Iyo twumvise ijambo PCR, dutekereza ku cyorezo cya Covid, sibyo? Igihe twagombaga gushyira agatambaro mu mazuru yacu tugategereza ko raporo iza... ibyo ntibizigera byibagirana. Ariko se wari uzi ko PCR idakoreshwa gusa mu gupima Covid? Iki ni ikizamini cy'ingenzi cyane cyateye intambwe ikomeye mu buvuzi. None rero uyu munsi, reka tuganire ku cyo iki kizamini cya PCR ari cyo, ibindi bintu gishobora kuvumbura, n'uko gikora mu buryo bworoshye ushobora gusobanukirwa.
PCR ni iki mu buryo bworoshye?
Reka tubivuge muri ubu buryo. Tekereza ko wagombaga gushaka ijambo rimwe ku ipaji imwe y'igitabo kimwe, mu bitabo ibihumbi biri mu isomero rinini. Byaba bigoye gute? Ni nko kubona agace gato ka ADN cyangwa RNA , ibikoresho bya genetiki biri mu turemangingo tw'umubiri wacu.
Ikoranabuhanga rya PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) ryoroshya icyo gikorwa kigoye. Icyo ibi bikora ni ugukoporora agace gato ka ADN cyangwa RNA dushaka ibihumbi amagana, ndetse n'inshuro za miriyoni (amplification). Ni nko gushaka urupapuro ruriho ijambo mu gitabo cy'isomero, tukarishyira mu mashini ifotora, hanyuma tugakora kopi zigera kuri miliyoni. Hanyuma, kubera ko iryo jambo rigoye kuboneka ubu riri ahantu hose, dushobora kurimenya byoroshye.
Muri make, PCR ni ikizamini gifata akantu gato cyane k’umubiri wacu, igitonyanga cy’amaraso, cyangwa agahu ko mu mazuru, maze kigakuramo agace runaka ka ADN cyangwa RNA muri laboratwari kugira ngo byemezwe niba kari mu gipimo cyacu cyangwa kitari cyo. Iki ni ikizamini cy’ingenzi cyane. Ibi bivuze ko gishobora kumenya nubwo kaba gake cyane ka virusi. Ubu buryo buri mu itsinda ry’ibizamini byitwa Nucleic Acid Amplification Test (NAAT).
Ni izihe ndwara zishobora kumenyekana hakoreshejwe uburyo bwa PCR?
Nubwo PCR imaze gukundwa cyane kubera icyorezo cya COVID, imaze imyaka ibarirwa muri za mirongo ikoreshwa mu buvuzi. Hari ibintu byinshi bishobora kugaragara muri iki kizamini. Reka turebe bimwe mu by'ingenzi.
| Ni iki gishobora kumenyekana | Ingero n'ibisobanuro |
|---|---|
| Indwara zandura | Ishobora kumenya indwara ziterwa na mikorobe nka virusi, bagiteri, ibihumyo, n'udukoko. Urugero, PCR ikoreshwa mu kumenya neza indwara nka COVID-19, dengue, grippe (grippe), igituntu, VIH, na hepatite B na C. |
| Indwara z'uturemangingo | Hari indwara zimwe na zimwe zivukanwa binyuze mu turemangingo. PCR ifasha kumenya impinduka zimwe na zimwe (mutations) muri utu turemangingo. Ingero: Cystic Fibrosis, indwara ya Huntington. |
| Kanseri | Iki kizamini gishobora kugaragaza impinduka zihariye mu ngirabuzimafatizo za kanseri. Ibi bishobora gufasha abaganga guhitamo imiti ishobora kwibasira iyo kanseri (uburyo bwo kuvura bwiganje). |
| Gupima umwana utwite | Ikoranabuhanga rya PCR rikoreshwa mu bizamini kugira ngo hamenyekane mbere y'igihe niba umwana uri mu nda ya nyina afite indwara zikomoka ku ngirabuzimafatizo. |
| Ubumenyi bw'Ubushakashatsi | ADN ikurwa mu maraso make cyane cyangwa umusatsi uboneka aho icyaha cyabereye, yongerewe imbaraga hakoreshejwe ikoranabuhanga rya PCR, kandi igakoreshwa mu kumenya abakekwaho icyaha. |
Ni gute wafata icyitegererezo cyo gupima PCR?
