Ekintu ekimanyiddwa ennyo mu nsi yonna ekyazuulibwa nnansi: Emboozi enkweke ey’eddagala eritta obuwuka

Ffenna tukozesezza eddagala eritta obuwuka mu kiseera ekimu mu bulamu bwaffe, nedda? Bwe tufuna obulwadde bwa bakitiriya, akapiira akatono omusawo ke atuwa ddala kawuniikiriza. Naye bameka ku ffe abamanyi emboozi eziri emabega w’eddagala lino eritaasa obulamu? Wadde ng’emboozi ezimu ziwandiikibwa mu nnukuta za zaabu mu byafaayo, emboozi z’abazira n’abazira abamu zibikkiddwa mu musenyu gw’ebiseera. Leero tugenda kwogera ku muntu omu ng’abo abakwese, naye nga bakulu nnyo. Amannya ge ye Mattiedna Johnson.

Ono Matilda Johnson y’ani?

Matilda Johnson si musawo wa microbiologist mu mulimu gwe, ye nnansi. Naye ekyo tekyamulemesa kuyamba mu mpaka z’okunoonya eddagala eritta obuwuka eritaasa obulamu bw’abantu obukadde n’obukadde. Matilda yazaalibwa mu 1918 mu maka amaavu agaalimu mu Mississippi, era yali mulungi nnyo mu kusoma. Yamalira mu kyakubiri mu ssomero, oluvannyuma n’atikkirwa mu ssomero lya ba nnamusa n’ayingira emirimu nga nnansi eyawandiisibwa. Mu kiseera ekyo, kwe kugamba, mu myaka gya 1930 ne 40 nga gitandika, obulwadde obuyitibwa ‘scarlet fever’ bwali busaasaana bubi nnyo mu Amerika. Yasinga kukosa baana bato. Mu biseera ebyo, awatali ddagala eritta obuwuka, abaana nga 20% abakwatibwa obulwadde buno bafa. Teebereza engeri ekyo gye kyali kitiisa. Olunaku lumu, mu waadi eyateekebwawo abalwadde b’omusujja gwa scarlet fever mu ddwaaliro Matilda gye yali akolera, omwana omuto yafiira mu mikono gye. Yali tasobola kwerabira byaliwo.

Obulwadde obutawona n’omusana ogw’essuubi

Mu 1944, nga Ssematalo II anaatera okutuuka, kkampuni z’eddagala zaali zifuba okukola eddagala eritta obuwuka nga penicillin. Ekitongole ky’olutalo ekya U.S. kyali kirangiridde nti okukola eddagala lya penicillin kye kisinga okukulembezebwa. Mu kiseera kino mwe yalabira akalango mu lupapula lw’amawulire olwa Matidna n’asaba okwegatta ku pulojekiti eno ey’okunoonyereza. C. M. Christensen, pulofeesa mu yunivasite y’e Minnesota ye yamuwandiika. Ng’akulira ku faamu, obumanyirivu bwe yalina mu kukola jelly, butto, ne ssabbuuni bwayamba nnyo mu nkola ya ssaayansi ey’okwawula ebikuta. Yakola n’ebika by’ebibumbe bingi eby’enjawulo. Naye ekintu kye yali ayagala ennyo kyali kisinga kukwata ku kikuta kye yasanga mu ssupu w’ennyaanya. Ekikuta kino yakiyingiza mu buwuka obuleeta omusujja gwa scarlet fever. Ebyavaamu byabadde bya buwanguzi nnyo.Sampuli zino yaziwa bakama be, kyokka teyafuna kuddibwamu kwonna. Mu 1946, yava ku mulimu ogwo n’agenda ku mulimu gw’obuminsani mu Liberia. Emyaka ekkumi we gyaggweerako, obulwadde obwali butiisibwatiisibwa obwa scarlet fever bwali bufuuse bwangu okujjanjaba olw’eddagala eritta obuwuka.

Obutaba na kitiibwa? "Ekikolwa kya Matilda".

Waayitawo nnyo Matidna n’ategeera nti Pfizer yali ewaddeyo patent mu 1949 ku ddagala lya oxytetracycline wansi w’erinnya ly’obusuubuzi erya Terramycin. Wadde nga teyali ddagala erisinga obulungi eriwonya omusujja omumyufu, n’okutuusa kati ddagala lya maanyi nnyo erikozesebwa leero. Ekyebuuzibwa: eddagala lino lyakolebwa mu kikuta Matidna kye yasangibwa mu ssupu w’ennyaanya? Matidna bwe yakkiriza. Abakugu abamu leero bagamba nti teyaweebwa kitiibwa olw’okuzuula kwe. Era yali alowooza nti eddagala lino lyatuumibwa Terramycin olw'engeri gye yannyonnyolamu "ebibe eby'entiisa." Wabula Pfizer ekkiriza kyokka nti Matidna yali kitundu ku pulojekiti ya penicillin. Patent yaabwe yaweebwa abasajja basatu. Ono si Matilda yekka. Mu byafaayo byonna, wabaddewo emirundi mingi abakyala abaakoze kinene mu bya ssaayansi gye babuusibwa amaaso. Munnabyafaayo Margaret Rossiter yatuuka n'okugituuma erinnya mu 1993 - "Matilda effect." Omuze gw'okubuusa amaaso abakyala bye bakola mu sayansi oba okubawa ekitiibwa abasajja.

Obulamu obwewaddeyo okuweereza

Emboozi ya Matidna tekoma ku kunoonyereza kwe. Obulamu bwe bwonna bwali buweereddwayo mu buweereza. Oluvannyuma lw’okuweereza ng’omuminsani mu Liberia, yaddayo mu Amerika n’asenga mu Cleveland, gye yasomesa ba nurse ng’asomesa emisomo mu bisenge ebya wansi mu kkanisa. Era yakola omulimu omulala ogw’ebyafaayo. Mu kiseera ekyo, ekkanisa ye yakolanga emikolo gy’okuziika nga esatu buli wiiki. "Twagala okumanya lwaki abantu bano baali bafa," bw'awandiika mu kitabo kye. Teebereza, Matidna yakwata eddaala lya payoniya mu kukola ‘pressure check’ eno gye tusobola okwanguyirwa okukola wonna leero. Okugatta ku ekyo, yayimirira nnyo ng’awakanya ebiziyiza eby’obusosoze mu mawanga ebyaliwo eri ba nurse abaddugavu mu kiseera ekyo. Olw’okunyiiga olw’obutaba na baddugavu mu kibiina kya ba nurses mu Amerika, yeegatta ne ba nurse abalala 14 ne batandikawo ekibiina kya National Black Nurses Association mu 1971. Leero, ekibiina kino kirina bammemba abasoba mu 300,000. Matidna Johnson yafa mu 2003 ku myaka 85. Naye emboozi ye, okwewaayo kwe, n’obuweereza bwe eri ssaayansi n’obuntubulamu bikyatuyigiriza essomo ddene n’okutuusa leero. Wadde nga yali nnansi, yalina kinene kitya ku mulimu nga microbiology? Kiraga nti tewali kkomo ku kumanya kwaffe, ekitone kyaffe, n’okufaayo kwaffe. Matilda Johnson, eddagala eritta obuwuka, nnansi, ssaayansi, ebikozesebwa abakyala, Matilda effect, penicillin, omusujja omumyufu