Ingirabuzimafatizo ni iki? Reka tubiganireho mu buryo bworoshye!

Ese wigeze wibaza aho wakuye imiterere yawe yihariye, inseko yawe, ibara ry'umusatsi wawe, wenda n'uburyo uvuga? Hari igihe twumva tuti "Mama, usa na papa wawe!" cyangwa "Ufite amaso ya mama wawe!" Ibyo biterwa n'ibi bintu bito ariko bikomeye cyane tugiye kuvugaho uyu munsi, byitwa genes . Ibi nibyo bituma tuba abo turi bo, uko tugaragara, ndetse n'imico yacu.

Mu by'ukuri, gene ni iki?

Mu magambo make, jeni ni agasanduku gato k'amakuru ubona ku babyeyi bawe. Aka gasanduku k'amakuru karimo amakuru yose agena 'imico' yawe, yaba umusatsi wawe ugororotse cyangwa ugororotse, waba uri muremure cyangwa mugufi, ibara ry'amaso yawe, n'uburyo umwenyura. Iyi mico ihererekanywa kuva ku gisekuru kugeza ku kindi binyuze muri izi jeni.

Tekereza, niba mama wawe na so bombi bafite amaso y'ubururu, ushobora kugira amaso y'ubururu. Nanone, niba mama wawe afite uduce duto, nawe ushobora kurwara iyo mico. Si abantu gusa bafite utu tunyangingo, inyamaswa, ibiti, ahubwo ibi binyabuzima byose bifite utunyangingo. Bivugwa ko ingirabuzimafatizo imwe gusa mu mubiri wacu ishobora kuba irimo utunyangingo turi hagati ya 25.000 na 35.000. Ibyo ntibitangaje?

Ese uzi aho utu tunyangingo duto turi?

Izi ngirabuzimafatizo ni nto cyane ku buryo tudashobora no kuzibona. Ziri mu tunyangingo duto twitwa uturemangingo tugize imibiri yacu. Umubiri wawe ugizwe na za miriyari z'utwo tunyangingo. Utwo tunyangingo ni duto cyane ku buryo ukeneye mikorosikopi kugira ngo utubone.

Muri izi selile, harimo imiterere yitwa chromosomes isa n'imipira y'ubudodo, cyangwa nk'uko bamwe babivuga, makaroni. Izi genes zibikwa muri izo chromosomes. Hashobora kubaho amagana, ndetse n'ibihumbi, bya genes muri chromosome imwe. Izi chromosomes na genes zigizwe n'ikinyabutabire cyitwa ADN . Igisobanuro cyuzuye cya ADN ni aside Deoxyribonucleic . Ni izina rirerire, si byo se? Ariko biroroha iyo umaze kumenyera.

Akazu gato k'ingufu kari imbere mu ngirabuzimafatizo: nucleus

Hagati mu turemangingo twinshi, hari igice gito gisa n'igi cyitwa nucleus . Ubu ni ubwonko bw'akaremangingo. Ni nucleus ibwira ibindi bice byose by'akaremangingo icyo gukora. None se, nucleus izi byinshi gute? Impamvu ni uko chromosomes na genes zacu byose biri muri aka nucleus. Hari amakuru menshi kuruta uko wabitekereza muri aka nucleus gato - wenda arenze ayo mu nkoranyamagambo nini cyane wigeze ubona!

Inkuru y'uturemangingo twacu twa chromosomes

Buri ngirabuzimafatizo y'umuntu ifite chromosomes 46. Ariko izi ziza mu buryo bubiri. Ni ukuvuga chromosomes 23. Wibuke ko kimwe cya kabiri cy'izi ngero, ni ukuvuga chromosome 23, kiva kuri mama wacu, n'ikindi gice, chromosome 23, kiva kuri data wacu.

Iyo urebye hifashishijwe mikorosikopi, izi chromosomes zisa n'aho zifite uburebure butandukanye kandi zifite imiterere itandukanye y'imirongo. Iyo zitondetse hakurikijwe ingano n'imiterere, impande 22 za mbere zitwa autosomes . Impande ebyiri za nyuma ni chromosomes z'igitsina , ari zo chromosomes za X na Y. Izi chromosomes z'igitsina zigena niba uri umukobwa cyangwa umuhungu. Abakobwa bafite chromosomes ebyiri za X (XX), naho abahungu bafite chromosome imwe ya X na chromosome imwe ya Y (XY).

Ariko si ibinyabuzima byose bifite chromosome 46 mu turemangingo twabyo. Urugero, ingirabuzimafatizo y'isazi y'imbuto ifite chromosome enye gusa!

Ni gute ingirabuzimafatizo zakora?

Buri gene ifite akazi kayo. ADN iri muri gene, kimwe n'uburyo bwo guteka, irimo amabwiriza yihariye. Aya mabwiriza akoreshwa mu gukora poroteyine imbere mu turemangingo. Poroteyine ni inkingi z'ibintu byose biri mu mibiri yacu. Amagufwa yacu, amenyo, umusatsi, amatwi, imitsi n'amaraso byose bigizwe na poroteyine. Izi poroteyine zifasha imibiri yacu gukura no kugumana ubuzima bwiza. Abahanga mu bya siyansi ubu bemeza ko gene imwe ishobora gukora ubwoko 10 butandukanye bwa poroteyine! Ibyo ni poroteyine zirenga 300.000!

Uburyo ingirabuzimafatizo zigena imiterere yacu

Kimwe na chromosomes, genes ziza mu matsinda abiri. Ababyeyi bawe bombi bafite kopi ebyiri za genes zabo. Ariko ubona kopi imwe gusa ya buri genes. Genes zawe zigizwe n'imwe iturutse kuri nyoko n'indi iturutse kuri so. Genes ubona muri ubu buryo zigena byinshi mu biranga imiterere yawe, nk'ibara ry'umusatsi wawe n'imiterere y'uruhu rwawe.

