I tēnei rā ka kōrero tātou mō ngā pūtau motuhake (ngā kaiwhakaahua-whakaata) e āwhina ana i a koe ki te kite i te ao mā ō kanohi!

Kua whakaaro kē koe me pēhea tātou e kite ai i ngā mea ataahua o tēnei ao, ngā tae, ngā taipitopito pai? He rite tonu ō tātou kanohi ki ngā kāmera whakamiharo e rua. Kei roto i ēnei "kāmera" he pūtau iti tino motuhake. Ka karangahia aua pūtau ko '(Ngā Kaiwhakaora Whakaahua)'. Ki te kī noa, koinei ngā mea e 'hopu' ana i te māramatanga me te tuku karere ki tō tātou roro, e mea ana, "Anei taku e kite nei." Nō reira, i tēnei rā ka kōrero tātou mō ēnei '(Ngā Kaiwhakaora Whakaahua)' whakamiharo me ētahi atu taipitopito, engari he tino māmā noa iho.

He aha ēnei (ngā kaiwhakarongoata)?

He kupu ngāwari noa iho, ko ō "Photoreceptors" he momo pūtau motuhake e aro ana ki te mārama kei roto i te paparanga kiko tino angiangi e kiia nei ko te "Retina" kei muri o ō kanohi. I ahu mai tō rātou ingoa i te meka ko te tikanga o "ngā kaiwhiwhi mārama." Ko te mahi matua a ēnei pūtau he tango i te mārama e tomo ana ki tō kanohi ka huri hei tohu hikohiko ka taea e tō roro te mārama. Koinā te wā ka wheako koe i te mea e kiia nei e koe ko te "kite."

I mōhio koe ka mahi tō tātou pūnaha io katoa mā roto i ngā pūtau motuhake e kiia nei ko ngā neurons ? Ka whakamahia e ēnei neurons ngā tohu hiko me ngā tohu matū hei tuku kōrero mai i ngā wāhanga katoa o tō tātou tinana ki te roro, ā, ka hoki mai anō i te roro. Ko tētahi momo neuron motuhake ko ngā photoreceptors i roto i tō tātou retina. Nā te āhua o te whanaketanga o tō tātou retina i te wā o te whanaketanga o te kukune, ko ēnei photoreceptors he wāhanga hangarau o tō tātou pūnaha io matua – ko te pūnaha kotahi e uru ana ki te roro me te taurakira. Kāore i te mīharo?

He aha te mea ka tupu ki ngā tokotoko me ngā koeko?

Ko ēnei kaiwhakawhiwhi whakaahua e rua ngā toa o te tukanga e whakamahia ana e ō kanohi hei kite i te māramatanga, hei huri i taua mea hei mea ka taea e tō roro te mārama. Ina whakaaro tātou ki ō tātou kanohi, he maha ngā wā ka whakaarohia e tātou he kāmera. Inaa, ko ngā kāmera matihiko o ēnei rā he mea hanga ki te kanohi tangata.

Whakaarohia he kāmera matihiko hou. Kei roto he pūoko motuhake. He rite tonu te mahi a tēnei pūoko ki te retina i roto i ō tātou kanohi. Ka kitea te mārama, ka hurihia hei waehere matihiko. Kātahi ka tukatukahia taua waehere e tētahi maramara rorohiko iti i roto i te kāmera hei hanga i te pikitia, i te ataata ataahua rānei e kitea ana e tātou.

Koinei tonu te tukanga e puta ana ina mahi tahi tō retina me tō roro ki te whakaatu i te ao e karapoti ana i a koe. Ko ngā mea e kitea ana e tō retina ka hurihia hei tohu io kua whakakōrerohia, ka tukuna ki tō roro mā te io whatu . Ka "pānui" te roro, ka whakamārama i aua tohu, ka "hanga" i tāu e kite ana. Ko ngā pūtau motuhake i roto i tō retina e tīmata ana i tēnei tukanga katoa e kiia ana he photoreceptors. Nā, kua mārama?

