Tiyeni tiphunzire za matenda odziwika ndi Edzi.

Kodi mukukumbukira, nthawi zina tikadwala mosayembekezereka, timadzifunsa kuti, "Kodi matendawa achokera kuti?" Makamaka pamene chitetezo cha mthupi chili chochepa, matenda amayesa kulowa mosavuta m'thupi. Lero tikambirana za matenda angapo apadera omwe angabuke tikakhala ndi kachilombo kotchedwa `HIV` (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) ndipo vutoli limakula pang'ono, kutanthauza kuti ena amati likafika pa siteji ya AIDS. Izi ndi zomwe madokotala amatcha `AIDS-Defining Illnesses (ADIs)`. Izi zili ngati magetsi ofiira, zomwe zikusonyeza kuti chitetezo chathu cha mthupi chafooka kwambiri chifukwa cha matenda a `HIV` m'thupi lathu.

Kodi matenda odziwika ndi AIDS (ADIs) ndi ati?

Mwachidule, ma `ADI' awa ndi khansa ndi matenda omwe ali m'gulu la `Matenda Opatsirana Mwayi` omwe angachitike pamene matenda a `HIV` afika poipa kwambiri, kutanthauza kuti, chitetezo cha mthupi lathu chikafooka kwambiri.

Kodi mukudziwa kuti "matenda obwera chifukwa cha mwayi" ndi chiyani? Tangoganizirani kusiya zitseko ndi mawindo onse a nyumba yanu otseguka ndipo palibe chitetezo. Kenako aliyense akhoza kulowa mosavuta. Umu ndi momwe zimakhalira, pamene chitetezo cha mthupi lathu chikufooka ndi 'HIV', ngakhale tizilombo tating'onoting'ono tomwe nthawi zambiri sitingayambitse matenda mwa munthu wathanzi timapeza mosavuta 'mwayi' wolowa m'thupi ndikuyambitsa matenda akuluakulu. Ndicho chimene timatcha 'matenda obwera chifukwa cha mwayi'. Tizilombo toyambitsa matenda timeneti nthawi zambiri timapezeka m'malo athu, koma chitetezo cha mthupi cha munthu wathanzi chimalimbana nacho ndikuchilamulira.

Madokotala amagwiritsa ntchito kuchuluka kwa maselo a CD4 ndi ma ADI awa kuti ayesere kuopsa kwa kachilombo ka HIV, kutanthauza kuti, kufalikira kwake ndi kuopsa kwake. Maselo a CD4 awa ndi gawo lofunika kwambiri la chitetezo chathu chamthupi, monga apolisi apadera m'thupi lathu. Kachilombo ka HIV kamawononga maselo a CD4 awa. Chifukwa chake, ngati muli ndi kachilombo ka HIV ndipo muli ndi ma ADI awa, madokotala amatcha gawo lachitatu la kachilombo ka HIV, komwe ndi AIDS.

Nthawi zina, munthu akapezeka ndi `ADI` ndiye kuti amapezeka ndi `HIV`. Komabe, ndikofunikira kukumbukira kuti si aliyense amene ali ndi `ADI` amene ali ndi `HIV`. Ngakhale kuti `ADI` zina zimapezeka kwambiri pakati pa anthu omwe ali ndi `HIV` kapena omwe ali ndi chitetezo chamthupi chofooka, `ADI` zambiri zimatha kupezekanso mwa anthu athanzi omwe alibe matenda enaake. Chifukwa chake, njira yabwino yodziwira bwino ndikupita kukayezetsa kuchipatala.

Kodi mitundu ya matenda odziwika ndi AIDS (ADIs) ndi iti?

Pali mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya 'ADI' iyi. Makamaka ndi matenda opatsirana (bowa, bakiteriya, tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, matenda opatsirana ndi mavairasi), mitundu ina ya khansa, ndi matenda ena okhudzana ndi mitsempha yamagazi. Tiyeni tiwone zomwe zili.

