Iyi 'epithelium' iri hose mu mubiri wacu ni iki? Reka tubisobanukirwe mu buryo bworoshye!

Ese wigeze wibaza uburyo uruhu rwacu ruturinda? Cyangwa uburyo dukura intungamubiri mu byo turya, cyangwa uburyo dukuramo ibintu nk'umukungugu mu mibiri yacu iyo duhumeka? Iyi ngingo yihariye tugiye kuvugaho uyu munsi ifitanye isano n'ibi byose. Yitwa epithelium . Ushobora kuba warumvise iri jambo rivuye kwa muganga. Reka turebe icyo ari cyo, aho giherereye mu mubiri, n'icyo gikora.

Epithelium ni iki? Mu magambo make...

Epithelium ni ubwoko bwihariye bw'ingingo mu mubiri wacu . Tekereza kuri ibyo, itwikira hafi ubuso bwose bw'umubiri wacu n'inyuma, ishyira imbere mu myobo n'ingingo zirimo ububobere, kandi ni yo ngingo nyamukuru mu ngirabuzimafatizo zacu.

Noneho ushobora kwibaza uti, iyi ngingo y'imbere mu mubiri wacu ikora iki? Mu by'ukuri, ifite imirimo myinshi bitewe n'aho iherereye . Iy'ingenzi ni ukurinda, gusohora ibintu bitandukanye, no kwinjiza ibintu by'ingenzi .

Ushobora kuba uzi ko hari ubwoko bune bw'ingenzi bw'ingingo mu mubiri wacu:

• Uturemangingo tw'imbere mu jisho
• Urugingo ruhuza
• Imitsi
• Imitsi y'ubwonko

Muri ibi, ingingo z'imbere mu mubiri ni ingenzi cyane. Kuko niba ikintu gikeneye kwinjira cyangwa kuva mu ngingo zacu, kigomba kubanza kunyura muri iyo ngingo z'imbere mu mubiri .

Ushobora kwiyumvisha ahantu hangahe mu mubiri wacu iyi ngingo y'inyuma iboneka. Dore ingero nke:

• Igice cy'inyuma cy'uruhu rwawe (epidermis)
• Uduce tw'imbere mu mara yawe
• Uduce tw'imbere mu nzira zawe z'ubuhumekero
• Uduce tw'imbere mu nda yawe
• Uduce tw'ibyuya byawe

Uduce tw'inyuma y'inyuma turi hose.

None se, uturemangingo tw’ingirabuzimafatizo (epithelial cells) ni iki?

Byoroshye cyane. Uturemangingo tw’imbere mu mubiri tugizwe n’uturemangingo tw’imbere mu mubiri . Utwo turemangingo dushobora kuba dufite imiterere itandukanye, kandi dushobora gushyirwa mu cyiciro kimwe cyangwa mu byiciro byinshi. Biterwa n’aho uturemangingo turi mu mubiri n’ubwoko bw’umurimo dukora.

Mu binyabuzima, ingirabuzimafatizo ni cyo kintu gito cyane gishobora kubaho cyonyine. Imibiri yacu igizwe na tiriyari z'izi ngirabuzimafatizo. Muri rusange ingirabuzimafatizo ifite ibice bitatu by'ingenzi:

• Uturemangingo: Uru ni urutwikirizo rukikije ingirabuzimafatizo. Rugenzura ibyinjiye n'ibisohoka muri ingirabuzimafatizo.
• Nucleus: Iki ni cyo gice cy'ingenzi cyane cy'ingirabuzimafatizo. Gikubiyemo amakuru menshi yerekeye imiterere y'uturemangingo, cyangwa ADN .
• Cytoplasme:Iki ni igice cy'amazi kiri mu karemangingo. Kirimo ibindi bice by'akaremangingo, utunyangingo duto dukora imirimo itandukanye.