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He aha ngā momo kaiwhakarongo whakaahua?

E rua ngā momo matua o ngā "Photoreceptors" i roto i te kanohi tangata. Kua tapaina rātou i runga i ō rātou āhua. Ko ēnei:

1. Ngā pūtau tokotoko (Ngā tokotoko)

2. Ngā pūtau kōne (Ngā kōne)

Kia tirohia takitahitia ia momo.

Me ako tātou mō ngā pūtau tokotoko.

He roa, he porotaka te āhua o ēnei pūtau whakaahua-whakaata, he rite ki ngā tokotoko iti. Koia rātou i huaina ai ko ngā "pūtau tokotoko". He tino tairongo rātou ki te iti rawa o te māramatanga. Whakaarohia, tata ki te 95% o ngā pūtau whakaahua-whakaata i roto i ō kanohi (he 100 ki te 125 miriona!) he pūtau tokotoko.

• He tino pai ēnei hei āwhina i a koe ki te kite i ngā āhuatanga pōuri, pērā i a koe e hikoi ana i waho i te pō.
• Heoi, kāore i te tino mārama te whakaatu mai a ēnei i ngā kōrero iti.
• Ko te mea nui , kāore e taea e ngā pūtau tokotoko te wehewehe i ngā tae. Ko te pango, te mā, me te hina anake tā rātou e kite ai.

Ko ngā kaiwhakawhiwhi whakaahua tokotoko te kawenga matua mō te tirohanga i te mārama iti me te tirohanga pō. Mā rātou koe e āwhina ki te kite i te mārama ngoikore, e mōhiotia ana i roto i te rongoā ko te tirohanga scotopic .

Ngā kōrero mō ngā pūtau kōne

He rite te āhua o ngā pūtau kōne ki te kōne, arā, he porowhita te raro, he koi ki te tihi (ngā kaiwhakawhiwhi whakaahua).

• He nui ake te mārama e hiahiatia ana e ēnei pūtau hei whakahohe i ngā pūtau toko, arā, ka tino kaha rātou ki ngā wāhi e mārama ana.
• Engari, ina whakahohehia ēnei, ka taea e koe te mōhio ki ngā tae! Ae, ko ēnei pūtau kōne te mea e āwhina ana i a koe ki te kite i ngā tae katoa o te ao e kite ana koe.
• Kei te wāhanga pokapū o tō retina te nuinga o ngā pūtau kōne, i tētahi wāhi motuhake e kiia nei ko te macula . Koia te take e taea ai e te wāhanga pokapū o tō tirohanga te kite mārama i ngā tae me ētahi atu taipitopito iti (hei tauira, te pānui i ngā reta i roto i te pukapuka).

Te Tukanga Whakamiharo o te Kite Tae (Tirohanga Tae)

E toru ngā momo pūtau kōne i roto i ō tātou kanohi. Ka whiwhi tātou i te pūkenga whakamiharo e kiia nei ko te tirohanga tae nā te mea ka mahi tahi ngā momo e toru. Ko te mea whakamiharo, kāore ēnei pūtau kōne e "kite" i ngā tae. Engari, ka kite noa rātou i ngā roangaru rerekē o te mārama. Kātahi ka kōrero rātou ki te roro mō aua roangaru. Ka tātarihia e tō roro aua mōhiohio, ā, ka hoatu ki a koe te kaha ki te kite i ngā tae.

Ina titiro koe ki tētahi āniwaniwa, ko tāu e kite nei he tauira pai mō te mārama ki te whānuitanga o te mārama e kitea ana. Ko te mārama whero te mea roa rawa atu o ngā roangaru, koia te take kei waho — me te taha roa rawa atu — o te āniwaniwa. Ko te waioreto te mea poto rawa atu o ngā roangaru, koia te take kei roto — me te taha poto rawa atu — o te āniwaniwa.

