Mena he whaea koe e hapu ana, he mema rānei o tō whānau e hapu ana, he mea nui kia mōhio koe ki ngā mea katoa e pā ana ki te hauora o tō pēpi, kāore? I ētahi wā, kāore te upoko, te roro, te tuaiwi rānei o te pēpi e whanake tika i roto i te kōpū. Koinei ngā āhuatanga e kiia nei e mātou ko ngā Mate Pukupuku . Kaua e mataku ina rongo koe i tēnei ingoa, ahakoa he uaua, ka kōrerohia e mātou he mea ngāwari, i roto i te huarahi e mārama ai koe.

He aha ēnei mate pukupuku o te upoko?

He māmā noa iho, ko ngā mate upoko he āhuatanga e puta ana i te wā e tipu ana te pēpi i roto i te kōpū, arā, i te wā e kore e tika te whanaketanga o te roro me te taurakira. He āhua hē ēnei o ngā wāhanga o te pūnaha io. I ētahi wā, ka puta he rerekētanga i ētahi atu wāhanga, okana, me ngā pūnaha o te tinana i ēnei āhuatanga.

Ko te kupu "cephalic" i ahu mai i te kupu Kariki tawhito ko tōna tikanga "upoko." Ahakoa ko te roro te nuinga o ēnei mate, ka pā anō hoki ki te taurakira, i te mea ka whanake ngātahi te roro me te taurakira. Ka mahi tahi rāua ki te hanga i tō tātou Pūnaha Io Matua (CNS) .

Ka rerekē pea ēnei āhuatanga mai i te ngawari ki te tino kino. I ētahi wā kino, kāore pea te pēpi e ora i ēnei āhuatanga. Ka taea e tēnei te arahi ki te materoto i roto i ngā wiki 20 tuatahi o te hapūtanga, te whānautanga mate rānei i muri i ngā wiki 20.

He momo mate upoko kei reira?

Āe, e toru ngā āhuatanga matua e whakarōpūhia ana e ngā tohunga hauora ēnei mate:

1. Te wāhi i pāngia ai: Ko ēhea ngā wāhanga o te pūnaha io matua (CNS) e pāngia ana? Kei te pāngia ētahi atu wāhanga, okana, pūnaha rānei o te tinana?

2. Te āhua o te pānga: He aha te rerekētanga o te whanaketanga o ngā wāhanga o te pūnaha io matua i tērā i whakaarohia? Arā, he nui ake, he iti ake rānei, he rerekē rānei i tētahi atu ara?

3. Take: He aha te take o tēnei whakaroa whanaketanga? Nā tētahi kaupapa, nā tētahi āhuatanga taiao rānei i pā ki te whaea hāpu, nā te ira rānei?

E hia te auau o ēnei āhuatanga?

He tino onge ngā mate pukupuku o te upoko. E pāngia ana e ēnei mate te 0.14% me te 0.16% o ngā pēpi hou. E whakaatu ana ngā rangahau ko ēnei mate te take o te 3% me te 6% o ngā whānautanga mate.

He aha ngā momo matua o ngā mate o te upoko?

Ka taea te wehewehe i ēnei āhuatanga ki ngā momo e toru:

• Ngā hapa o te ngongo io
• Ngā rerekētanga rahi ( i roto i te upoko, i te roro rānei)
• Ngā rerekētanga o te āhua ( i roto i te angaanga, i te roro rānei)

Ngā hapa o te ngongo io

He hanganga motuhake te ngongo io e whanake ana i roto i te kukune i te marama tuatahi o te hapūtanga. Mai i konei ka whanake te roro, te taurakira, me te taurakira i muri mai. Arā, koinei te tūāpapa o te pūnaha io o te pēpi. Nō reira, ko ēnei āhuatanga e pā ana ki te ngongo io ka pā tika ki te whanaketanga o te pūnaha io matua (CNS).

Ka taea e ēnei āhuatanga te whakararu i ētahi o ngā whanaketanga o te roro, o te tuaiwi rānei, kāore rānei e tutuki. Anei ētahi tauira:

• Anencephaly: He mate tino kino tēnei e kore ai e tino whanake te nuinga o ngā wāhanga o te roro me te angaanga, kāore rānei e whanake.
• Encephalocele: He kōhao i roto i te angaanga e puta ai te kiko roro me te wai cerebrospinal mai i te angaanga pērā i te pēke.
• Spina bifida: Te korenga o te taurakira e whanake katoa. Tērā atu anō ngā momo o tēnei, pērā i te meningocele me te myelomeningocele.
• Te mate Chiari: He āhua e puta ai tētahi wāhanga o te roro mā roto i te pūaha i raro i te angaanga. (Ka taea e te momo II te whakaputa i tētahi āhua e kiia nei ko te myelomeningocele e kiia nei ko te spina bifida.)