Ubwoko bumwe na bumwe bw'uturemangingo, cyane cyane uturemangingo tw'inyuma, dufite imiterere yihariye ku buso bwatwo idufasha gukora imirimo yatwo. Dore ingero zimwe na zimwe:

• Microvilli: Izi ni nk'intoki nto zisohoka mu buso bw'uturemangingo. Ariko ntizigenda. Inshingano yazo nyamukuru ni ukongera ubuso bw'uturemangingo. Ibi bituma akaremangingo gashobora kwinjiza ibintu byinshi. Urugero, uturemangingo tw'inyuma mu mara yawe mato dufite ibihumbi by'utwo turemangingo . Izi ni zo zigufasha kwinjiza intungamubiri mu byo urya, kandi zifasha no kurinda umubiri wawe bagiteri mu mara yawe.
• Cilia: Izi ni imiterere myiza cyane, isa n'umusatsi, kandi igenda. Ziboneka ku buso bw'uturemangingo. Zishobora kwimura akaremangingo kose, cyangwa zigatwara ibintu ku buso bwo hanze bw'akaremangingo. Akaremangingo gafite cilia akenshi kaba gafite amagana ya cilia. Tekereza nawe, uturemangingo tw'inyuma mu nzira yawe y'ubuhumekero dufite izi cilia . Iyo uhumeka umukungugu n'utundi duce, dufatwa muri izi cilia, tukabijyana mu mazuru, bikarinda kujya mu bihaha. Urundi rugero ni uturemangingo tw'inyuma mu miyoboro ya Fallopian y'abagore. Izi zifasha kwimura igi ruva mu ntanga ngore rukajya mu mura.
• Stereocilia: Mu by’ukuri izi ni ubwoko bwihariye bwa microvilli. Ariko zisa na cilia. Ni n'ibipimo bituruka ku buso bwa zimwe mu turemangingo twa epithelial. Izi stereocilia ni ingenzi mu kumva no kuringaniza ingingo za epithelial z'ugutwi kwawe kw'imbere .

Ni ubuhe bwoko bw'uturemangingo tw'inyuma (epithelial cells) turiho?

Kubera ko ingirabuzimafatizo z'inyuma zikora imirimo itandukanye, hari ubwoko butandukanye bw'ingirabuzimafatizo z'inyuma, bitewe n'aho ziherereye. Reka turebere hamwe ibyo ari byo.

Ubwoko bw'uturemangingo tw'inyuma ukurikije imiterere

Hari ubwoko butatu bw'ingenzi bw'uturemangingo bushingiye ku miterere yatwo:

• Epithelium y'inyuma: Utu turemangingo tuba duto, nk'ikibabi.
• Epithelium ya Cuboidal: Utu turemangingo dufite ishusho ya cuboidal, bivuze ko dufite uburebure, ubugari, n'ubujyakuzimu bimwe.
• Epithelium y'inkingi: Utu turemangingo tuba dufite ishusho nk'inkingi, bivuze ko tuba ture kurusha uko turi bagari.

Ubwoko bushingiye ku buryo uturemangingo dutondetse

Uturemangingo tw’imbere mu mubiri na two dutandukanye mu buryo uturemangingo duteyemo:

• Byoroshye: Epithelium yoroshye ni imwe ifite urwego rumwe gusa rw'uturemangingo .
• Ifite imiterere itandukanye: Epithelium ifite imiterere itandukanye igizwe n'uturemangingo turenze kamwe .
• Yahinduwe nk'iy'impimbano:Iyi ni umwihariko gato. Kubera ko uturemangingo dufatanye, kandi tuza mu bunini butandukanye, bisa nkaho hari uturemangingo twinshi. Ariko mu by'ukuri hari uturemangingo tumwe gusa.

Ni ubuhe bwoko bw'ingenzi bw'uturemangingo tw'inyuma mu mubiri wawe?

