Kan taksaa palai te te: (Neurotransmitters) te hi i zir mai ang u?

I dam em? A châng chuan i hlim hle a, a châng chuan i lungngai emaw, i thinrim emaw, a dik em? A nih loh leh exam-a i zir nasa tawh thil pakhat i theihnghilh hnuah i lu hrual rengin i awm tawh ngai em? Chung zawng zawng chu kan taksa chhunga thawktu palai te te, mahse pawimawh tak tak te vang a ni. Vawiin hian an chanchin kan sawi dawn a ni.

Heng (Neurotransmitters) te hi engte nge ni?

A awlsam zawngin, neurotransmitters hi kan taksa mamawh chemical messenger chi khat a ni . Kan taksa post office-a hnathawk naupang te ang mai an ni. An hna chu nerve cell (neuron) pakhat atanga target cell dang thlenga chemical signal, a nih loh leh message phurh hi a ni. He target cell hi nerve cell dang a ni thei a, a nih loh leh muscle cell emaw gland emaw a ni thei bawk.

Kan taksa hi nerve network-in a khuh a. Hei hi nervous system kan ti a . Ram chhunga electrical wire network kal tlang ang mai a ni. He nervous system hian kan taksa peng tinah electric signal a thawn chhuak a, a dawng bawk. I ngaihtuahna, i rilru put hmang, i taksa ruhte che vel chauh ni lovin, i taksa peng hrang hrangte hnathawh dan pawh a thunun a ni. Phên dangin sawi ila, heng nerve te hi i thiltih, i ngaihtuahna leh i hriat zawng zawngah hian an inrawlh vek a ni. Kan nerve cell te hian taksa hmun hrang hrang atangin information an dawng a, an thawn chhuak thin. Hetianga thu inhrilh tawn reng hi taksa hnathawh dan tur dik taka a awm theih nan a pui a ni.

Kan taksaah hian nerve leh neurotransmitters te hian eng nge an thunun?

Tunah chuan heng palai tenau te hian thil engzat nge an tih hi han en teh:

• I heart rate leh blood pressure a control thei a ni .
• Thâwk chhuahnaah a ṭangkai hle .
• Tin, taksa ruh (muscle movement) pawh an siam tha hle.
• I ngaihtuahna, hriatrengna, zirlai, leh rilru natnaah nghawng lian tak an nei a ni . Ngaihtuah teh, a chang chuan hlim takin kan inhria a, a chang chuan kan lungngai a, kan hlau bawk. Heng zawng zawngah hian an inrawlh a ni.
• Tin, mut dan te, hliam damna te, leh tar dan te pawh a thunun bawk .
• Anni hian stress response an tichiang a ni . Heng mite hian mi pakhatin a hlauh emaw, a lungkham emaw a taksain a chhan danah an pui thin.
• Hormone te a tidanglam thin .
• Chaw ei leh in, riltam, leh tuihalna a thunun .
• Kan hriatna panga (hmuh, hriat, hriat, khawih, leh ei) chhân lêttu an ni.

Engtin nge neurotransmitters te hian hna an thawh?

Kan taksaah hian nerve cell maktaduai tam tak a awm a. A mak khawp mai, a ni lawm ni? Nerve cell i lak chuan a bulpui pathum a nei a, chungte chu:

• Cell taksa: Hei hi neurotransmitters siam chhuahna atan leh nerve cell hnathawh dan tur dik tak atan a pawimawh hle.
• Axon: Neuron chhunga tail ang chi sei tak, neuron kaltlangin electrical signal axon terminal thlenga phur thin.
• Axon terminal ah chuan:Hetah hian chu electrical message chu chemical message a lo ni ta a ni. Hei hi (Neurotransmitters) te hian an pui thin. Chumi hnuah chuan he chemical message hi a dawt leh nerve cell, muscle cell emaw gland-ah a thawn chhuak leh thin.

Neurotransmitters hi nerve cell axon tawp lamah a awm a. Anni hi bawm te tak te, bang te tak te neiah an dah a, chu chu synaptic vesicles an ti a ni. Sac pakhatah hian neurotransmitter molecule sang tam tak a awm thei. Packet te te ang maiin han ngaihtuah teh.

Tunah chuan, message emaw signal emaw chu nerve cell-ah a kal chuan, chu signal-a electrical charge chuan neurotransmitter chu nerve cell membrane-ah a inzawm tir a, chu chu cell tawp lamah chiah a ni. Tichuan, tuna thuchah kengtu neurotransmitters te chu axon terminal atangin an chhuak ta a ni. Hei hi nerve cell pakhat leh target cell dang (chu chu nerve cell dang, muscle cell emaw, gland emaw pawh a ni thei) inkarah tuiin a khat hmun tlemteah a chhuak a ni. He hmun hi a te hle a, nanometer 40 (nm) aia tlem a ni. He hmun hi eng ang taka te nge a nih tih i ngaihtuah chuan i sam zungbun pakhat chu nanometer 75,000 vel a zau a ni.