Tekereza ko nyina wa Sandani afite gene y'umusatsi w'umukara n'gene y'umusatsi utukura. Yahaye Sandani gene y'umusatsi utukura. Niba se wa Sandani afite gene ebyiri z'umusatsi utukura, Sandani nawe ashobora kubona gene y'umusatsi utukura. Hanyuma Sandani abona gene y'umusatsi utukura ku babyeyi bombi, maze umusatsi we ukaba umutuku. Urabyumva?

Urugero, hari ubwoko butandukanye bw'imbwa. Zose zifite uturemangingo tubakora imbwa, ntabwo ari injangwe, amafi, cyangwa abantu. Ariko uturemangingo tubakora imbwa nitwo tugena imiterere yazo. Niyo mpamvu zimwe ziba ari nto, izindi zikaba nini. Izindi zifite umusatsi muremure, izindi zifite umusatsi mugufi. Dalmatians zifite uturemangingo tw'umusatsi wera n'utudomo tw'umukara. Toy poodles zifite uturemangingo tw'umusatsi ucuramye. Ndatekereza ko ubu ubyumva.

Bite ho niba hari ibibazo ku ngirabuzimafatizo?

Abahanga mu bya siyansi bakomeje kwiga izi gene. Barashaka kumenya poroteyine buri gene ikora, n'ikiba kuri izo poroteyine. Barashaka kandi kumenya indwara ziterwa na gene zidakora neza. Tuzita gene zahindutse mu buryo runaka . Abashakashatsi bizera ko izi gene zihinduka mu buryo bumwe zitera indwara z'ibihaha, kanseri, n'izindi ndwara nyinshi. Indwara zimwe na zimwe n'ibibazo by'ubuzima bibaho iyo gene zibuze cyangwa iyo hari ibice by'inyongera bya gene cyangwa chromosomes.

Bimwe muri ibyo bibazo by’uturemangingo bishobora kuragwa n’ababyeyi ku bana. Urugero, reka dufate gene ifasha umubiri wacu gukora hemoglobin . Hemoglobine ni poroteyine y’ingenzi cyane ifasha uturemangingo dutukura gutwara umwuka wa ogisijeni mu mubiri wose. Iyo umwana azunguye gene itandukanye ya hemoglobini ku mubyeyi, uwo mwana ashobora gukora ubwoko bwa hemoglobini idakora neza. Ibi bishobora gutera indwara yitwa anemia . Anemia ni ukugabanuka k’umubare w’uturemangingo dutukura tw’amaraso tuzima. Anemia ya selile sickle ni ubwoko bwa anemia iragwa n’ababyeyi ku bana binyuze muri gene muri ubu buryo.

Cystic fibrosis, cyangwa CF, ni indi ndwara abana bamwe bavukana. Ababyeyi bafite gene ya CF yahinduwe bashobora kuyitera abana babo. Abantu barwaye CF bagira ikibazo cyo guhumeka kuko imibiri yabo ikora amatembabuzi menshi cyane - amazi menshi aturuka mu mazuru yacu iyo turwaye - kandi agafata mu bihaha byabo. Abantu barwaye CF bagomba kuvurwa ubuzima bwabo bwose kugira ngo ibihaha byabo bikomeze kugira ubuzima bwiza uko bishoboka kose.

Amakuru mashya: Reka twige bike ku bijyanye no kuvura imiterere y'uturemangingo.

Uburyo bwo kuvura imiterere y’uturemangingo ni uburyo bushya cyane bw’ubuvuzi - bushya cyane ku buryo abahanga mu bya siyansi bakiri mu cyiciro cy’ubushakashatsi kugira ngo barebe niba bukora. Bukubiyemo gukoresha ubuhanga mu by’imiterere y’uturemangingo mu kuvura indwara iterwa na gene yahinduwe mu buryo runaka.Gukoresha ikoranabuhanga. Uburyo bumwe burimo kugeragezwa ni ugusimbuza imiterere y’uturemangingo turwaye imiterere y’uturemangingo. Hifujwe ko ubu bushakashatsi ku miti y’uturemangingo (harimo n’ubushakashatsi bukoresha abantu) buzayobora ku buryo bushya bwo kuvura ndetse wenda no gukumira indwara nyinshi mu gihe kizaza.

None se, ni ibihe bintu twagombye kwibuka muri iyi nkuru? (Ubutumwa bwo kujyana mu rugo)

Rero, ushobora kuba usobanukiwe ko ingirabuzimafatizo ari ibintu bitangaje kandi by'ingenzi cyane bitugira abo turi bo, bigira ingaruka ku isura yacu, ku mico yacu, ndetse no ku buzima bwacu . Ni nk'impano y'agaciro kenshi duhabwa n'ababyeyi bacu.

• Genes ni urutonde rw'amabwiriza aboneka mu turemangingo tw'umubiri wacu agena imiterere yacu.
• Ibi bibikwa mu miterere yitwa chromosomes kandi bigizwe na ADN.
• Tubona uturemangingo twacu ku babyeyi bacu, niyo mpamvu tubasa nabo.
• Hari igihe impinduka (mutations) muri za gene zishobora gutera ibibazo by'ubuzima.
• Ikoranabuhanga rishya nka gene therapy rishobora gutanga ibisubizo by'ibibazo nk'ibyo mu gihe kizaza.

Ndizera ko kwiga kuri izi gene bizagufasha gusobanukirwa neza imibiri yacu n'uturemangingo twacu. Niba ufite ibindi bibazo, ntutindiganye kubaza muganga cyangwa undi muntu uzi kuri iyi ngingo.

` Gene, Chromosomes, ADN, Umurage, Ubuzima