies rau dab tsi?

Cov tshuaj polyclonal antibodies no, uas peb tsim tawm hauv peb lub cev, kuj siv rau hauv kev kho mob rau ntau lub hom phiaj tseem ceeb. Cia peb saib seb lawv yog dab tsi:

• Kev kuaj mob: Muaj qee qhov kev kuaj hauv chaw kuaj mob uas koj yuav tau hnov ​​​​​​txog, xws li kev kuaj ELISA thiab kev kuaj Immunohistochemistry. Cov kev kuaj no siv cov tshuaj polyclonal antibodies los kuaj ntau yam kab mob sib kis (piv txwv li HIV, kab mob siab) thiab mob qog noj ntshav. Ntawd yog, lawv tuaj yeem kuaj xyuas seb cov ntshav kuaj puas muaj cov antigen uas tshwj xeeb rau tus kab mob.

• Kev tshawb fawb txog kev tshawb fawb: Cov kws tshawb fawb siv cov tshuaj polyclonal antibodies no los nkag siab txog peb lub cev ua haujlwm li cas, cov cell sib txawv ua haujlwm li cas, cov kab mob cuam tshuam rau peb li cas, thiab nrhiav cov tshuaj tshiab. Lawv zoo li cov cuab yeej uas pab cov kws tshawb fawb "pom" tej yam uas tsis pom.

• Kev kho mob lossis kev tiv thaiv kab mob sib kis thiab qee yam mob:Cov tshuaj polyclonal antibodies tuaj yeem kho thiab, qee zaum, tiv thaiv qee yam tshuaj ntau dhau, tom nab lom, thiab qee yam kab mob ntsig txog ntshav.

Cov kev kho mob siv nrog cov tshuaj polyclonal antibodies yog dab tsi?

Cia peb saib ze dua ntawm qee qhov kev kho mob siv cov tshuaj polyclonal antibodies:

• Qee cov tshuaj tua kab mob muaj cov tshuaj tua kab mob polyclonal. Cov no yog tsim los ntawm kev txhaj me me ntawm cov tshuaj lom nab rau hauv cov tsiaj, xws li nees, thiab tom qab ntawd ntxuav cov tshuaj tua kab mob uas cov tsiaj ntawd tsim tawm. Thaum nab tom koj, cov tshuaj tua kab mob hauv cov tshuaj tua kab mob mus thiab tshem tawm cov tshuaj lom.

• Cov ntshav uas rov zoo los: Tej zaum koj yuav tau hnov ​​​​​​txog qhov no thaum muaj tus kab mob COVID-19 sib kis. Thaum muaj qee yam kab mob sib kis loj heev, cov ntshav (cov kua ntawm cov ntshav) uas tau los ntawm cov ntshav ntawm cov neeg uas tau zoo los ntawm tus kab mob ntawd raug muab rau cov neeg mob. Vim tias cov ntshav ntawd muaj cov tshuaj tua kab mob polyclonal uas lawv lub cev tau tsim tawm tsam tus kab mob ntawd. Thaum cov tshuaj tua kab mob no nkag mus rau hauv lub cev ntawm tus neeg mob, lawv pab tawm tsam tus kab mob.

• Tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob Digoxin: Qhov no yog tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob uas muab rau hauv rooj plaub uas ib tug neeg noj tshuaj digoxin ntau dhau. Qhov no kuj muaj cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob polyclonal uas tsim tawm tsam cov tshuaj digoxin.

• Rho(D) immune globulin: Qhov no kuj hu ua 'RhIG', thiab koj kuj tseem yuav pom nws sau ua 'Rh 0 (D)'. Qhov no yog muab rau cov niam cev xeeb tub uas muaj hom ntshav 'Rh-negative'. Qhov laj thawj rau qhov no yog tias yog tias leej niam cov ntshav yog 'Rh-negative' thiab tus menyuam cov ntshav yog 'Rh-positive', lub cev ntawm leej niam yuav tsim cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob tiv thaiv tus menyuam cov ntshav. Txawm hais tias qhov no yuav tsis cuam tshuam rau tus menyuam thawj zaug, thaum tus menyuam thib ob 'Rh-positive' yug los, cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob no tuaj yeem ua rau tus menyuam raug mob. Qhov no hu ua '(Rhesus isoimmunization)' (Rhesus incompatibility). Qhov no yog qhov uas tshuaj tiv thaiv 'Rho(D)' tau muab los tiv thaiv. Nws kuj tseem muab los kho '(Chronic immune thrombocytopenia)' lossis '(ITP)', ib qho mob uas cov platelets hauv cov ntshav raug txo qis.

Qhov txawv ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv polyclonal thiab monoclonal yog dab tsi?

Zoo, tam sim no koj yuav muaj lus nug me ntsis. Kuj tseem muaj ib hom hu ua 'Monoclonal Antibodies', qhov txawv ntawm cov no thiab cov polyclonal antibodies no yog dab tsi? Ob leeg yog cov tshuaj tiv thaiv, thiab ob leeg tsom mus rau cov antigens. Tab sis muaj qee qhov sib txawv tseem ceeb.

Hais yooj yim xwb:

• Cov Tshuaj Tiv Thaiv Polyclonal: Cov no los ntawm cov kab mob B cell sib txawv. Yog li lawv tuaj yeem paub thiab khi rau ntau qhov sib txawv '(epitopes)' (qhov chaw khi) ntawm tib lub antigen. Nws zoo li ib pab tub rog nrog ntau yam kev tshwj xeeb thiab riam phom sib txawv. Lawv tawm tsam tib tus yeeb ncuab los ntawm ntau lub kaum sab xis.