Ngā Rerekētanga Rahi

He panoni ēnei e pā ana ki te rahi o te upoko, o te pūnaha io matua rānei. Whakaarohia, i ētahi wā ka tino nui te upoko, i ētahi wā ka tino iti.

• Ngā rerekētanga o te rahi o te angaanga:
• Macrocephaly: He upoko nui rawa atu.
• Maikorokepa: He upoko iti rawa te āhua.
• Ngā huringa rahi o te roro:
• Megalencephaly: He roro nui rawa atu.
• Microencephaly: He iti rawa te roro.

Ngā Rerekētanga Āhua

He panoni ēnei i te āhua o te angaanga, o te roro rānei.

• Ngā panonitanga o te āhua o te angaanga:
• Acrocephaly: He upoko teitei, he upoko porowhita rānei.
• Brachycephaly: He whānui, he papatahi te pane o muri, kaua ki te porowhita.
• Ngā huringa o te āhua o te roro:
• Holoprosencephaly: Kāore ngā taha o te roro e wehea tetahi i tetahi.
• Lissencephaly: He roro maeneene, kāhore he kita, kāhore hoki he puku rite ki te tapumati i te mata o te roro.
• Hydranencephaly: He āhuatanga kāore e whanake tika ngā taha roro nā te nui rawa o te wai cerebrospinal i roto i te angaanga. (He rerekē tēnei i te āhuatanga e kiia nei ko te hydrocephalus.)

He aha ngā tohu o ēnei āhuatanga?

He rerekē rawa ngā tohu o ngā mate upoko i runga i te āhua o te mate. Nā te mea he maha ēnei āhuatanga, ka whānui haere hoki ngā tohu.

Ko ētahi o ngā tohu e kitea pinepine ana ko:

• Ngā hauātanga hinengaro.
• Ngā mate haurangi, ngā mate hopuhopu rānei.
• Ngā raruraru whakahaere uaua me ngā mate nekehanga.
• Te ngaronga wāhanga, te ngaronga katoa rānei o ngā āheinga tairongo (tiro, whakarongo, hongi, reka, pā).
• Te ngoikore, te pararutiki rānei i puta mai i ngā raruraru o te tuaiwi, o ngā io rānei o te tuaiwi.
• Ngā whakararuraru i roto i ngā tukanga aunoa o te tinana pērā i te nakunaku me te manawa.
• Mamae (he maha ngā take ka pā mai ai tēnei, ā, ka rerekē pea i ia tangata, i ia tangata).

Haunga ēnei mate pūnaha io, ka pāngia, ka raru rānei ētahi atu pūnaha o te tinana. Ka rerekē rawa ēnei i runga i te take me te āhua o te mate. Ka taea e tō tākuta te whakamārama pai ake i ngā tohu ka puta i runga i tō āhua.

He aha ngā take o ngā mate pukupuku o te upoko?

Ko ngā mea katoa e pā ana ki te whanaketanga o te roro, o te pūnaha io rānei, ka pā mai he mate upoko. Ka taka ēnei take ki ētahi wāhanga matua:

• Ira: He maha ngā mate upoko ka puta mai i ngā whakarerekētanga DNA i tukuna mai i ngā mātua, i ngā mea hou rānei.
• Ngā āhuatanga hauora o te whaea i te wā e hapu ana: Ka pāngia te whanaketanga o te tamaiti e ngā āhuatanga hauora maha. Hei tauira, ko ngā mate pākia o te tinana me ngā ngoikoretanga kai (ina koa ko ngā kohuke pēnei i te parahi, te konutea me te folate (waikawa folic - huaora B9). Waihoki, ko ētahi mate pēnei i te toxoplasmosis, te cytomegalovirus, te rubella rānei ka pāngia e ēnei āhuatanga.
• Te pānga ki ētahi matū: Ka pā pea ētahi matū, rongoā, āhuatanga taiao rānei ki te whanaketanga o te tamaiti. Ka karangatia hoki ēnei e ngā tohunga he "teratogens". Hei tauira: ngā konganuku paitini pērā i te mata me te mercury, ētahi paturopi, ngā rongoā whakangawari toto rānei.
• Ngā āhuatanga taiao: Ka pāngia hoki te tamaiti e te pānga o te irahiko, pērā i ngā mīhini hihi-X, te noho rānei i roto i ngā kaukau wera, i ngā sauna rānei, e te pēpi. Ka taea hoki e ngā whara tinana i te wā e hapu ana te whakanui ake i te mōrearea o te kino ki te tamaiti me te pā ki te whanaketanga o te pūnaha io.