Noneho, duhuje imiterere twavuze haruguru n'uburyo ibice by'uturemangingo biteguye, dushobora kumenya ubwoko butandukanye bw'uturemangingo tw'inyuma. Dore bimwe muri byo:

• Epithelium yoroshye: Ubu bwoko bukunze kugabanya imitsi y'amaraso n'imyenge y'umubiri kandi bukagenzura inzira ibintu binyura mu ngingo ziri munsi y'umubiri.
• Epithelium yoroshye ya cuboidal: Ibi bikunze kuboneka mu ngirabuzimafatizo (ikora imiyoboro y'amaraso) no mu miyoboro y'impyiko.
• Epithelium yoroshye: Izi akenshi ziba zihariye mu kwinjiza. Izi selile akenshi ziba zifite cilia cyangwa microvilli ku buso bwazo. Izi selile zikikije igifu n'amara yawe.
• Epithelium y'inyama igizwe n'ibice bibiri: Ubu bwoko bw'inyama bukunze kugira imirimo yo kurinda. Urugero, kurinda ingirabuzimafatizo zo munsi y'umubiri udukoko cyangwa kwangirika kw'amazi. Igice cyo hanze cy'uruhu rwawe (epidermis) kigizwe n'utu turemangingo tw'inyama igizwe n'ibi bice bibiri.
• Epithelium ya cuboidal ifite stratified: Ubwo bwoko ntibukunze kugaragara cyane. Buboneka mu miyoboro y'amazi y'imitsi y'amacandwe n'ibinure by'ibyuya.
• Epithelium ifite imiterere ya Stratified columnar: Ibi nabyo ntibikunze kugaragara cyane. Biboneka mu gice cy'umuhogo (conjunctiva) gitwikira amaso yawe. Bitanga uburinzi kandi bikanasohora amacandwe.
• Epithelium ya Pseudostratified columnar: Ubu bwoko bw'ibice byo mu myanya y'ubuhumekero yo hejuru. Akenshi iba ifite cilia nyinshi.

Uturemangingo tw'inyuma dufite imirimo yihariye

Hari uturemangingo tumwe na tumwe dushobora gushyirwa mu byiciro bitewe n'imirimo yatwo yihariye.

• Epithelium y'impinduka: Nanone yitwa urothelium . Igizwe n'uturemangingo twinshi. Ikintu cyihariye kuri ibi ni uko iyo twarambuye, utwo turemangingo turagorama. Dushyira igice kinini cy'inzira y'inkari zawe . Ni nabyo bituma uruhago rwawe rukura.
• Epithelium y'ingirabuzimafatizo:Ubu bwoko bwa epithelium bwihariye mu gukora no gusohora ibintu. Ibi biboneka mu ngirabuzimafatizo zawe. Ingirabuzimafatizo ni ingingo zihariye zishobora gukora, kubika, cyangwa gusohora ibintu nk'imisemburo, poroteyine n'amazi.
• Epithelium y'impumuro ihumura: Iyi iherereye mu mazuru yawe. Irimo utunyangingo tw'impumuro ihumura . Utu tunyangingo dufite imiterere miremire kandi yihariye yitwa cilia. Iyo uhumeka, utunyangingo tw'impumuro irafatwa muri cilia iyo inyura kuri iyi epithelium. Amakuru yerekeye izo molekile ava kuri za receptor ajya kuri amplifier y'impumuro mu bwonko bwawe. Aho niho ubwonko bwawe busobanura iyo mpumuro icyo ari cyo.

None se, ni iki mu by'ukuri kiba ku ngingo z'imbere mu mubiri? (Imikorere)

Noneho urabona akamaro k'uturemangingo tw'inyuma y'umubiri wacu. Dukora imirimo myinshi y'ingenzi mu buzima bwacu. Kubera ko uturemangingo tw'inyuma y'umubiri tuboneka mu mubiri wose, imikorere yatwo n'icyo tugamije biratandukanye bitewe n'aho duherereye.