• Cov Tshuaj Monoclonal Antibodies: Cov no yog "cov ntawv theej" ntawm ib qho tshuaj antibody. Ntawd yog, lawv yog tsim los ntawm ib kab B cell. Yog li ntawd, lawv paub thiab khi rau ib qho "epitope" xwb. Ib yam li cov tub rog cloned uas siv tib hom riam phom, tawm tsam tsuas yog ib lub hom phiaj xwb.

Rau cov hom phiaj kho mob, cov tshuaj polyclonal antibodies feem ntau tau los ntawm cov ntshav ntawm cov tsiaj xws li luav, tshis, thiab yaj. Qee zaum lawv kuj tau los ntawm tib neeg (piv txwv li, cov ntshav ntawm cov neeg mob zoo). Cov tshuaj monoclonal antibodies thawj zaug tau los ntawm cov ntshav ntawm cov tsiaj thiab tom qab ntawd rov tsim dua hauv chav kuaj. Tam sim no, cov tshuaj monoclonal antibodies siv ntau dua li cov tshuaj polyclonal antibodies hauv kev kho mob, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog rau cov kab mob xws li mob qog noj ntshav, vim tias lawv tshwj xeeb dua hauv lawv lub hom phiaj.

Cov txiaj ntsig ntawm cov tshuaj polyclonal antibodies yog dab tsi?

Yog li ntawd, cov txiaj ntsig ntawm cov polyclonal antibodies no yog dab tsi? Vim li cas peb tseem siv lawv?

• Tus nqi tsim khoom pheej yig heev. Kev ua cov no pheej yig dua li kev ua cov monoclonal antibodies.
• Qhov no tuaj yeem ntes tau cov antigens hauv ib qho qauv ntawm qib qis heev, txawm tias lawv muaj nyob rau ntawm qib qis heev. Vim tias cov tshuaj tiv thaiv sib txawv ua haujlwm ua ke, txawm tias yog ib qho tsis pom, muaj feem ntau uas lwm qhov yuav raug ntes.
• Feem ntau cov neeg muaj peev xwm paub txog ib hom antigen. Vim tias muaj ntau hom antibody uas khi tau rau ntau hom "epitopes", qhov muaj feem yuav paub txog ib hom antigen yog siab, txawm tias nws cov duab txawv me ntsis los xij.

Puas muaj qhov tsis zoo ces?

Muaj qhov zoo thiab qhov tsis zoo rau cov tshuaj polyclonal antibodies no. Nws yog qhov zoo kom paub tias lawv yog dab tsi.

• Vim tias cov no los ntawm cov khoom ntuj (cov ntshav tib neeg lossis cov ntshav tsiaj), lawv tsis zoo ib yam li cov tshuaj uas ua hauv chav kuaj mob. Qhov no txhais tau tias tej zaum yuav muaj qhov sib txawv me ntsis ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob uas tsim tawm ib zaug thiab cov tshuaj uas tsim tawm lwm lub sijhawm. Yog li ntawd, qhov ua tau zoo kuj tseem yuav txawv me ntsis.
• Nrog cov monoclonal antibodies, muaj kev pheej hmoo siab dua ntawm kev sib kis. Qhov ntawd yog, muaj feem ntau dua uas lub hom phiaj antigen yuav khi rau lwm antigen (ib qho uas peb tsis xav tau). Qhov no tuaj yeem ua rau muaj teeb meem hauv kev kuaj lossis kev tshawb fawb. Piv txwv li, cov lus teb cuav tuaj yeem tshwm sim. Qhov ntawd yog, ib tus neeg uas tsis muaj kab mob tuaj yeem tau txais qhov tshwm sim uas zoo li lawv muaj kab mob. Yog li ntawd, yog tias qhov tshwm sim zoo rov qab los, zoo li hauv cov kab mob sib kis hnyav, cov kws kho mob yuav tsum ua ntau qhov kev kuaj mob kom paub meej.
• Thaum cov tshuaj polyclonal antibodies los ntawm cov tsiaj raug siv rau kev kho mob, muaj kev pheej hmoo siab dua ntawm kev ua xua lossis lwm yam kev phiv, vim tias cov protein tsiaj no yog txawv teb chaws rau peb lub cev.

Thaum kawg, tej yam tseem ceeb tshaj plaws uas koj yuav tsum nco ntsoov

Yog li, tej zaum koj tam sim no nkag siab tias cov tshuaj polyclonal antibodies yog ib feem tseem ceeb ntawm peb lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob, thiab yog qhov tseem ceeb hauv kev kho mob rau kev tshawb fawb, kev kuaj mob, thiab qee qhov kev kho mob tshwj xeeb.

Feem ntau cov no siv rau kev tshawb fawb thiab kev kuaj mob. Txawm li cas los xij, yog tias koj cev xeeb tub thiab muaj hom ntshav Rh-negative (koj tus kws kho mob yuav qhia koj txog qhov no), yog tias koj muaj kab mob sib kis loj heev (xws li diphtheria), yog tias koj raug nab tom, lossis yog tias koj muaj mob xws li mob ntshav tsis txaus (ITP), koj yuav raug muab kev kho mob uas muaj cov tshuaj polyclonal antibodies.

Yog koj muaj lus nug lossis kev txhawj xeeb ntxiv txog qhov no, tsis txhob yig nug koj tus kws kho mob lossis tus nais maum. Lawv yuav piav qhia txog tej no rau koj kom meej ntxiv. Vim tias kev paub txog koj txoj kev noj qab haus huv thiab kev kho mob uas koj tau txais yog ib qho ntawm cov kauj ruam zoo tshaj plaws los ua kom koj noj qab nyob zoo thiab zoo siab!

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