Kodi mwana wanu amavutika kulumikizana ndi ena ndi kulankhula? Kodi amavutika kuyang'anana maso? Kapena nthawi zina amalira popanda chifukwa chomveka, kapena amachita zinthu mosiyana ndi ena? Ngati mwana wanu ali ndi vuto la kukula monga autism, mwina mukudziwa momwe makhalidwe amenewa angasokonezere. Njira imodzi yothandizira yomwe mungaganizire pankhaniyi ndi ABA, kapena Applied Behavior Analysis.
Mwachidule, kodi ABA ndi chiyani?
Chithandizo cha ABA ndi njira yapadera yochiritsira khalidwe yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwa ana ndi akuluakulu omwe ali ndi vuto la autism ndi zilema zina zakukula. Imachokera pa lingaliro losavuta kwambiri. Izi zikutanthauza kuti, tikapereka mphotho ku khalidwe linalake, mwanayo amakhala ndi mwayi wobwereza khalidwe limenelo.
Mwa kuyankhula kwina, tikamalimbikitsa makhalidwe abwino a mwana, makhalidwe amenewo amawonjezeka. Mofananamo, tikapanda kulimbikitsa makhalidwe ena osayenera, makhalidwe amenewo amachepa pang'onopang'ono, ndipo nthawi zina amatheratu.
Chithandizo cha ABA chingathandize mwana yemwe ali ndi autism ndi zinthu monga:
- Konzani maubwenzi ndi anthu.
- Phunzirani luso latsopano.
- Wonjezerani makhalidwe abwino komanso abwino.
- Chepetsani machitidwe ovuta komanso ovuta.
Kafukufuku wasonyeza kuti chithandizo cha ABA chili ndi zotsatira zabwino pa kuyanjana kwa ana, luso lolankhulana, komanso chilankhulo cholankhula. Kafukufuku wina wasonyeza kuti kupereka chithandizo cha ABA kwa maola opitilira 20 pa sabata m'zaka zoyambirira za moyo wa mwana (makamaka asanakwanitse zaka 4) kungapangitse kuti mwana apite patsogolo kwambiri pakukula ndikuchepetsa mwayi wofunikira chithandizo chapadera mtsogolo.
Kodi chimachitika ndi chiyani kwenikweni panthawi ya chithandizo cha ABA?
Mwana wanu akayamba chithandizo cha ABA, choyamba adzakumana ndi katswiri wofufuza za khalidwe yemwe ndi katswiri pankhaniyi. Timamutcha Board Certified Behavior Analyst (BCBA). Iye ndiye adzayamba kuwunika zosowa ndi luso la mwana wanu.
Pambuyo pomudziwa bwino mwanayo ndikumvetsetsa luso lake, dongosolo la chithandizo la munthu payekha limapangidwa . Dongosololi limafotokoza momveka bwino makhalidwe omwe akufunidwa komanso zomwe ziyenera kukonzedwa.
Katswiri wa ABA wa mwana wanu amagwiritsa ntchito njira ndi njira zosiyanasiyana kutengera zosowa za mwanayo komanso khalidwe lomwe akuyang'ana.
Kodi njira zazikulu zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito mu ABA therapy ndi ziti?
Madokotala amagwiritsa ntchito njira zosiyanasiyana mu ABA therapy. Nazi zina mwa njira zazikulu. Kumvetsetsa kusiyana pakati pa njirazi kudzakuthandizani kumvetsetsa bwino chithandizochi.
| Njira yochizira | Mwachidule, | Momwe zimachitikira |
|---|---|---|
| Maphunziro a Kuyesera Opanda Kuyesera (DTT) | Kuphunzitsa kokonzedwa, pang'onopang'ono | Wothandizira amakhala ndi mwanayo mmodzi ndi mmodzi, amagawa ntchito m'magawo ang'onoang'ono, ndikumuphunzitsa mmodzi ndi mmodzi. Amamulimbikitsa akachita bwino. Izi zimachitika mwadongosolo. Nthawi zambiri, zochitikazo zimachitika ali patebulo. |
| Chithandizo Chachikulu Choyankha (PRT) | Kuphunzira kudzera mu sewero | Izi sizili zokonzedwa bwino ngati DTT. Apa, zomwe mwanayo amakonda komanso zomwe amakonda zimayikidwa patsogolo. Mwana akayamba masewera omwe amakonda, katswiri wa zamaganizo amalowa nawo ndikuphunzitsa luso lolunjika kudzera mu masewerawa. Ngakhale mphotho zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi masewerawa. (Mwachitsanzo, ngati mwanayo ayika mabuloko angapo molondola, amaloledwa kuwaswa). |
| Denver Model Yoyambira Koyambirira (ESDM) | Kuphatikiza njira zonse ziwiri | Izi zimagwiritsa ntchito zochitika zozikidwa pa masewero monga PRT. Komabe, pamene kuli kofunikira, njira zophunzitsira mwadongosolo monga DTT zimagwiritsidwa ntchito. Kuyesera kumachitika kuti akwaniritse zolinga zingapo mkati mwa ntchito imodzi. (Mwachitsanzo, kuzindikira mawonekedwe ndi kukulitsa luso la kuyenda bwino kwa thupi pamene akumanga chithunzithunzi). |
Chofunika kwambiri, kale, chithandizo cha ABA chinkagwiritsa ntchito chilango kwa anthu omwe amachita zinthu molakwika, koma njira imeneyi siilandiridwanso.Mankhwala a ABA omwe alipo panopa amachokera pa kulimbikitsa bwino kwa thupi.