Uturemangingo tw’imbere mu jisho (epithelial tissue) ahanini dukora kimwe cyangwa byinshi muri ibi bikurikira:

• Uburinzi: Uturemangingo tw’imbere mu mubiri turinda ibice bitandukanye by’umubiri wacu. Urugero, uruhu rwawe rugizwe n’uturemangingo tw’imbere mu mubiri . Rurinda uturemangingo, imitsi y’amaraso, imitsi, n’ingingo z’imbere mu mubiri wawe. Mu buryo nk’ubwo, cilia iri ku turemangingo tw’imbere mu mara yawe irinda umubiri wawe bagiteri ziri mu mara.
• Isohoka: Uturemangingo tw’inyuma mu ngirabuzimafatizo zawe (glandular epithelium) dushobora gusohora enzymes, imisemburo, n’ibindi bintu bitandukanye.
• Kwinjira: Uturemangingo tw’imbere mu mubiri dufata ingingo zawe, nk’umwijima n’ibihaha, dushobora kwinjiza ibintu bimwe na bimwe. Urugero, uturemangingo tw’imbere mu mara yawe dufata intungamubiri mu byo urya .
• Gusohora: Gusohora ni inzira yo gukura imyanda mu mubiri. Uturemangingo tw’impyiko mu mpyiko zawe dusohora imyanda . Kandi uturemangingo tw’impyiko mu turemangingo tw’ibyuya byawe dusohora ibyuya.
• Kuyungurura: Epithelium iri mu nzira yawe y'ubuhumekero isukura umwuka uhumeka ikuraho ivumbi n'uduce tw'imyanda . Mu buryo nk'ubwo, uturemangingo tw'impyiko zawe twungura amaraso yawe.
• Gukwirakwira: Muri biyoloji, gukwirakwira ni urujya n'uruza rw'utunyangingo cyangwa uduce duto tuva mu gace gafite uburemere bwinshi tujya mu gace gafite uburemere buke. Agace gato kagizwe n'uturemangingo tw'inyuma gashobora kwemerera ibintu byatoranijwe kunyuramo gusa. Iyi nzira yo gukwirakwira ifasha mu mirimo nko kuyungurura, gukurura no gusohora.
• Kwakira ibyiyumvo:Imibiri yacu yakira amakuru y’ibyumviro aturutse hanze bitewe n’imitsi y’ibyumviro iri mu gice cy’inyuma cy’amatwi. Urugero, utunyangingo tw’amatwi turi ku buso bw’igice cy’inyuma cy’amatwi ni ingenzi kugira ngo umuntu yumve kandi agire uburinganire . Mu buryo nk’ubwo, uburyohe bw’ururimi rwawe buri mu gice cy’inyuma cy’amatwi kiri mu gice cy’inyuma cy’amatwi.

Ni izihe ndwara zigira ingaruka ku ngirabuzimafatizo z'inyuma?

Ingaruka zikomeye ku mubiri w’inyuma ni uko umuntu ashobora kurwara kanseri, cyane cyane ubwoko bwa kanseri nka adenocarcinoma cyangwa papillary thyroid carcinoma .

Adenocarcinoma ni ubwoko bwa kanseri ifata ingirabuzimafatizo z'impyiko zifata ingingo. Ni yo kanseri ikunze kugaragara cyane mu ngingo. Ibi biterwa nuko:

• Kanseri nyinshi za prostate
• Kanseri nyinshi z'ibere
• Hafi 96% bya kanseri y'inkondo y'umura
• Hafi 95% bya kanseri ya pancreas
• Kanseri z'ibihaha zitari iz'uturemangingo duto zigize hafi 40% bya kanseri zose z'ibihaha.

Kanseri ya tiroyide yo mu bwoko bwa papillary ifata hafi 80% bya kanseri ya tiroyide. Ubu bwoko bwa kanseri bukura buhoro buhoro. Nubwo yakwirakwira mu mitsi yo mu ijosi, iyi ndwara ikira neza iyo ivuwe. Irakira cyane kandi ntikunze kwica.