Matenda a Bowa

Chitetezo cha mthupi lanu chikafooka, matenda a bowa amatha kufalikira mosavuta m'thupi lanu lonse. Zina mwa izi ndi izi:

• Chibayo cha Pneumocystis (PCP): Ichi ndi matenda oopsa a m'mapapo.
• Candidiasis ya bronchi, esophagus, trachea, kapena mapapo
• Coccidioidomycosis - yofalikira/yotuluka m'mapapo
• Matenda a cryptosporidiosis a m'mimba omwe amatha nthawi yoposa mwezi umodzi
• Cryptococcosis - kunja kwa mapapo
• Histoplasmosis - yofalikira/yotuluka m'mapapo

Tangoganizani, chitetezo chathu chamthupi chikakhala champhamvu, bowa awa sangachite zambiri. Koma chitetezo chathu chamthupi chikafooka ndi kachilombo ka HIV, amayamba kuyambitsa mavuto.

Matenda a Bakiteriya

Mabakiteriya angayambitsenso matenda osiyanasiyana. Matenda ena a bakiteriya omwe amaonedwa kuti ndi `ADIs` ndi awa:

• Chifuwa chachikulu (Mycobacterium TB) kwa anthu azaka 6 kapena kuposerapo: Uwu ndi matenda omwe anthu ambiri adamvapo, ndipo amatha kukhudza mapapo komanso ziwalo zina.
• Matenda ena a Mycobacterium omwe afalikira kunja kwa mapapo: Zitsanzo ndi monga Mycobacterium kansasii ndi Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC).
• Matenda obwera chifukwa cha mabakiteriya mwa ana osakwana zaka 6.
• Matenda a Salmonella omwe sali a typhoid omwe amabwereranso m'thupi: Pachifukwa ichi, matenda a Salmonella amalowa m'magazi ndikufalikira m'thupi lonse.

Matenda a parasitic

Tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tingayambitsenso `ADIs`. Zitsanzo:

• Toxoplasmosis muubongo: Komabe, izi sizikugwira ntchito kwa makanda osakwana mwezi umodzi.
• Matenda a m'mimba otchedwa cystoisosporiasis omwe amatenga nthawi yoposa mwezi umodzi

Matenda a Virus

HIV ndi kachilombo. Komanso, chitetezo cha mthupi chikafooka, zimakhala zosavuta kuti mavairasi ena ayambe kuukira.

• Matenda a m'mapapo otchedwa Herpes simplex bronchitis, chibayo, kapena esophagitis: Izi sizikugwiranso ntchito kwa ana osakwana mwezi umodzi.
• Zilonda za herpes simplex zomwe zimatha kwa nthawi yoposa mwezi umodzi
• Matenda a Cytomegalovirus: Mu ziwalo zina kupatula chiwindi, ndulu, kapena ma lymph nodes (monga cytomegalovirus retinitis - yomwe imakhudza maso). Izi sizikugwiranso ntchito kwa makanda osakwana mwezi umodzi.
• Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML): Iyi ndi matenda osowa koma oopsa omwe amakhudza ubongo.

Khansa

Pamene maselo athu a T (maselo a CD4 nawonso ali mtundu wa maselo a T) achepa, chiopsezo chotenga khansa yoyambitsidwa ndi mavairasi kapena khansa zomwe zimakhudza chitetezo cha mthupi chimawonjezeka. Mitundu ya khansa yomwe imaonedwa kuti ndi ADI mwa anthu omwe ali ndi kachilombo ka HIV:

• Kaposi sarcoma: Khansa yomwe ingachitike m'malo monga pakhungu, m'malo olumikizirana mafupa, ndi pakamwa.
• Burkitt lymphoma
• Khansa ya pachibelekero yowopsa
• Immunoblastic lymphoma
• Lymphoma yoyamba ya ubongo

Mikhalidwe Ina

Kuwonjezera pa izi, matenda ena ambiri amadziwikanso kuti `ADIs`:

• Chibayo chobwerezabwereza: Kwa akuluakulu ndi ana opitirira zaka 6. Chibayo ndi matenda a m'mapapo omwe amayamba chifukwa cha mavairasi, mabakiteriya, kapena bowa.
• Matenda a ubongo otchedwa HIV encephalopathy: Mu izi, kachilombo ka HIV kamakhudza ntchito ya ubongo.
• Matenda a HIV: Izi zimapangitsa kuti thupi lizichepa thupi komanso kufooka.

