Reka turebe neza icyo iyi mikorobe iteje akaga yitwa "Superbug" ari cyo?

Ushobora kuba warigeze kumva umuntu avuga kuri izi "superbugs" mu kinyamakuru, kuri televiziyo, cyangwa imbonankubone? Iyo wumvise iri zina, bigutera ubwoba gato, si byo se? "superbug" bivuze iki? Ese ibi ni akaga koko? Uyu munsi, turabivugaho mu buryo burambuye, mu buryo bworoshye, mu buryo ushobora kumva.

"Superbug" ni iki? Mu magambo make...

Mu magambo make, "superbug" ni ubwoko bwa mikorobe irwanya imiti dutanga kugira ngo ivure indwara, cyane cyane antibiyotike, kandi idashobora kwangirika byoroshye. Izi nazo zitwa "microbes zirwanya imiti myinshi," bivuze ko zirwanya ubwoko bwinshi bw'imiti.

Tekereza, ufite ubwandu bwa bagiteri maze muganga akaguha umuti. Ubusanzwe, umuti wica bagiteri. Ariko, niba iyi ari ubwoko bwa bagiteri "ifite udukoko twinshi", "yahindutse" ku muti. Rero nubwo wayiha, ntabwo izapfa. Icyo gihe ni bwo ikibazo gitangira. Ni nk'iyo tugiye ku rugamba, umwanzi aba yiteguye mbere y'igihe intwaro dukoresha.

Izi "superbugs" zikunze kuboneka muri bagiteri . Ni ukuvuga ko akenshi ari bagiteri zahindutse zirwanya ubwoko butandukanye bwa antibiyotike. Ariko, hari fungi zishobora no guhinduka "superbugs" zirwanya imiti irwanya imyuka.

Ese wigeze wibaza impamvu abaganga bahora bavuga bati: "Fata imiti yica udukoko nk'uko byategetswe, mu gihe gikwiye," na "Ntugafate imiti yica udukoko mu gihe utabikeneye"? Impamvu nyamukuru ni ukurinda kwiyongera kw'utu "dukoko twinshi".

Iyo udukoko twanduza indwara dukunze guhura na antibiyotike, tubonye uburyo bushya bwo kuzirinda. Ni nk'umujura utegereje kudutega buri munsi mu gihe tugenda mu muhanda umwe. Rero, niba "udukoko twinshi" turwanya imiti myinshi twinjiye mu mibiri yacu, dushobora gushyira ubuzima mu kaga, ndetse ntitwongere kuvurwa.

Ni ubuhe bwoko bukunze kugaragara bwa "superbugs"?

Nubwo bagiteri iyo ari yo yose ishobora kugira ubudahangarwa ku miti irwanya udukoko, ubwoko bumwe bwa bagiteri bukunze kuba "udukoko twinshi." Dore ingero nke:

• `Staphylococcus aureus` (urugero: MRSA – Staphylococcus aureus idakira methicillin)
• Enterobacteriale zirwanya Carbapenem ( CREs ) n'izindi Enterobacteriale zirwanya imiti. Muri zo harimo bagiteri nka Klebsiella pneumoniae, E. coli, Salmonella, na Shigella.
• `Neisseria gonorrhoeae` (bagiteri itera gonorrhea)
• `Pseudomonas aeruginosa`
• `Acinetobacter baumannii`
• Igituntu cya Mycobacterium (bagiteri itera igituntu )
• Bagiteri itera indwara ya pneumococcal yitwa Streptococcus pneumoniae (bagiteri itera pneumococcal)
• 'Campylobacter'
• `Mycoplasma genitalium`
• Bordetella pertussis (bagiteri itera inkorora itera uburibwe)

Mu ndwara ziterwa n'imiti, Candida auris na Aspergillus fumigatus nabyo bishobora kuba "superbugs".

Ariko ibuka ibi: kuba waranduye mikorobe iri kuri uru rutonde ntibivuze ko wagize "superbug." Hariho ubwoko bw'izi mikorobe budashobora kwihanganira imiti, ndetse n'ubwoko bw'izipfa bushobora kwihanganira imiti.

Ni ibihe bimenyetso by'ubwandu bwa "superbug"?