He aha ngā āhuatanga mōrearea mō ēnei āhuatanga?

He maha ngā āhuatanga mōrearea mō ngā mate o te upoko. Ko ētahi āhuatanga, pērā i ō ira me tō hītori whānau, kāore e taea e tātou te whakahaere. Ko ētahi, pērā i te karo i ētahi mahi i te wā e hapu ana, te whakawhāiti rānei i te kai i ētahi momo ika (he nui te mercury o ngā ika e kai ana i ētahi atu ika) i te wā e hapu ana, ka taea te whakahaere.

Ka taea e tō tākuta te āwhina i a koe ki te whakatau i ō tūponotanga me te aha ka taea e koe te mahi mō ēnei. Mena he mate upoko tō tētahi o tō whānau, ka tūtohu pea rātou kia toro atu koe ki tētahi atu tohunga, pērā i te kaitohutohu ira.

He aha ngā raruraru o ngā mate pukupuku o te upoko?

Pērā i ēnei āhuatanga, he rerekē hoki ngā raruraru. He iti noa ngā raruraru o ētahi āhuatanga, kāore rānei he raruraru. Ko ētahi he raruraru nui, pērā i ngā raruraru manawa, ngā haurangi, ngā mate ngakau rānei. I ngā āhuatanga tino kino, ka ārai ngā mate o te upoko i te whanaketanga tika o te roro me te pūnaha io. Koia te take he maha ngā wā ka mōrearea te ora i ngā āhuatanga kino.

Ko tō tākuta te tangata pai rawa atu hei kōrero ki a koe he aha ngā raruraru ka pā ki tāu tamaiti, me te aha ka taea e koe te mahi mō aua raruraru.

Me pēhea te tautuhi i ngā mate o te upoko?

He maha ngā mate o te upoko ka taea te tātaritanga i mua i te whānautanga mā te whakamahi i ngā hangarau whakaahua pēnei i te sonography. Ko ētahi ka taea te tātaritanga i muri i te whānautanga mā te whakamātautau tinana. I ētahi atu wā, me whai atu i ngā tātaritanga, whakaahua, me ngā whakamātautau taiwhanga hei tautuhi tika i te mate taketake.

Anei ētahi whakamātautau ka taea te mahi i mua atu, ā, i muri mai hoki i te whānautanga o te pēpi:

• Matawai X-ray, matawai rorohiko rānei (CT).
• Matawai Whakaahua Āhua Aukume (MRI).
• Ngā whakamātautau taiwhanga i runga i te toto, i ētahi atu wai tinana rānei.
• Te whakamātautau ira (i mua atu, i muri rānei i te whānautanga).

I runga i te āhua e whakapaetia ana, ngā tohumate, me ētahi atu āhuatanga, ka taea te whakahaere i ētahi atu whakamātautau i muri i te whānautanga o te pēpi. Ko tō tākuta te tangata pai rawa atu hei kōrero atu ki a koe mō ngā whakamātautau e taunakihia ana e rātou.

Me pēhea te rongoā i ēnei mate? Ka taea te whakaora?

He rerekē ngā maimoatanga mō ngā mate upoko. Kāore e taea te rongoā i ētahi āhuatanga, ā, he tino kino ngā pānga, kāore e taea te ora tahi me rātou.

Ka taea te rongoā i ētahi āhuatanga mā te pokanga, mā ētahi atu tikanga rānei. Heoi, he maha ngā mate o te upoko kāore e taea te rongoā tika, ā, ko te huarahi anake ko te whakahaere i ngā tohu. Tērā pea ka uru atu ki tēnei te whakamahi i ngā rongoā, te pokanga, ngā taputapu āwhina, me ngā whitiki whakatika.

Nā te mea he rerekē rawa tēnei, ko tō tākuta te tangata pai rawa atu hei whakamārama i ngā kōwhiringa e wātea ana ki a koe, ki tō hoa aroha rānei. Ka taea e rātou te kōrero ki a koe he aha ngā maimoatanga me ngā kōwhiringa e wātea ana, he aha tā rātou e taunaki ana, me ngā mea ka taea e koe te mahi hei āwhina i tāu tamaiti kia tino whai hua mai i ngā maimoatanga, kia pai ake ai rānei te whai huatanga o aua maimoatanga.