Kodi matenda ofala kwambiri ofotokoza matenda a AIDS (ADIs) ndi ati?

Sizimachitika mwa aliyense. Komabe, zina mwa `ADI` zodziwika bwino ndi izi:

• Chibayo cha pneumocystis (PCP)
• Kaposi sarcoma
• Matenda a HIV
• Candidiasis ya m'mero
• Matenda a Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC)
• Chifuwa chachikulu

Kodi zizindikiro za matenda amenewa ndi ziti?

Zizindikiro za `ADIs` zimasiyana malinga ndi matendawa. Komabe, matenda ambiri ali ndi zizindikiro zingapo zofanana:

• Malungo
• Mutu
• Kupweteka kwa thupi, kupweteka kwa minofu
• Chikhure
• Kuvuta kupuma
• Kutupa pakhungu
• Kutsegula m'mimba
• Kusokonezeka kapena kusintha kwina kwa maganizo

Ngati muli ndi chimodzi mwa zizindikiro izi, makamaka ngati mukudziwa kuti muli ndi kachilombo ka HIV, ndikofunikira kwambiri kupita kwa dokotala mwachangu.

N’chifukwa chiyani matenda ofotokoza matenda a AIDS (ADIs) amenewa amapezeka?

Monga tafotokozera kale, kachilombo ka HIV kamawononga maselo a `T` (makamaka maselo a `CD4`) m'thupi lathu. Maselo a `T` amenewa ndi omwe amatithandiza kulimbana ndi matenda. Chifukwa chake, chiwerengero cha maselo a `T` awa chikachepa kwambiri, thupi lathu silingathe kulimbana ndi matenda mwachibadwa. Kenako, tikhoza kudwala chifukwa cha zinthu zomwe sizimayambitsa matenda kwa munthu amene ali ndi chitetezo chamthupi chathanzi. Komanso, ichi ndi chifukwa cha kukula kwa khansa yokhudzana ndi chitetezo chamthupi kapena khansa yoyambitsidwa ndi mavairasi.

Mankhwala ochepetsa kachilombo ka HIV (ART) ndi othandiza kwambiri poteteza chitetezo chathu chamthupi kukhala chathanzi. Komabe, nthawi zina ADI imatha kubuka ngakhale mukumwa mankhwala ochepetsa kachilombo ka HIV. Pali zifukwa zingapo zomwe zingayambitse izi:

• Ngati simungathe kumwa mankhwala anu monga mwalangizidwira komanso panthawi yake.
• Ngati mankhwala omwe mwamwa sakugwira ntchito bwino.
• Mwina munali ndi ADI yopanda zizindikiro musanayambe kumwa ART, ndipo ikhoza kubwereranso chitetezo chanu cha mthupi chikabwezeretsedwa mutatha kumwa ART (izi zimatchedwanso immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome - IRIS).

Kodi matenda ofotokoza matenda a AIDS (ADIs) amadziwikiratu bwanji?

Dokotala wanu adzazindikira matenda a ADI kutengera zizindikiro zanu. Izi zingaphatikizepo kuyeza magazi kapena madzi ena amthupi, komanso mwina kuchita biopsy. Akhozanso kuchita mayeso ojambulira, monga X-ray kapena CT scan, kuti aone kusintha kwa mapapo anu kapena ziwalo zina.

Ngati simunapezekepo ndi kachilombo ka HIV kale, ndipo muli ndi ADI yokha, dokotala wanu angakuyezeni ngati muli ndi kachilombo ka HIV ndi zina zomwe zimayambitsa kufooka kwa chitetezo chamthupi.