Ibimenyetso by'ubwandu bwa "superbug" bishobora gutandukana bitewe n'aho ubwandu buri mu mubiri wawe. Bimwe mu bimenyetso bisanzwe birimo:

• Umuriro
• Ubukonje
• Uruhu rutukura, cyangwa agace k'uruhu gatukura, gahinduka ibara, kababaza, kabyimbye, cyangwa kuzuyemo amabyi cyangwa amazi.
• Inkorora
• Guhumeka nabi
• Ububabare mu gituza cyangwa mu nda (mu nda)
• Umunaniro ukabije cyangwa gusinzira (`Ubunebwe`)
• Ububabare bw'imitsi cyangwa ingingo
• Umuvuduko w'amaraso uri hasi
• Ukwiyongera k'umuvuduko w'umutima (Tachycardia)
• Hypothermia (ubushyuhe buke bw'umubiri)

Ibi bimenyetso bishobora guterwa atari "superbugs" gusa ahubwo no guterwa n'izindi ndwara nyinshi. Niba rero ufite ibi bimenyetso, cyane cyane iyo bitagenze neza iyo uvuwe, hita ubonana na muganga.

Ni gute izi "superbugs" zivuka?

Hari impamvu nyinshi zituma "udukoko twinshi" turwanya imiti. Hari igihe bibaho mu buryo busanzwe. Ni ukuvuga ko duhinduka tukabana n'ibindi binyabuzima. Hari igihe bagiteri cyangwa ibihumyo bikora uburyo bwo kwirinda indwara kugira ngo bihagarike cyangwa bishe imiti irwanya udukoko cyangwa imiti irwanya udukoko.

Cyane cyane mu bitaro no mu zindi nzego z'ubuvuzi, bagiteri zishobora kwangirika ku miti irwanya udukoko abaganga bakoresha kenshi. Udukoko twinshi "superbugs" tuvuka muri ubwo buryo. Nubwo hakoreshejwe imiti irwanya udukoko neza, ibi bishobora kugorana kubikumira.

Bagiteri zishobora kohereza imiterere yazo yo kurwanya indwara (`genes resistant`) ku zindi bagiteri zisanzwe zihari. Ibi byitwa `horizontal gene transfer`. Nanone, zishobora kubaho zirimo antibiyotike, zikororoka, kandi zigaha izindi imiterere yazo (hamwe n'ubushobozi bwo kurwanya indwara).

Ni gute "superbug" yanduza?

Ushobora kubona "superbug" muri ubu buryo:

• Mu gukorana n'umuntu wanduye cyangwa warakuwe mu miryango. Hari abantu basanzwe baba bafite bagiteri cyangwa ibihumyo "bikomeye" mu mibiri yabo cyangwa mu miryango yabo, ariko ntibarwara. Ibi byitwa 'colonization'. Iyo ufite mikorobe muri ubu buryo, ushobora kuyitera abandi, nabo bakarwara.
• Mu gukora ku bintu cyangwa ahantu handuye mikorobe.
• Mu gusangira ibintu byanduye n'abandi. Urugero, ibiryamirwa, imyenda, ibikoresho by'ubuvuzi cyangwa siporo, amasume, imashini zogosha, cyangwa ibikoresho byo kuriramo.
• Ibikoresho byo kwa muganga n'ibikoresho byo kwa muganga byanduye mu mubiri wawe (urugero: umurongo wo hagati w'imitsi cyangwa umuyoboro w'umwuka).
• Biturutse ku biribwa cyangwa amazi byanduye n'ibikomoka ku mata bitarangiritse.

Ni nde uri mu kaga gakomeye ko kwandura "superbug"?