Uretse kanseri, hari n'ibindi bibazo bifitanye isano n'imitsi yo mu ruhu bishobora kugaragara mu ngingo zitandukanye. Zimwe mu ndwara zikunze kugaragara zirimo:

• Asima: Asima ni indwara aho inzira z'ubuhumekero zigabanuka, zikabyimba, ndetse zishobora no gutuma habaho amacandwe menshi. Muri ibi, epithelium y'ubuhumekero irahinduka kandi ikagira intege nke.
• Indwara ya Celiac: Iyo umuntu urwaye indwara ya Celiac ariye gluten (poroteyine iboneka mu binyampeke bimwe na bimwe), ubudahangarwa bw'umubiri bwe bwibasiye bukanangiza microvilli iri mu turemangingo tw'impyiko turi mu mara ye. Ibi bituma amara adashobora kwinjiza intungamubiri neza.
• Ubwoko bwa 1-4 bwa virusi ya Papillomavirusi y'abantu: HPV ishobora gutera ibiheri ku tunyangingo tw'inyuma tw'uruhu rwawe (epidermis).
• Vertigo: Vertigo ni indwara itera kumva uzunguruka. Ishobora kugira impamvu nyinshi. Impamvu imwe ni ukwiyongera kudasanzwe kw'uturemangingo tw'inyuma tw'amagufwa twinshi mu gutwi kwawe (twitwa cholesteatoma ). Iyo itavuwe, ishobora gutera vertigo (ibibazo byo kuringaniza imiterere y'umubiri) ndetse n'ibibazo byo kutumva.

Ni ibihe bizamini bisuzuma uturemangingo tw’inyuma (epithelial cells)?

Kubera ko uturemangingo tw’ingirabuzimafatizo tuboneka ahantu henshi h’ingenzi mu mibiri yacu, hari ubwoko butandukanye bw’ibizamini bisuzuma uturemangingo tw’ingirabuzimafatizo kugira ngo harebwe niba dufite uruhare mu ndwara zimwe na zimwe. Mu buvuzi, indwara ni ugusuzuma uturemangingo mu ngingo z’umubiri cyangwa mu bipimo by’amazi muri laboratwari kugira ngo hamenyekane indwara. Umuhanga mu bya siyansi usuzuma utwo turemangingo yitwa umuhanga mu by’indwara .

Ingero zimwe na zimwe z'ibizamini bifitanye isano n'ingingo z'imbere mu mubiri:

• Uturemangingo tw’inkari mu nkari: Isuzuma ry’inkari ni ikizamini gipima ibintu bitandukanye mu nkari zawe. Kimwe muri ibyo ni umubare w’uturemangingo tw’inkari. Umutekinisiye wa laboratwari azareba icyitegererezo cy’inkari zawe akoresheje mikorosikopi kugira ngo arebe niba umubare w’uturemangingo tw’inkari uri mu rugero rusanzwe. Ni ibisanzwe kugira uturemangingo duke tw’inkari mu nkari zawe. Ariko niba ufite twinshi muri two, bishobora kuba ikimenyetso cy’ubwandu, indwara y’impyiko, cyangwa indi ndwara ikomeye .
• Ikizamini cya Pap smear / Pap test: Ikizamini cya Pap ni ikizamini cyo gusuzuma uturemangingo tw’inyuma tudasanzwe mu mura w’inkondo y’umura dufite kanseri cyangwa dushobora kuba kanseri. Muri iki kizamini, umuganga afata icyitegererezo cy’uturemangingo two mu mura w’inkondo y’umura akadusuzuma akoresheje mikorosikopi.
• Bimwe mu bizamini bya biopsy: Biopsy ni ugusuzuma (akenshi hakoreshejwe mikorosikopi) ingingo zakuwe mu gice cy'umubiri kugira ngo harebwe ibimenyetso by'indwara. Hari ubwoko butandukanye bwa biopsy busesengura uturemangingo twa epithelium. Urugero, biopsy ya prostate ikubiyemo gufata uturemangingo twa epithelium muri prostate ukoresheje urushinge no gusuzuma ibimenyetso bya kanseri. Biopsy y'indwara ya celiac ikubiyemo gufata uturemangingo twa epithelium mu gice cy'amara mato binyuze muri endoscope no gusuzuma niba hari ibyangiritse kuri microvilli mu turemangingo.
• Bimwe mu bizamini bya Cytology (Ibizamini bya Cytology / Cytopathology): Cytology ni isuzuma ry'uturemangingo two mu ngingo z'umubiri cyangwa amazi kugira ngo hakorwe isuzuma. Hari ibizamini byinshi bya cytology bikubiyemo uturemangingo tw'inyuma, nka cytology y'abagore, cytology ya tiroyide, cytology y'ubuhumekero, na cytology y'amaso.