Malingaliro olakwika ndi zoona zokhudza chithandizo cha ABA
Pali malingaliro osiyanasiyana m'gulu la anthu pankhani ya chithandizo cha ABA. Ena mwa iwo ndi kusamvetsetsana. Tiyeni tikambirane pang'ono za zimenezo.
| Lingaliro lolakwika | Nkhani yochitika |
|---|---|
| Bungwe la ABA limayesetsa "kusintha" ana kukhala maloboti omwe amachita zinthu ngati wina aliyense. | Ayi. Cholinga chachikulu cha chithandizo cha ABA ndikukulitsa makhalidwe ofunika kwambiri pa chikhalidwe cha anthu omwe amakhudza chitetezo cha mwana, kuphunzira, komanso moyo wake wachikhalidwe. Sikuti ndi kuyesa kupanga mwanayo kukhala munthu wosiyana. |
| Izi zili ngati kuphunzitsa nyama. | ABA imachokera ku sayansi ya kuphunzira ndi khalidwe. Ngakhale lingaliro la kulimbikitsa zabwino lingagwiritsidwenso ntchito pophunzitsa nyama, chithandizo cha ABA kwa anthu chimagwiritsidwa ntchito pophunzitsa mwana maluso ndi makhalidwe ofunikira pamoyo. |
| ABA imangoyang'ana pa mavuto a khalidwe. | N’zoona kuti imayesetsa kuchepetsa makhalidwe ovuta. Koma pulogalamu yothandiza ya ABA imachita izi mwa kuphunzitsa njira zina zogwirira ntchito m’malo mwa makhalidwe amenewo ndikuwonjezera makhalidwe abwino. |
| ABA ndi mtundu wa ziphuphu zomwe zimalipira ana kuti akhale "ana abwino." | Izi ndi malingaliro olakwika. Polimbikitsa zabwino, mumauza mwana wanu pasadakhale zomwe akuyembekezera komanso zomwe mudzalandira. Ziphuphu ndi pamene mwana wayamba kale kuchita zinthu zosayenera ndipo mumamupatsa china chake kuti asiye. Awiriwa ndi osiyana kwambiri. |
Kodi mwana wanga adzafunika chithandizo cha ABA kwa nthawi yayitali bwanji?
Kutalika kwa nthawi yomwe mwana wanu adzafunika chithandizo cha ABA kumadalira zinthu zingapo. Mwana aliyense ndi wosiyana, kotero palibe nthawi yokwanira aliyense. Mwana wanu akayamba kugwira ntchito ndi katswiri wa zamaganizo, adzatha kukupatsani lingaliro la nthawi yomwe mwana wanu adzafunika.
Katswiri wa zamaganizo amaganizira mtundu wa chithandizo chomwe chikugwiritsidwa ntchito, kuchuluka kwa thandizo lomwe mwana akufunikira, komanso momwe mwanayo akukulira mofulumira.
Mwana wanu akapezeka ndi autism, mungakhumudwe kwambiri. Mukufuna kuchita zonse zomwe mungathe kuti mwana wanu alandire chithandizo. Koma chifukwa cha njira zambiri zochiritsira, zingakhale zovuta kudziwa chomwe mungasankhe.
Munthu wabwino kwambiri woti mulankhule naye panthawiyi ndi dokotala wa mwana wanu . Kambiranani naye za zomwe mungasankhe ndipo sankhani ngati chithandizo cha ABA chili choyenera kwa mwana wanu.
Kudzera mu chithandizo cha ABA, mwana wanu angalandire thandizo lalikulu pakuwongolera khalidwe lake, kuphunzira zinthu zatsopano, komanso kuchepetsa mwayi wofunikira chithandizo chapadera mtsogolo.
Uthenga Wopita Nawo Kunyumba
- ABA (Applied Behavior Analysis) ndi njira yasayansi yochiritsira yomwe imalimbikitsa makhalidwe abwino ndikuchepetsa machitidwe ovuta mwa ana omwe ali ndi autism ndi matenda ena otukuka.
- Chithandizochi chimaperekedwa kwa mwana aliyense, malinga ndi dongosolo lapadera lopangidwa malinga ndi zosowa ndi luso la mwanayo.
- Njira zosiyanasiyana zimagwiritsidwa ntchito mu chithandizo cha ABA, monga DTT (yokonzedwa), PRT (yoseweredwa pogwiritsa ntchito masewero), ndi ESDM (njira yosakanikirana).
- Palibe chilango mu chithandizo cha ABA chomwe chilipo pano. Chimachokera pa kulimbikitsa kwabwino.
- Nthawi zonse kambiranani ndi dokotala wa mwana wanu ngati chithandizo cha ABA chili choyenera kwa mwana wanu komanso kuti mudziwe zambiri.
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