Uburyo ufata icyitegererezo cyo gupima PCR buterwa n'ubwoko bw'indwara ushaka. Uburyo bwo gufata icyitegererezo buratandukanye kuri buri ndwara.
| Uburyo bwo gufatira ingero | Ibi bikorwa mu bihe bimeze bite? |
|---|---|
| Ikizamini cy'amaraso (Igipimo cy'amaraso) | Hafatwa icyitegererezo cy'amaraso kugira ngo hamenyekane indwara zikomoka ku ngirabuzimafatizo, ndetse no kumenya virusi zimwe na zimwe (urugero: VIH, Hepatite B/C) zinjiye mu maraso. |
| Agatambaro ko mu mazuru | Ubu buryo twese tuzi. Wibuka igihe washyiraga inkoni mu mazuru yawe mu gihe cya Covid? Ubu buryo bukoreshwa mu gupima virusi zigira ingaruka ku buryo bw'ubuhumekero (COVID, Grippe, RSV). |
| Isuzuma ry'ibinyabuzima | Iki gipimo gifatwa mu gace gato k'umubiri kavuye mu kibyimba cya kanseri cyangwa mu musemburo w'amagufwa, kigakoreshwa mu kureba impinduka mu miterere y'uturemangingo. |
| Amniocentesis | Ibi bikorwa kugira ngo hamenyekane uko umwana ameze mu buryo bw’uturemangingo tw’umwana, hafatwa urugero ruto rw’amazi y’umura akikije umwana aturutse ku mubyeyi utwite. |
| Gusuzuma imiterere y'uturemangingo mbere yo gutera umwana | Muri IVF, ubu buryo bukoreshwa mu gupima uturemangingo duke two mu ruhinja kugira ngo harebwe niba rufite indwara za genetiki mbere yuko rushyirwa mu nda ya nyina. |
Akenshi, ntukenera gukora ikintu kidasanzwe kugira ngo witegure ikizamini cya PCR. Ariko, mu bihe bimwe na bimwe, nko mu gihe ukora ikintu nk'ikizamini cya biopsy, muganga wawe azaguha amabwiriza akenewe mbere y'igihe.
Ikoranabuhanga rya PCR rikora rite?
Noneho reka turebe uburyo iri koranabuhanga ritangaje rikora. Ibi ni ibintu bya siyansi gato, ariko ndabisobanura mu buryo bworoshye.
1. Gutegura icyitegererezo: Ubwa mbere, ADN cyangwa RNA bikurwa mu gipimo (amaraso, imisemburo, nibindi) byakuwe muri wowe.
2. Gukora uruvange: Hanyuma, iyi ADN/RNA yihariye ivangwa n'imiti idasanzwe. Ikintu cy'ingenzi muri uru ruvange ni enzyme yitwa DNA Polymerase . Iyi ni yo nkuru ikora akazi ko gufotora.
3. Ihindagurika ry'Ubushyuhe n'Ubukonje: Noneho umuyoboro muto uriho iyi mvange ushyirwa mu mashini yihariye. Iyi mashini izamura kandi ikagabanya ubushyuhe vuba cyane.
- Guhinduka kw'ingirabuzimafatizo: Ubwa mbere, ubushyuhe bwongerwa kugeza kuri dogere selisiyusi 95. Ibi bituma imigozi ibiri ya ADN itandukana.
- Annealing: Hanyuma, ubushyuhe buragabanuka kugeza kuri dogere 55. Hanyuma, uduce duto twa ADN (primers) duhuye n'agace ka ADN dushaka dufatanywa ku duce twa ADN twatandukanye.
- Gushyushya (Kongera): Hanyuma ubushyuhe burazamuka bukagera kuri dogere 72. Hanyuma enzyme ya polymerase ya ADN iraza igakora umugozi mushya wa ADN uhereye kuri iyo primer ihuye n'umugozi wa ADN wa mbere.
4. Gukoporora: Ubu hakozwe kopi ebyiri z'umugozi umwe wa ADN. Iyi gahunda y'ubushyuhe yisubiramo inshuro zigera kuri 30-40. Mu ruziga rumwe, ingano ya ADN yikuba kabiri. Ebyiri ziba enye, enye ziba umunani, umunani ziba cumi n'itandatu... Nyuma y'inziga zigera kuri 30, hakozwe kopi zirenga miliyari imwe zivuye mu gice kimwe cya ADN cy'umwimerere.
Noneho, icyo gice cya ADN/RNA, cyari gito cyane ku buryo kitashoboraga kumenyekana, cyabaye kinini bihagije ku buryo cyoroshye kubibona.
Ese hari ubwoko bw'ibipimo bya PCR?