He hmun te tak te hi synaptic junction an ti a . Hei hi neurotransmitters te hian thuchah an phurh na hmun a ni. Neurotransmitter chi tin hian target cell-a receptor bik pakhatah an binding a. Chabi chu keyhole bik pakhata dah chauhvin hawn theih a nih ang bawkin. Vawikhat bound a nih chuan neurotransmitter hian target cell-ah inthlak danglamna emaw thiltih emaw a tichhuak thin. Entîr nân, nerve cell dangin electric signal a kahtîr thei a, taksa ruh a tichhe thei a, gland pakhatin hormone a chhuahtîr thei bawk.

Neurotransmitters hian target cell hnenah eng thuchah nge an thawn?

Hêng thuchah, a nih loh leh neurotransmitter te hian an thuchah hmangin thiltih lian pathum zînga pakhat chu an thawk a, chu chu neurotransmitter inrawlh chi hrang hrang a zirin a ni.

• Excitatory messages: Heng neurotransmitter chi hrang hrangte hian nerve cell chu an "excite" a, " message chu an pass on ." Chu chu message chu a hnuaia cell-ah a kal tihna a ni. Entirnan, Glutamate , Epinephrine, leh Norepinephrine te hi a ni.
• Inhibitory messages: Hengte hi chemical message chu a kal zel loh nan tihtawp emaw block emaw nan hman a ni. Heng neurotransmitters entirnan gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) , glycine, leh serotonin te hi an ni.
• Modulatory messages: Heng (neurotransmitters) te hian chemical messenger dangte nghawng a nghawng a ni. "Tlemte thlak danglam" ang chi. Chu chu, synapse-a cell-te inbiak danah siamremna tlemte an siam tihna a ni. Tin, a rualin nerve cell tam tak an nghawng bawk.

Thuchah a thlen hnuah neurotransmitters te hi engtin nge an awm?

Okay, tunah chuan neurotransmitters te chuan an thuchah an rawn thlen ta. Eng nge thleng leh ang? Heng molecule te hian chu synaptic cleft (nerve cell pakhat leh a target cell dang inkar space) chu an chhuahsan a ngai a ni. Chutiang a nih loh chuan message an thawn chhunzawm zel mai dawn a ni lawm ni? Hei hi kawng pawimawh pathum-in a thleng a:

• Zawi zawiin an bo (diffusion) .
• Anmahni chhuahna nerve cell tho (reuptake) , recycle ang maiin a reabsorb leh a, a hmang leh a ni .
• Synapse chhunga enzyme chuan a tichhia (degradation) , chu chuan receptor cell nen a inzawm leh thei tawh lo.

Neurotransmitter chi engzat nge awm?

Tunah hian scientist-te chuan neurotransmitter chi 100 tal an hmuchhuak tawh a ni. Tin, hmuhchhuah tur tam tak a awm rin a ni bawk. An chemical nature a zirin thliar hran theih an ni. Tunah hian kan hriat fo thin category pawimawh tak tak tlemte, anmahni ta neurotransmitter entirnan, leh an hnathawh dan te han thlir ila.

Amino acids (Neurotransmitters) te hi a awm a.

Heng (neurotransmitters) te hi kan nervous system hnathawh tam takah an inrawlh a.

• Glutamate: Hei hi kan nervous system-a neurotransmitter lian ber a ni. A bik takin thluaka a tam hle. Ngaihtuahna, zirlai, leh hriatrengna ang chi cognitive function pawimawh tak takte tan a pawimawh hle. Glutamate level inthlauhna hi Alzheimer natna , dementia , Parkinson natna, leh seizures te nen a inzawm tih an sawi.
• Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid (GABA): GABA hi kan nervous system, a bik takin thluaka inhibitory neurotransmitter ber a ni. Thluak hnathawh a tidanglam a, lungkhamna , thinrimna, ngaihtuahna seng harsa, mut theih lohna, epilepsy, leh lungngaihna te ang chi harsatna a veng bawk.
• Glycine: Glycine hi kan ruhro (spinal cord)-a inhibitory neurotransmitter ber a ni. Glycine hi hriatna lama information processing, pain transmission, leh metabolism regulation-ah te a thawk a ni.

Monoamines (Neurotransmitters) te hi a tha hle.

Heng (Neurotransmitters) te hian kan nervous system ah hna hrang hrang tam tak an thawk a, a bik takin thluak ah hian hna hrang hrang an thawk a ni. Anni hian hriatna, hriatna, ngaihvenna leh rilru put hmangte an thunun a ni. Nervous system-a harsatna tam tak hi heng monoamines (Neurotransmitters)-a thil dik lo awm vang hian a inzawm a ni. Tin, damdawi kan hman tlanglawn tam tak hian heng (Neurotransmitters) te hi a nghawng bawk.