Ushobora kuba uri mu kaga gakomeye ko kwandura "superbug" niba:

• Niba ufite umurongo wo hagati w’imitsi, umuyoboro wo guhumeka, umuyoboro wo konsa, cyangwa undi muyoboro cyangwa igikoresho byinjijwe mu mubiri wawe, ibi bishobora gutuma "superbug" yinjira mu mubiri wawe iturutse hanze.
• Niba umaze igihe kinini ufata imiti igabanya ubukana bw'ibiyobyabwenge cyangwa uyikoresha kenshi, kumara igihe kirekire ufata imiti igabanya ubukana bw'ibiyobyabwenge byongera amahirwe yo kugira ubudahangarwa bw'ibiyobyabwenge. Bishobora kandi kwica bagiteri "nziza" (zitari mbi) mu mubiri wawe. Izi bagiteri "nziza" ni zo zituma izindi bagiteri zidakura cyane ngo zitere indwara.
• Niba ufite ikibazo cy’ubuzima kidasobanutse kidatuma ubudahangarwa bw’umubiri wawe bugabanuka, nko kwandura agakoko gatera SIDA, kanseri y’amaraso, cyangwa diyabete, cyangwa niba waratewe urugingo rw’umubiri cyangwa uterwa uturemangingo tw’umubiri. Ibi bituma bigorana umubiri wawe kurwanya indwara.
• Niba urwaye indwara igihe kirekire cyangwa mu kigo cyita ku barwayi igihe kirekire, "udukoko twinshi" tuboneka mu bitaro.

Ni izihe ngorane ziterwa na "superbugs"?

Iyo abaganga badashobora kugenzura ubwandu vuba, bishobora guteza ingorane zikomeye. Ingero:

• Sepsis na septic shock (igisubizo gikomeye ku bwandu butera umuvuduko muke w'amaraso, kwangirika kw'ingingo, no kunanirwa kw'ingingo).
• Kunanirwa guhumeka.
• Gutakaza amaguru n'amaboko byanduye (gucibwamo).

Ibi ni ibintu biteje akaga cyane, si byo se? Niyo mpamvu tugomba guhangayikishwa cyane n'"udukoko twinshi."

Ni gute wamenya "superbugs"?

Niba ufite ibimenyetso by'ubwandu kandi ntibikorwe neza iyo uvuwe, muganga wawe ashobora gutekereza ko ufite "udukoko twinshi." Bazashakisha bagiteri na fungi mu bipimo by'amazi cyangwa ingirabuzimafatizo z'umubiri, cyangwa bakagerageza kubiteranya. Ibi bipimo bishobora kuba birimo:

• Amaraso
• Inkari
• Igitsina
• Amazi cyangwa ingirabuzimafatizo byakuwe mu gikomere
• Phlegm (ururenda ruturuka mu bihaha bitewe n'inkorora - `Sputum`)

Niba ufite ibikoresho byo kwa muganga byashyizwe mu mubiri wawe, cyangwa niba uherutse kujya mu bitaro, bibwira na muganga wawe .

Ese hari umuti wa "superbugs"?

Nta muti n'umwe ushobora kuvura "udukoko twinshi." Niyo mpamvu ari akaga gakomeye. Abaganga bavura "udukoko twinshi" bashaka umuti urwanya agakoko runaka kateye ubwandu. Ushobora gukenera imiti ivanze, nk'ubwoko butandukanye bwa antibiyotike, kugira ngo urwanye ubwandu.

Byongeye kandi, abaganga bavura indwara z'uruhu bita ku bikomere bifunguye. Ibi bishobora kuba birimo gukuramo amazi mu gisebe no kubaga ingingo zanduye. Bashobora kandi gukuramo ibikoresho by'ubuvuzi byanduye, nk'ingingo z'inyongera.

Indwara zimwe na zimwe zirwanya fungus, nka Candida auris, zishobora kuvurwa n'imiti irwanya fungi yitwa echinocandins.

Bigenda bite uramutse ubonye "superbug"?

Iyo urwaye "superbug", ushobora gukenera kuvurwa igihe kirekire kuruta uko byari byitezwe cyangwa uhabwa imiti irenze imwe. Kuri bamwe, ubwandu bushobora gushyira ubuzima mu kaga. Iyo ufite ubwandu bukomeye cyangwa bukabije, uzajyanwa mu bitaro kandi uvurwe kugira ngo abakozi b'ubuzima bagukurikiranire hafi.

Niba ufite indwara y'uruhu, muganga wawe azavura ibikomere byawe abaga akuramo amazi. Bashobora kandi kukwandikira amavuta yo kwisiga cyangwa imiti yo kunywa.

Ese ushobora kurokoka ubwandu bwa "superbug"?