E toru ngā momo pūwhakaata kōne o te nuinga o te tangata. Ko te whai i ngā momo kōne e toru ka kiia ko te trichromacy . Ko ngā momo e toru ko:

• He tairongo ki ngā roangaru poto (ngā kōne-S): He tairongo te nuinga o ēnei ki te kikorangi.
• Ngā koni-M e tairongo ana ki te ngaru waenga: Ka tairongo nui ēnei ki te kakariki.
• He tairongo ki ngā roangaru roa (ngā kōne-L): He tairongo te nuinga o ēnei ki te whero.

Ahakoa he tairongo ake ngā momo pūtau kōne e toru ki ngā tae motuhake, he taupatupatu te tairongo i waenga i ngā momo e toru. Ka taea e tō roro te wehewehe i ngā tae rerekē me ō rātou atarangi rerekē mā te whakatairite i ngā rerekētanga o te kaha o ngā tohu e puta mai ana i ngā momo pūtau kōne e toru. Koia te take ka taea e te kanohi tangata hauora te wehewehe i te miriona tae!

Tetrachromacy: E whā ngā pūtau kōne!

He tino onge tēnei āhuatanga. Nā te whakarerekētanga ira e pā ana ki ngā wāhine anake ka puta he momo pūtau kōne e whā i ētahi tāngata. Ka kiia tēnei ko te tetrachromacy (ko te tikanga o te tetra he "whā" i te reo Kariki onamata).

Ka ngoikore, ka kaha rānei tēnei āhuatanga o te (Tetrachromacy). Ko te tangata he (Tetrachromacy) kaha, arā, ka tukatuka tika te roro i ngā kōrero mai i te pūtau kōne tuawhā, ka taea e ia te wehewehe me te mōhio ki te 100 miriona tae! Engari he tino onge tēnei, nō reira kei te rangahauhia tonutia.

Ngā mate me ngā āhuatanga noa e pā ana ki ngā photoreceptors

Engari, he maha ngā āhuatanga ka pā ki ō rods me ō cones. Ko ētahi o ēnei he āhuatanga whānui e pā ana ki ētahi atu wāhanga o te retina me ngā kiko huri noa i te kanohi. Engari he āhuatanga anō kei reira e pā motuhake ana ki ō photoreceptors. Me titiro tātou ki ētahi o ngā mea matua:

• Matapo tae: Ka taea tēnei te noho hapa, te noho katoa rānei (hei tauira, te achromatopsia - te kore e kite i tetahi tae).
• Te ngoikore o te pūtau kōne me te pūtau tokotoko: I roto i tēnei, ka pirau haere ngā pūtau kōne me ngā pūtau tokotoko.
• Te pirau o te makula: Ka pā te kino ki te makula, inā koa i te kaumātuatanga, ki te tirohanga matua.
• Mate refsum: He mate ira onge.
• Retinitis pigmentosa: He mate ira ka pā ki ngā pūtau tokotoko, kātahi ki ngā pūtau kōne.
• Te retinopathy o te rā: Te kino o te retina i puta mai i te titiro tika ki te rā, pērā i te wā e puta ai te eclipse o te rā.
• Te mate Usher: He mate ira e pā ana ki te tirohanga me te whakarongo.

He aha ngā tohu noa o ngā mate e pā ana ki te photoreceptor?

Mēnā he mate tōu e pā ana ki ō kaiwhakawhiwhi whakaahua, ko te tohu matua ko te pōuriuri, te ngaro rānei o te tirohanga. Engari ka rerekē pea te nui o te ngaronga o te tirohanga. Kei te momo kaiwhakawhiwhi whakaahua e pāngia ana (he tokotoko, he kōne, he mea e rua rānei).

Ngā āhuatanga o ngā āhuatanga e pā ana ki ngā tokotoko

• Ko te tohu matua e kitea tuatahitia ana i roto i ēnei āhuatanga ko te matapo pō (Nyctalopia), arā, ko te ngoikore o te tirohanga i roto i te mārama ngoikore.
• Ka kino haere pea ētahi āhuatanga, pērā i te retinitis pigmentosa, i roto i te wā, ā, ka mutu, ka pā ki ngā kaiwhakawhiwhi whakaahua kōne, ka pā ki te tirohanga awatea me te tirohanga tae.