Yego, hari ubwoko bubiri ahanini tugomba kumenya.
- PCR yo guhindura inyandiko (RT-PCR): Virusi zimwe na zimwe, nka Covid, grippe, na VIH, zifite amakuru yazo ya genetiki muri RNA aho kuba muri ADN. PCR isanzwe ishobora gukoporora ADN gusa. Rero, icyo ukora muri RT-PCR ni ukubanza gukoresha enzyme yihariye (`Reverse Transcriptase`) kugira ngo 'uhindure' iyo RNA muri ADN. ADN ivamo yitwa ADN yuzuzanya (cDNA). Hanyuma inzira isanzwe ya PCR iratangira.
- PCR y'igihe nyacyo / PCR y'ingano (Q-PCR): Ubu buryo ni ubugezweho gato. Ikibaho muri ibi ni uko uko ADN ikoporowe, hashyirwaho ikimenyetso cy'urumuri. Uko ingano ya ADN yakoporowe yiyongera, ubwo ruziga nabwo rurazamuka. Imashini ishobora gupima ubwo ruziga. Rero, mu gihe dutegereje, ni ukuvuga mu gihe nyacyo , dushobora kureba niba ADN ijyanye nayo iri mu gipimo cyangwa itarimo. Si ibyo gusa, ishobora no gutanga igitekerezo cy'ingano ya virusi yari mu gipimo cya mbere (umubare wa virusi). Ikizamini cya Real-time RT-PCR gihuza ubu buryo bwombi gikunze gukoreshwa mu gusuzuma Covid.
Raporo ya PCR isobanura iki?
Ni ingenzi cyane gusobanukirwa raporo ya PCR igihe uyihawe.
- Byagaragaye / Bigaragara: Niba raporo yawe ivuga ngo "Byagaragaye" cyangwa "Byagaragaye," bivuze ko icyitegererezo cyawe cyari kirimo ibice bya virusi cyangwa ibikoresho by'uturemangingo bashakaga. Muri make, ushobora kuba ufite ubwandu.
- Ntibyagaragaye / Ntibyagaragaye: Ibi bivuze ko ibice bya ADN/RNA bifatika bitashoboye kuboneka mu gipimo cyapimwe. Ibi bivuze ko ushobora kuba udafite ubwo bwandu.
Ariko hari ikintu cy'ingenzi cyane. Hari igihe, iyo wipimye mu minsi ya mbere y'ubwandu (cyane cyane mbere y'uko ibimenyetso bitangira), ingano ya virusi mu mubiri wawe ishobora kuba nke kandi PCR ishobora kutayibona. Rero, nubwo wabona igisubizo cya 'Ntabwo cyagaragaye', niba ugifite ibimenyetso, ni byiza kuvugana na muganga wawe no gukurikiza inama ze. Ushobora gusabwa kongera gupimwa mu minsi mike.
Igihe bifata kugira ngo ubone ibisubizo kiratandukanye bitewe n'ikizamini kirimo gukorwa. Gupima amazuru (nka COVID, grippe) akenshi bitanga ibisubizo mu masaha 24. Ariko, gupima amaraso no gusuzuma indwara ziterwa n'uturemangingo bishobora gufata icyumweru cyangwa kirenga.
Niba ufite ikibazo cyangwa impungenge ku ikizamini cya PCR cyangwa ibisubizo byacyo, menya neza ko wabiganiriyeho na muganga wawe.
Ubutumwa bwo kujyana mu rugo
- PCR si ikizamini cya COVID gusa. Ni ikizamini gikomeye kandi cy’ubuvuzi gikoreshwa mu gusuzuma indwara zitandukanye, indwara zikomoka ku ngirabuzimafatizo, n’indwara nka kanseri.
- Ubu buryo bukoresha ADN cyangwa RNA nke cyane mu gipimo kimwe, bugashyirwa muri kopi za miriyoni, bigatuma igera ku rwego rworoshye kuyibona.
- Nubwo ibisubizo bya PCR byaba "Ntabwo byagaragaye" (Bitari byiza), niba ufite ibimenyetso, ntibivuze 100% ko udafite indwara. Ibi bishobora kubaho, cyane cyane mu ntangiriro z'ubwandu.
- Muganga wawe ni we muntu mwiza wo gusubiza ibibazo cyangwa impungenge ushobora kuba ufite ku bisubizo by'ibizamini byawe n'uko ubuzima bwawe buhagaze, bityo ntugatinye kuvugana na we.
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