Yego, abantu bakira indwara za "superbug". Ariko, mu ndwara zikomeye cyangwa indwara zandurira mu maraso, igipimo cy'impfu kiba kiri hejuru - rimwe na rimwe kigera kuri 50%. Rero iki si ikintu cyoroshye gufata.

Ni ryari ngomba kubonana na muganga wanjye?

Niba ufite igikoresho cyo kwa muganga cyashyizwe mu mubiri wawe cyangwa niba ubudahangarwa bw'umubiri bwawe bufite intege nke, baza muganga wawe ibimenyetso by'ubwandu ugomba kwitondera. Niba ufite ibimenyetso bikekwa, reba muganga wawe umubwire ibyabyo.

Nubwo uri mu bitaro, ni ngombwa gukomeza kuvugana neza n'itsinda ry'abaganga. Niba ufite ibimenyetso by'ubwandu, nko kubabara, gutera k'umutima kwiyongera, gucika intege, cyangwa umuriro, bamenyeshe.

Ni ryari nkwiye kujya mu ishami rishinzwe ubutabazi bwihutirwa (ETU) ?

Niba ufite kimwe muri ibi bimenyetso bikomeye, jya mu cyumba cy’ubutabazi bwihuse:

• Iyo umuriro uri hejuru ya dogere selisiyusi 40 (103 Fahrenheit).
• Ububabare bukomeye.
• Indwara zo mu mutwe.
• Urujijo cyangwa kujijinganya.
• Kugabanuka k'umuvuduko w'amaraso mu buryo butunguranye (ibimenyetso: intege nke, isereri, gucika intege).

Ni ibihe bibazo ngomba kubaza muganga wanjye?

Bishobora kuba byiza kubaza muganga wawe ibibazo nk'ibi:

• Ni ubuhe buryo bwo kuvura mfite?
• Ni gute nkwiye gufata umuti wanjye?
• Ni ryari nshobora kwitega gukira?
• Nanduye iyi ndwara gute?
• Ni iki nakora kugira ngo ngire ubwo bwoko bw'ubwandu mu gihe kizaza?

Ese "Superbugs" zishobora kwirindwa?

Uburyo bwiza bwo kwirinda "superbugs" ni ugukoresha antibiyotike gusa igihe bibaye ngombwa.

Hari amabwiriza abakozi bo mu rwego rw'ubuzima bagomba gukurikiza kugira ngo hirindwe ikoreshwa ry'imiti igabanya ubukana ku buryo butari ngombwa. Ariko hari uburyo ushobora no kubigeraho:

• Fata imiti yose uko yanditswe. Niba muganga aguhaye imiti irwanya udukoko, uyifate mu gihe cyose wanditswe, nubwo waba wumva umeze neza. Ntugahagarare hagati.
• Ntugafate imiti igabanya ubukana keretse uyikeneye. Indwara nyinshi z'ibicurane n'izindi ndwara zo mu myanya y'ubuhumekero ziterwa na virusi. Imiti igabanya ubukana ntabwo ikiza.

Ni gute twagabanya ikwirakwira rya "superbugs"?

Abakozi bo mu rwego rw'ubuzima bakurikiza amategeko y'umutekano n'isuku kugira ngo bagabanye ibyago byo kwandura indwara ziterwa n'ibitaro (bishobora kuba "udukoko twinshi"). Harimo:

• Karaba intoki zawe kenshi.
• Gukuraho imiyoboro y'amazi ku butaka.
• Kugenzura ko abantu bahabwa imiti yica udukoko gusa iyo barwaye indwara zandurira mu mikorobe.
• Gusukura ibikoresho by'ubuvuzi.
• Gushyira mu kato (gushyira mu kato) abantu bafite ubwandu bwa "superbug" kugira ngo hirindwe ko bwakwirakwira mu bandi.