Ndi mayeso amtundu wanji omwe amachitidwa?

Mayeso ena omwe dokotala angagwiritse ntchito:

• Kuyezetsa magazi
• Kutenga chitsanzo kuchokera ku mphuno (mphuno yothira)
• Kufufuza za thupi
• Kuyesa kwa mbolo: Chitsanzo cha mbolo chimatengedwa kuchokera m'mapapo kuti chione ngati pali matenda.
• Kuyesa chopondapo
• X-ray pachifuwa
• Kujambula kwa CT
• Kuboola msana/kupopera msana
• Kuyezetsa HIV

Kodi matenda amenewa amachiritsidwa bwanji?

Njira zochiritsira zimadalira mtundu wa matenda omwe muli nawo komanso momwe mulili. Ngati simukumwa mankhwala a ART, dokotala wanu angayambitse kumwa mankhwala a ART mwachangu momwe angathere kapena mkati mwa milungu iwiri kapena inayi mutayamba kumwa mankhwala a matenda opatsirana.

Ngati mwapezeka kale ndi kachilombo ka HIV ndipo mukumwa mankhwala a ART, dokotala wanu angachite mayeso ambiri kuti aone momwe mankhwala anu akugwirira ntchito.

Mankhwala a ADI enaake angaphatikizepo:

• Maantibayotiki opatsirana ndi mabakiteriya
• Mankhwala oletsa bowa a matenda a fungal
• Mankhwala oletsa matenda opatsirana ndi parasitic
• Opaleshoni, radiation, kapena chemotherapy ya khansa

Kodi chimachitika ndi chiyani ngati ndili ndi matenda odziwika ndi AIDS (ADI)?

Kukhala ndi ADI kumawonjezera chiopsezo chomwalira ndi mavuto okhudzana ndi Edzi. Komabe, nkhani yabwino ndi yakuti m'zaka zaposachedwapa, chiwerengero cha imfa zokhudzana ndi Edzi chachepa kwambiri chifukwa cha ART. Ngakhale kuti akuti pafupifupi kotala la anthu omwe ali ndi kachilombo ka HIV amamwalira ndi mavuto okhudzana ndi Edzi, anthu ambiri omwe ali ndi kachilombo ka HIV amayamba msanga kukhala ndi moyo wathanzi popanda kutenga Edzi.

Kodi matenda ofotokoza matenda a Edzi (ADIs) angapewedwe?

Inde, zingathekedi!

Mankhwala a ART angathandize kuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa kachilombo m'magazi mwanu (viral load). Izi zimawonjezera kuchuluka kwa maselo a T (CD4 cells). Izi zimathandiza chitetezo cha mthupi lanu kukhala chathanzi komanso kulimbana ndi matenda. Zimathandizanso kulimbana ndi mavairasi omwe amayambitsa khansa yokhudzana ndi HIV.

Pali njira zina zingapo zochepetsera chiopsezo cha matenda:

• Mankhwala oletsa:Dokotala wanu angakulembereni zinthu monga maantibayotiki kapena mankhwala opha mabakiteriya kuti muchepetse chiopsezo cha matenda ena.
• Katemera: Funsani dokotala wanu katemera amene muyenera kulandira ndipo ngati alipo muyenera kupewa.
• Kuyezetsa: Dokotala wanu angakulangizeni kuti muyezetse khansa zina ndi matenda opatsirana nthawi zonse.
• Musagwiritse ntchito zida zobayira mankhwala: Mukagwiritsa ntchito mankhwala operekedwa ndi dokotala ndi mankhwala osaperekedwa ndi dokotala, musagwiritse ntchito singano, ma syringe, ndi zina zotero ndi ena.
• Ukhondo: Sambani m'manja nthawi zambiri, makamaka musanakonze chakudya, musanadye, komanso mutapita kuchimbudzi. Musagawire chakudya, zakumwa, kapena zinthu zanu ndi ena.
• Chitetezo cha chakudya: Pewani mazira osaphikidwa bwino, mkaka wosaphikidwa bwino (kuphatikizapo tchizi ndi ayisikilimu), ndi madzi a zipatso osaphikidwa bwino. Tsukani kapena chotsani zipatso ndi ndiwo zamasamba bwino musanadye.
• Pewani kugwiritsa ntchito madzi osakonzedwa: Pewani kulowa madzi mkamwa mwanu mukamasamba m'malo monga nyanja ndi maiwe osakonzedwa, ndipo pewani kumwa madzi a pampopi osakonzedwa. Ngati mupita kumalo komwe simukudziwa bwino za kuyera kwa madzi, imwani madzi a m'botolo ndipo gwiritsani ntchito madzi omwewo pophika.