• Serotonin: Serotonin hi neurotransmitter a ni a. Serotonin hian kan rilru put hmang, mut dan, mipat hmeichhiatna, lungkhamna, ei duhna leh natna te a tidanglam thei a ni. Serotonin imbalance nena inzawm natna hrang hrangte chu:Seasonal affective disorder, lungkhamna, lungngaihna, fibromyalgia, leh natna rei tak nei te. Heng natnate hi serotonin control-a enkawltu damdawi te hi SSRIs (Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors) leh SNRIs (Serotonin-Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitors) an ti a ni.
• Histamine: Histamine hian taksa chhunga harh chhuah te, ei leh in dan te, leh taksaa infuih tharna te a thunun a ni. Histamine hi asthma , bronchospasm, mucosal edema, leh multiple sclerosis ang chi natnaah te a inrawlh a ni.
• Dopamine: Dopamine hi kan taksa "reward system" ah hian a inrawlh a ni. Hei hian nuam tihna, rilru hahdamna sang tak, leh zirlai tihna a ni. Dopamine hian ngaihvenna, hriatrengna, mut, mood leh motivation-ah a pui bawk. Dopamine system-a hnathawh that lohna nena inzawm natna hrang hrangte chu Parkinson’s disease , schizophrenia , bipolar disease , restless legs syndrome , leh attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) te an ni. Ruihhlo ngawlvei tam tak (cocaine, methamphetamine, leh amphetamines ang chi) hian dopamine system a nghawng nghal vek a ni.
• Epinephrine: Epinephrine (adrenaline tia koh bawk) leh norepinephrine (a hnuaia mi hi a kimchang zawkin) te hi kan taksain hlauhna leh stress laka " fight-or-flight response " a neih tir thin a ni. Heng neurotransmitters te hian kan heart rate, thawk, thisen sang, thisen sugar level, thisen muscle-a kal, leh stressor hrang hrang kan focus leh react theihna te a tipung a ni. Epinephrine tam lutuk hian hriselna lama harsatna, thisen sang, zunthlum, leh thinlung natna te a thlen thei a ni. Damdawi angin epinephrine hi anaphylaxis (allergy na tak), asthma attack, heart attack leh infection na tak tak enkawlna atan hman a ni.
• Norepinephrine: Norepinephrine (noradrenaline tia hriat bawk) hian thisen sang leh heart rate a tisang a. Alertness, arousal, decision-making, attention, leh concentration-a nghawng a neih avangin hriat hlawh tak a ni. Damdawi tam tak (stimulant leh antidepressant) te hian ADHD ang chi dinhmunah ngaihvenna tichak turin norepinephrine level tihsan emaw, depression symptoms tihziaawmna tura norepinephrine tihdanglam emaw hmangin hna an thawk a ni.

Peptide (Neurotransmitters) te hi a tha hle.

Peptide chu amino acid chi khat, a nih loh leh chain chi khat a ni.

• Endorphins te hi:Endorphins hi kan taksa pianpui natna tidamtu a ni. Natna kan hriat dan a nghawng a ni. Endorphins a chhuah chuan natna a tihziaawm a, "feel good" feeling a siam bawk . Endorphins level hniam hi fibromyalgia leh lu na chi thenkhat nen a inzawm thei a ni.

Acetylcholine a ni

He neurotransmitter hian kan central nervous system (CNS - thluak leh ruhro) leh peripheral nervous system (central nervous system atanga chhuak nerve) ah te hna tam tak a thawk a. Acetylcholine hi kan autonomic nervous system-a nerve tam tak atanga chhuak a ni a, chu chuan heart rate, thisen sang leh riltamna a control a ni. Acetylcholine hian taksa peng hrang hrang (muscle contraction), hriatrengna, rilru tichaktu, mipat hmeichhiatna lama duhna, mut leh zirnaah a inrawlh a ni. Acetylcholine level inthlauhna hi hriselna lama harsatna Alzheimer’s disease , epilepsy, leh muscle spasms te nen a inzawm a ni.

Neurotransmitter pakhatin hna a thawh that loh chhante chu engte nge ni?

Thil tam tak a kal sual thei a, neurotransmitters te chu a thawk tha lo thei a ni. A tlangpuiin, hetiang harsatna tlemte hi a awm thin:

• Neurotransmitter pakhat emaw a aia tam emaw siam chhuah tam lutuk emaw, chhuah tlem lutuk emaw .
• Thuchah dawngtu cell (nerve, muscle, emaw gland) chhunga receptor chuan hna a thawk tha lo . Tichuan, a pangngaia thawk neurotransmitter pawhin a hnuaia cell chu a signal tha thei lo.
• Inflammation leh synaptic cleft tihchhiat hian cell receptor te chu neurotransmitters tling tawk an dawng thei lo (entirnan: myasthenia gravis an tih condition ).
• (Neurotransmitters) Rang taka lak let lehna .
• Enzyme hian neurotransmitters awm zat a tihtlem a , target cell-a an kalna a tihtlem phah a ni.