He aha taku e tumanako atu ai mēnā he mate upoko tō taku tamaiti?

He maha ngā wā, ko koe, te mātua, te kaitiaki, te kaitiaki rānei, te hunga tuatahi ki te mōhio he mate upoko tō tāu tamaiti. Nā te mea ko te nuinga o ngā mate upoko ka kitea i te whānautanga, i roto rānei i ngā tau tuatahi o te oranga. Ka rerekē pea tēnei, nō reira ko tō tākuta te tangata pai rawa atu hei kōrero ki a koe he aha ngā mea hei tumanako atu.

He iti noa iho te pānga o ētahi mate o te upoko ki te oranga o te tamaiti, ā, ka taea te whakahaere mā te āwhina iti, mā te whakarerekētanga rānei. Ko ētahi ka taea te whakatika i te wā tōmua o te oranga mā te pokanga, mā ētahi atu tikanga hauora rānei.

Heoi, he maha ngā wā ka kino rawa ngā mate upoko. Ka taea e rātou te whakaiti i te kaha o te tamaiti ki te tiaki i a rātou anō, ki te whakatau i a rātou anō, ki te noho motuhake rānei. I roto i te nuinga o ngā wā, ka pāngia te roro o ngā tamariki me ēnei mate. Kāore pea rātou e kaha ki te tiaki i a rātou anō, e mārama rānei ki tō rātou āhua.

Kia pēhea te roa o ēnei āhuatanga?

He mate whānau ngā mate o te upoko, arā, kei te whānau mai anō. Ahakoa ka taea te whakatika i ētahi wāhanga, i ētahi wāhanga rānei i muri i te whānautanga, he maha kāore e taea. Ki te kore e taea te whakatika, te rongoā rānei, he mate mō te wā roa.

He aha te tirohanga mō ēnei āhuatanga?

He rerekē te tirohanga mō ngā mate upoko i ia tangata, i ia tangata, tae atu ki ngā tāngata he rite tonu te mate. Nā te mea ka taea e ēnei mate te whanake i roto i ngā huarahi ahurei mō ia tangata. Ko te tākuta o tāu tamaiti te tangata pai rawa atu hei kōrero ki a koe mō te tirohanga pea me ngā mea ka taea e koe te mahi hei whakapai ake.

Ka taea te ārai i ngā mate pukupuku o te upoko?

Ka puta ohorere pea ēnei āhuatanga, nō reira kāore e taea te ārai i te tino 100%. Ahakoa he tuku iho ngā āhuatanga ira e puta ai ēnei āhuatanga, i ētahi wā ka puta mai i ngā whakarerekētanga tūpono, arā, kāore e tukuna mai i a koe ki tāu tamaiti.

Ahakoa e kore e taea te ārai katoa, tera ētahi mea ka taea e koe te mahi hei whakaiti i te mōrearea o ngā raruraru ki te whanaketanga o te kukune i te wā e hapū ana.

He aha taku e taea ai hei whakaiti i te mōrearea?

He maha ngā huarahi hei whakaiti i te mōrearea o ngā raruraru ki te whanaketanga o te kukune:

• Āta karohia ngā matū teratogen:Āta karohia te pānga ki ngā konganuku taumaha, ngā matū, me ngā rongoā e tino mōrearea ana ki te whakararuraru i te whanaketanga o te pēpi. Āta karohia hoki te waipiro, te whakamahi i ngā rongoā kāore i te whakahaungahia, me ngā hua tupeka (tae atu ki te vaping).
• Tiakina koe i ngā tūponotanga: Āta karohia ngā mahi ka pā kino ki te pēpi i te wā e hapu ana. Āta karohia hoki ngā mahi e wera ana te tinana, pērā i ngā kaukau wera me ngā sauna.
• Kia mōhio ki te mōrearea o tō whānau: Mena he hītori o ngā mate upoko tō tētahi o tō whānau, kōrero ki tō tākuta mō te mea me whakamātau koe i ngā ira i mua i tō haputanga, i te tīmatanga rānei o tō haputanga. Mena kāore i te mōhiotia te mōrearea o tō whānau, ma tō tākuta koe e tohutohu mēnā me whakamātau koe.
• Whakatairangahia te kai: Mena kei te hapu koe, kei te whakaaro rānei koe kia hapu wawe, me whakarite e koe te kai i te wā e hapu ana. Kia tino whiwhi koe i te nui o ngā matūkai matua e taunakitia ana mō ia rā, pērā i te folate (e mōhiotia ana ko te waikawa folic, te huaora B9 rānei). I Sri Lanka, ka hoatu noa te waikawa folic ki ngā whaea e hapu ana. Ma tō tākuta koe e tohutohu mō te nui e hiahiatia ana e koe me ētahi atu matūkai me tango e koe. Ka taea hoki e koe te rapu tohutohu mai i tō Kaimahi Hauora Whānau (PHM) o te rohe.