Kodi ndiyenera kupita kwa dokotala liti?

Ngati muli ndi kachilombo ka HIV, onetsetsani kuti mwasunga nthawi yanu yonse yokumana ndi dokotala. Uzani dokotala wanu ngati muli ndi zizindikiro zatsopano kapena zoipiraipira, kapena ngati mukuvutika kumwa mankhwala anu a ART. Dziwani zomwe mungachite kuti mupewe matenda komanso zomwe mungachite ngati muli ndi zizindikiro za matenda.

Kodi muyenera kupita ku Emergency Treatment Unit (ETU) liti?

Ngati mukuganiza kuti mwina mwakhala mukutenga kachilombo ka HIV, kapena ngati muli ndi zizindikiro zoopsa izi, pitani kuchipatala mwamsanga:

• Malungo opitirira madigiri 103 Fahrenheit (madigiri 40 Celsius).
• Kuvuta kupuma.
• Kusanza kwambiri kapena kutsegula m'mimba.
• Kupweteka pachifuwa.
• Kusokonezeka kapena kutaya chidziwitso.
• Ngati bala latentha, lofiira, lotupa, lopweteka, kapena losachira.

Ndi mafunso ati omwe ndiyenera kufunsa dokotala wanga?

Zingakhale zothandiza kufunsa dokotala wanu mafunso monga awa:

• Kodi ndimwa bwanji mankhwala anga moyenera?
• Kodi mumatani ngati mwaphonya nthawi yokumana ndi dokotala?
• Kodi ndingatani kuti ndipewe matenda?
• Ndi zizindikiro ziti zomwe ndiyenera kuyang'anitsitsa?
• Kodi ndiyenera kupita ku chipinda chadzidzidzi liti?

Pomaliza, uthenga wopita nawo kunyumba

Matenda ofotokoza matenda a Edzi (ADIs) ndi mayeso omwe amathandiza madokotala kudziwa momwe kachilombo ka HIV kakhudzira thupi lanu. Mukakhala ndi kachilombo ka HIV, mumakhala pachiwopsezo chachikulu chokhala ndi mavuto aakulu chifukwa cha matenda aliwonse.

Koma,Chofunika kwambiri, kumwa mankhwala ochepetsa mphamvu ya kachilombo ka HIV (ART) moyenera komanso nthawi zonse kungathandize kuti chitetezo cha mthupi lanu chikhale chathanzi komanso kupatsa thupi lanu mphamvu yolimbana ndi matenda. Mankhwalawa athandiza kupewa matenda a Edzi ndipo athandiza anthu omwe ali ndi kachilombo ka HIV kukhala ndi moyo wautali ngati omwe alibe kachilombo ka HIV.

Choncho, lankhulani ndi dokotala wanu za njira zina zodzitetezera zomwe mungachite kuti mupewe matenda aakulu. Musadandaule, mutha kulimbana ndi matendawa ndi chidziwitso choyenera komanso chithandizo choyenera.

` Edzi, HIV, kuzindikira matenda a Edzi, matenda opatsirana mwadzidzidzi, chitetezo chamthupi, maselo a CD4, chithandizo cha ART