Neurotransmitters hi nervous system hmun danga harsatna, natna awm tawh emaw, damdawi i ei emaw avanga nghawng a ni thei. Tin, neurotransmitters te hian hna an thawk tha lo a nih chuan natna a lo awm thei bawk. Entir nan:

• Acetylcholine tlem chuan Alzheimer natna a hmuh theih hriatrengna hloh a thlen thei a ni .
• Serotonin level tam lutuk hi autism spectrum disorders nen a inzawm thei a ni .
• Glutamate activity tihpun emaw, GABA activity tlahniam emaw hian thluaka neurons te chu rang takin, nasa lutukin a kap thei a, chu chuan seizures a thlen thei a ni .
• Norepinephrine leh dopamine te hnathawh tam leh glutamate transmission a dik lo chuan mania a thlen thin.Thil awmdanah a thawhhlawk hle.

Engtin nge damdawi hian neurotransmitters hnathawh a nghawng?

Scientist-te chuan kan nervous system-a neurotransmitters hlutna leh chanvo an hre chiang hle. Hriselna lama harsatna tam tak enkawlna atana heng chemical messenger-te nghawng thei damdawi siam chhuah a pawimawhzia pawh an hrechhuak tawh bawk. Damdawi tam tak, a bik takin thluak natna enkawltu te hian neurotransmitters te chu kawng hrang hrangin an nghawng a.

Ngaihtuah teh, ruihhlo thenkhat chu traffic police officer ang mai an ni. A chang chuan lirthei tlan tlem nan kawngpui an khar a, a chang chuan motor an kal pelh tir bawk. Ruihhlo hian neurotransmitters-ah pawh hetiang bawk hian a ti ve bawk.

Damdawi hman dan tur chu:

• Neurotransmitter tichhe thei enzyme chu block la, chu neurotransmitter tam zawk chu nerve receptor-ah a thleng thei ta a ni.
• Entirnan: Donepezil, Galantamine leh Rivastigmine te hian enzyme acetylcholinesterase an block a, chu chuan neurotransmitter acetylcholine a tichhia a ni. Heng damdawi te hi Alzheimer natna leh neurodegenerative disorder dang vei te hriatrengna leh hriatna hnathawh tichaktu leh tihchangtlun nan hman a ni.

• Neurotransmitter chu a receptor site a thlen loh nan block rawh.
• Entirnan: SSRI (Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors) hi damdawi chi khat a ni a, nerve cell-a serotonin a luh leh theihna tur a tikhawlo a ni. Heng damdawi te hian lungngaihna, lungkhamna leh rilru lam natna dangte enkawlna kawngah a pui thei a ni.

• Nerve cell atanga neurotransmitter chhuak tur block.
• Entirnan: Lithium, mania enkawlna atana hman thin damdawi hian norepinephrine chhuahna tur a tikhawlo a, eng emaw chen chu a titawp thei a ni. Bipolar disorder enkawlna atan hman a ni .

I hriat reng tur pawimawh ber (Take-Home Message) .

Chuvangin, neurotransmitters hi kan taksa hnathawh zawng zawng deuhthaw-a inrawlh, thuchah tenau pawimawh tak tak an ni tih i hrethiam mai thei. A awlsam zawngin, nerve cell pakhat atanga a dang hnena nerve thuchah phurtu chemical messenger an ni. Neurotransmitters tel lo chuan kan taksa hian hna a thawk thei lo.

Neurotransmitter pakhat tam lutuk emaw, tlem lutuk emaw hian hriselna lama harsatna hrang hrang a thlen thei a ni. Damdawi kan ei tam tak hian heng neurotransmitters te hi a tam emaw, a hnathawhna emaw a tihpun emaw, a tihtlem emaw nan hna a thawk a ni.

Chuvangin rilru lama harsatna, hriatrengna lama harsatna, mut theih lohna, emaw, i nungchang inthlak danglamna i hriat chuan doctor biak hreh suh. Heng (neurotransmitters) te hnathawh dan inthlak danglam vang pawh a ni thei. Chumi atan chuan enkawlna \ha tak tak a awm.

I taksaa heng chemical messenger mak tak takte hi i hriat chian chuan i hriselna i hriatthiam theih nan a puih ngei ka beisei!

` Neurotransmitter, thluak, nervous system, chemical messenger, rilru hriselna, rilru natna