Me pēhea taku tiaki i taku tamaiti?

He maha ngā āhuatanga e pā ana ki te tiaki i tētahi tamaiti he mate pūkahukahu, ā, me pēhea te tiaki. Kei roto i tēnei ko te āhua o te tamaiti me tōna kaha. He maha ngā tamariki he mate pūkahukahu e tino pāngia ana, ā, me tiaki hauora mō te wā katoa. Ko ētahi e hiahia ana kia toro atu ki te taote i ngā wā katoa. Ko ētahi e hiahia ana kia tiakihia i ngā wā katoa, i ngā rā katoa, ā, ka taea anake te whakarato i roto i tētahi whare hauora.

Nā te mea he rerekē rawa ngā whakautu mō tēnei, ko tō tākuta te tangata pai rawa atu hei kī atu ki a koe mēnā ka taea e tāu tamaiti, e tō whanaunga rānei me tēnei mate, te tiaki i a rātou anō. Ka taea hoki e tō tākuta te ārahi i a koe ki te tiaki pai i tāu tamaiti.

Kāore rawa ngā mātua e hapu ana e hiahia ki te rongo kei te hē tetahi mea ki te whanaketanga o te tamaiti i roto i te kōpū, kei te pāngia rānei tā rātou pēpi hou e te mate kino. Ko ētahi mate pukupuku he iti noa iho, arā, he iti noa iho, kāore rānei he pānga ki te oranga o te pēpi. Ko ētahi ka taea te rongoā. Engari, ko ētahi he kino rawa atu ka mate, ka raru pea mō te wā roa.

He mea noa te mataku, te manukanuka, te riri rānei ina pāngia tō oranga e tētahi āhuatanga pēnei. I roto i ēnei āhuatanga katoa, he mea nui kia arotahi koe ki te tiaki i a koe anō me ō whanaunga. Ka taea e ō tākuta te ārahi i a koe i roto i tēnei tukanga me te whakautu i ngā pātai mō ngā mea hei tumanako atu. Ka taea hoki e rātou te āwhina i a koe ki te kimi i ngā rauemi me te tautoko e hiahiatia ana e koe kia mārama ai koe ki ngā mea e tupu ana me ngā mea ka taea e koe te mahi. Ahakoa te mutunga, he mea kei a koe hei whakatau, hei whakahaere, hei whakaora rānei i ngā mea katoa e tupu ana, ā, ehara i te tukanga me haere ko koe anake.

Ngā mea tino nui hei maumahara (Karere hei kawe ki te kāinga)

• Ko ngā mate pukupuku he āhuatanga ka puta ina kore e whanake tika te roro me te taurakira o te pēpi i roto i te kōpū.
• He onge ēnei, engari ka rerekē pea mai i te iti ki te tino kino.
• He maha ngā take: ngā ira tūturu, ngā mate o te whaea i te wā e hapu ana, te pānga ki ētahi matū, me ētahi atu.
• He rerekē rawa ngā tohu, te maimoatanga, me te tirohanga i runga i te āhua o te mate. He mea nui kia rapu tohutohu hauora.
• Ahakoa e kore e taea te ārai katoa, ka taea te whakaiti i te mōrearea mā te whai i tētahi momo noho hauora i te wā e hapū ana (ina koa ko te tango i te waikawa folic) me te karo i ngā āhuatanga mōrearea.
• He mea noa te mataku i roto i tēnei āhuatanga. Kāore koe i te mokemoke, rapua he āwhina mai i ngā tākuta me ngā rōpū tautoko.

Ngā Mate o te Hunga Matua , Ngā Hē o te Roro, Ngā Hē o te Ngongo Io, Te Maikorokepa, Te Waipokepokepa, Te Hauora o te Hapūtanga, Te Whanaketanga o te Pēpi