Nubwo "superbugs" zikunze kugaragara mu nzego z'ubuvuzi, zishobora gukwirakwira mu buryo butandukanye. Ushobora kugabanya ibyago byo kurwara "superbugs" ukurikiza amabwiriza amwe dukurikiza kugira ngo twirinde indwara zandura zikunze kugaragara:

• Komeza ibikomere bisukuye kandi bipfuke.
• Ntugakoreshe inshinge (ndetse n'izawe) zakoreshejwe mu gutera imiti cyangwa imiti itari iya muganga.
• Karaba ibitanda, amasume, n'imyenda kenshi ku bushyuhe bukwiye bw'amazi.
• Koresha imiti yica udukoko kugira ngo uhanagure ahantu hakunze gukorwaho nko gusimbuza amatara, ibikoresho byo kugenzura kure, n'ibikoresho bya siporo.
• Gira urukingo. Hariho inkingo zirwanya ubwoko bwinshi bwa bagiteri "superbugs" nka Bordetella pertussis (inkorora itera inkorora) na Streptococcus pneumoniae (indwara ya pneumococcal).
• Itoze kugira isuku. Ibi birimo gukaraba intoki neza, kwambara imyenda isukuye kandi yumye, no kudasangira ibintu byawe bwite n'abandi.
• Kurikiza indyo yuzuyemo umutekano. Ibi birimo kubika neza ibiryo, guteka inyama n'amafi ku bushyuhe bwica bagiteri, no koza cyangwa gukuraho imbuto n'imboga mbere yo kurya.
• Koresha agakingirizo cyangwa agakingirizo k'amenyo mu gihe cy'imibonano mpuzabitsina iyo ari yo yose.
• Baza muganga wawe igihe ugomba kubika ibikoresho byo kwa muganga (nk'udupira twa catheter) mu mwanya wabyo, n'uburyo bwo kwirinda kwandura mu gihe igikoresho kiri mu mwanya wacyo.

"Superbugs" zikunze kugaragara gute?

Muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika honyine, abantu bagera kuri miliyoni 3 barwara indwara zandurira mu mikorobe buri mwaka, kandi abarenga 35.000 barapfa bazize izo ndwara. Iki kibazo kirimo kwiyongera no muri Sri Lanka.

Ni iyihe ndwara igoye cyane kuvura?

Bagiteri zagize ubudahangarwa ku miti myinshi ni zo zigoranye cyane kuvura. Indwara nka MRSA na CRE akenshi zirwanya antibiyotike zirenze imwe. Kubwibyo, kubona umuti mwiza (cyangwa uruvange rw'imiti ikorana) bishobora kugorana kandi bigatwara igihe.

Nubwo abantu bataravumbura imiti yica udukoko, "superbugs" ziracyahari - uko ni ko ziba mu bidukikije. Ariko, uburyo dukoresha imiti yica udukoko, cyane cyane iyo tuyifashe bitari ngombwa, burimo kwihutisha iterambere ryayo.

Amaherezo, ibintu byo kwibuka (Ubutumwa bwo kujyana mu rugo)

"Superbug" ni ubwoko bw'udukoko dushobora gutera indwara zikomeye, zigoye kuvura, kandi zishobora no gushyira ubuzima mu kaga. Niba ufite ibimenyetso by'indwara ya bagiteri cyangwa iy'ibihumyo, cyane cyane niba uherutse kujya mu bitaro cyangwa mu kigo nderabuzima, jya kwa muganga vuba. Guhabwa ubufasha bwihuse bishobora kugabanya ibyago byo kurwara bikomeye.

Ikintu cy'ingenzi cyane ni iki:

• Ufata imiti igabanya ubukana gusa iyo muganga abigutegetse.
• Niba ufata imiti igabanya ubukana bw'imiti, fata urugero rwabigenewe mu gihe runaka. Ntugahagarike hagati.
• Ntugasabe imiti yica udukoko ku ndwara ziterwa na virusi nk'ibicurane, ntacyo bizagufasha.
• Buri gihe komeza kugira isuku, cyane cyane gukaraba intoki.

Gukurikiza izi ntambwe zoroshye bizadufasha cyane kuturinda twese uyu mwanzi utagira icyo avuga witwa "superbug." Gufata izi ntambwe ni ingenzi kugira ngo urinde ubuzima bwawe n'ubw'umuryango.

* Superbug, ubudahangarwa ku miti irwanya udukoko, ubudahangarwa ku miti myinshi, indwara zandura, imiti irwanya udukoko, bagiteri, ibihumyo