Ni irihe tandukaniro riri hagati ya epithelium, endothelium, na mesothelium?

Aya mazina atatu ashobora gutera urujijo kuko asa gato. Epithelium, endothelium , na mesothelium ni ubwoko butatu bw'uturemangingo tw'inyuma tw'umubiri dukikije ingingo zacu z'imbere, imyobo y'umubiri, kandi tugakora urwego rw'inyuma rw'uruhu rwacu.

• Ubusanzwe epithelium ishyira inzira zijya hanze, urugero nk'inzira z'ubuhumekero n'igogora.
• Ubusanzwe, endothelium ikora ku miyoboro y'imbere y'umubiri wose, urugero nk'imiyoboro y'amaraso (imitsi y'amaraso) n'imboni y'ijisho ryawe.
• Mesothelium ishyira mu mwobo munini w'umubiri wawe. Urugero, mu mwobo wo mu nda (peritoneum), mu mwobo w'ibihaha (pleura), no mu mwobo w'umutima (pericardium). Mesothelium isohora amazi atera amavuta yitwa serous fluid .

Uturemangingo tw’imbere mu mubiri ni ubwoko bw’uturemangingo dukora imirimo myinshi y’ingenzi ku mikorere n’ubuzima bw’umubiri wawe. Ushobora kuba warumvise umuganga wawe akoresha ijambo "epithelium" iyo avuga ku bipimo bimwe na bimwe cyangwa ubwoko bwa kanseri. Hari amagambo menshi agoye kandi adasanzwe nk’aya mu rwego rw’ubuvuzi. Niba utazi neza ijambo umuganga wawe akoresha, ntutinye kumubaza icyo risobanura.

Ibintu by'ingenzi ugomba kwibuka (Ubutumwa bwo kujyana mu rugo)

Rero, ndizera ko ufite igitekerezo cyoroshye kuri iyi 'epithelium' twavuzeho uyu munsi.

• Epithelium ni uturemangingo twihariye dukora nk'igipfundikizo kandi tuboneka hafi ya hose mu mibiri yacu. Tuboneka ahantu nko ku ruhu, mu mara no mu nzira z'ubuhumekero.
• Ibi bikora imirimo myinshi y'ingenzi, nko kurinda, gusohora no kwinjiza .
• Hariho ubwoko butandukanye bw'uturemangingo tw'inyuma bitewe n'imiterere yatwo n'imiterere yatwo.
• Hari indwara zimwe na zimwe, cyane cyane kanseri , zishobora kugira ingaruka kuri iyi ngingo y'imbere mu mubiri, kandi zifitanye isano n'indwara nka asima n'indwara ya celiac.
• Ubuzima bw'izi selile bushobora kugaragara binyuze mu bipimo bitandukanye (ibipimo by'inkari, ibipimo bya Pap smears, ibipimo bya biopsy) .

Kumenya neza umubiri wawe bizagufasha cyane kugira ubuzima bwiza. Rero, shishikazwa no kumenya byinshi kuri ibi bintu.

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