Ngā āhuatanga o ngā āhuatanga e pā ana ki ngā pūtau kōne

• Ko te tikanga, ko te matapo tae (te kore e taea te wehewehe i waenga i ngā tae rerekē) me te ngaronga rānei o te tirohanga tae i roto i te wā.
• Ka pā hoki ēnei ki tō kaha ki te kite mārama i ngā taipitopito iti, ka arahi pea tēnei ki te tirohanga kapua, pōuri rānei.
• Ka kino ake pea ētahi o ēnei āhuatanga, ā, i muri mai ka puta ngā tohu e pā ana ki te pūtau tokotoko (pēnei i te matapo pō).

He mea nui, he maha ngā āhuatanga e pā ana ki te photoreceptor e pā ana ki ngā pūtau kōne me ngā pūtau tokotoko i te wā kotahi. He mea tino kitea tēnei i roto i ngā āhuatanga kei reira te pakaru, te whakarerekētanga rānei o te kiko retinal. Ko te macular degeneration tētahi tauira pai.

Me pēhea taku tirotiro i te hauora o aku pūtau tokotoko me aku pūtau kōne?

He maha ngā whakamātautau ka taea e koe te mahi hei tirotiro i te hauora o ō kaiwhakawhiwhi whakaahua.

• He whakamātautau kanohi noa: He rite tēnei ki te tirotiro hauora ā-tau mō ō kanohi. Ka taea e te tākuta kanohi, te tākuta kanohi rānei te tirotiro i te roto me te tuara o tō kanohi (te retina).
• Te whakamātautau mydriasis me te slit lamp : Mā ēnei tikanga ka kitea mārama ake te retina i te wā e tirotirohia ana te kanohi. Ka āwhina tēnei ki te kite i ngā āhuatanga kāore e kitea, ā, kāore pea e whakaatu i ngā tohu i ngā wāhanga tōmua.
• Ngā whakamātautau motuhake: I ētahi wā, ka tūtohu pea tō tākuta i ētahi atu whakamātautau motuhake. Hei tauira:
• Te Whakamātautau Hikohiko (ERG): Mā tēnei ka ine i te ngohe hiko o tō retina, ka tirotiro me pēhea tana urupare ki te mārama.
• Ngā pūmanawa whakaoho tirohanga (VEP): He whakamātautau roro tēnei, engari ka taea te whakaatu mēnā kei te whiwhi tika tō roro i ngā tohu mai i tō retina.
• Ngā whakamātautau whakaahua: Mā ēnei whakamātautau ka kitea mārama ngā paparanga rerekē o te retina, tae atu ki ngā oko toto. Ka taea e rātou te kite i te tipu hou o ngā oko toto (ka puta pea i roto i ngā āhuatanga pēnei i te mate huka) me ētahi atu huringa kiko ka kino pea te retina.

Mā tō tohunga kanohi e whakatau ko ēhea ngā whakamātautau e tika ana māu, ā, māna anō hoki e whakamārama atu ki a koe.

Me pēhea taku tiaki i aku kaiwhakarongo whakaahua?

He wāhanga tino nui ō "(Ngā Kaiwhakaora Whakaahua)" o tō retina. Nō reira, ko te tiaki pai i tō retina me te hauora whānui o ngā kanohi te huarahi pai hei tiaki i tō tirohanga. Anei ētahi mea nui ka taea e koe te mahi:

• Whakamātautauhia ō kanohi i ia wā: Ehara i te mea he whakamātautau noa iho ēnei hei tirotiro i tō whakahaunga. Ka taea e rātou te kite i ngā mate kanohi kino i mua noa atu i te tīmatanga o ngā tohu. Ahakoa he mōhiti, he karaihe whakapā rānei āu, he mea nui kia whakamātauhia ō kanohi e te katoa i te iti rawa i ia rua tau (i mua atu rānei mēnā ka tūtohutia e tō tākuta).
• Whakamātautauhia ō kanohi i ia wā: He whakaata ō kanohi e whakaata ana i te hauora o tō tinana katoa. Ka pā tika pea ngā mate pūmau, inā koa te toto toto tiketike me te mate huka momo 2, ki ō kanohi. Ka taea e ēnei whakamātautau ā-tau te kite i te nuinga o ēnei āhuatanga i mua noa atu i te puta o ngā tohu, i te kino rānei ki ō kanohi.
• Āta karohia te nikotīni: He tino kino te momi hikareti, te vape, me ētahi atu hua tupeka ki tō pūnaha tohanga toto. Ko ngā oko toto ngāwari e tuku toto ana ki tō retina ka nui ake te tūponotanga ka pakaru i te whakamahinga nikotīni.
• Whakatairangahia te kai tika: Ko te Huaora A, inā koa, he matūkai nui mō te mahi a ngā photoreceptors. He mea nui te kai taurite, kai totika hoki mō tō hauora whānui, tae atu ki te hauora o ō kanohi.
• Kia mau ki te taumaha hauora: Kōrero ki tō tākuta whānau mō te mahi i tēnei.

He pēhea te urupare a ngā kaiwhakawhiwhi whakaahua ki te mārama?

Hei whakarāpopototanga, ina pā te mārama ki ō tokotoko me ō kōne, ka whakahohehia he mekameka matatini o ngā tukanga matū me ngā tukanga hiko i roto i aua pūtau me ētahi atu pūtau i roto i te retina e hono ana ki a rātou. Mā roto i ēnei tukanga ka hurihia e ngā kaiwhakawhiwhi whakaahua me ngā pūtau retina te pūngao mārama hei tohu hikohiko ka taea e tō roro te mārama.

He mea nui ngā tokotoko me ngā kōne, he wāhanga tino hira o tō tirohanga. Ki te kore ēnei, e kore tō roro e whiwhi i ngā tohu e hiahiatia ana hei "waihanga" i tāu e kite nei. Ā, he mea hanga mohio ēnei mō ngā mahi motuhake. Ahakoa ko ētahi ka āwhina i a koe ki te kite i te pōuri, ko ētahi ka āwhina i a koe ki te maioha ki ia tae, ki ia āhuatanga, o te ao e karapoti nei i a koe.

Mā te mārama ki tā rātou mahi, ehara i te mea ka maioha noa koe ki tā rātou mahi whakamiharo, engari ka nui ake tō hiahia ki te pupuri i te hauora o ō kanohi. Mena he pātai āu mō ō (Ngā Kaiwhakaora), retina, tetahi atu raruraru rānei e pā ana ki te kanohi, kaua e mangere ki te toro atu ki tētahi tākuta kanohi. Pērā ai, ka taea e koe te pupuri i tō tirohanga mō te wā roa, ā, ka whiwhi i te hua pai rawa atu.

Ko te mea tino nui hei maumahara māu i tēnei tuhinga (Karere hei Tango ki te Kāinga)

Nō reira, ko te karere matua hei kawe māu i ngā mea katoa i kōrerohia e tātou i tēnei rā ko tēnei:

Ko ēnei pūtau whakaahua ririki i roto i ō tātou kanohi – arā, ko ngā tokotoko me ngā kōne – ngā "kaimahi" matua e āwhina ana i a tātou kia kite mārama i tēnei ao ataahua, kanapa, me ngā taipitopito o roto. He mea tino nui te pupuri i te hauora o ēnei pūtau hei pupuri i tō tātou tirohanga utu nui!

Nō reira, tiakina ō kanohi. Me tirotiro i ō kanohi i ia wā, ā, me noho ora. Nā te mea he taonga utu nui ō kanohi!

Ngā Kaiwhakaora Whakaahua, Ngā Pūtau Tokotoko, Ngā Pūtau Kōne, Hauora o te Kanohi, Tirohanga Tae, Retina