Ushobora kuba warumvise ijambo "lobotomy" muri filime cyangwa mu gitabo. Iyo uryumvise, rikomeza kugaruka mu mutwe nk'ikintu giteye ubwoba kandi kidasanzwe, si byo se? Mu by'ukuri ni iki? Kuki ibi byakozwe kera? Ese biracyakorwa na n'uyu munsi? Uyu munsi, turaganira ku bisubizo by'ibi bibazo byose mu mutwe wawe mu buryo bworoshye kandi bw'inshuti.
Mu by'ukuri, gukora lobotomy ni iki?
Muri make, lobotomy ni ukubaga ubwonko. Ariko si ukubaga ubwonko ku ikoranabuhanga rigezweho dukora muri iki gihe. Ni uburyo bwakoreshejwe cyane mu myaka ya 1940 na 1950, ni ukuvuga mu myaka 70-80 ishize.
Ubwonko bwacu bugabanyijemo ibice byinshi, cyangwa 'uturemangingo'. Buri gice gikora akazi gatandukanye. Ubu buryo bwo gupima bwakoresheje agace k'imbere k'ubwonko. Kubagwa byasabaga gukata umwobo mu gahanga no guca imitsi ihuza agace k'imbere n'igice cy'ubwonko cyitwa thalamus.
Noneho ushobora kuba urimo kwibaza uti "Mana yanjye, kuki babikoze?" Kugira ngo twumve impamvu, tugomba gusubira mu bihe byashize. Icyo gihe, nta buryo bwiza bwo kuvura indwara zo mu mutwe zikomeye bwariho nk'uko tubikora muri iki gihe. Ibitaro byo mu mutwe, cyangwa nk'uko byitwaga icyo gihe, byari byuzuyemo abarwayi bafite ibibazo bikomeye byo mu mutwe. Bahabwaga uburyo buke bwo kuvura, nko kuvura hakoreshejwe amashanyarazi (ECT). Bityo, kubagwa mu buryo bwa "lobotomy" byaje mu rwego rwo "gutabara" abarwayi nk'abo batagira kivurira.
Ni ubuhe bwoko bw'indwara iyi operation yakorewe mu bihe byashize?
Icyo gihe, abaganga bakoresheje ubu buryo bwo kubaga ku barwayi bari barwaye indwara zo mu mutwe igihe kirekire kandi batari bakira ubundi buryo bwo kuvura. Zimwe mu ndwara z'ingenzi zirimo:
- Ibitekerezo n'ibikorwa bidakunze kwitabwaho ( Indwara yo Kwiheba no Kwishyira mu Bitekerezo - OCD )
- Kwiheba gukabije Schizophrenia
- Ihungabana ry'imitekerereze
- Neurosis idakira
- Umuntu utari umuhanga mu mibanire n'abandi (Imiterere y'umuntu utari umuhanga mu mibanire n'abandi)
Icyo gihe, abaganga bizeraga ko imyitwarire y’urugomo kandi idasanzwe y’umurwayi yaterwaga n’ingufu zidasanzwe kandi zitagenzurwa mu gice cyo imbere cy’ubwonko. Bityo, bizeraga ko iyo umurwayi ahagaritse izo mibonano, yashoboraga gutuza no kwiyoroshya , agashobora gutaha akabana n’umuryango we.
Mu by’ukuri, ubushakashatsi bumwe bwagaragaje ko abarwayi barenga 40% basezerewe mu ngo zabo nyuma yo kubagwa. Nubwo iki gikorwa cyari igikorwa kidasanzwe kandi giteje akaga muri iki gihe, cyasaga n’aho ari icyizere gishya ku bantu icyo gihe.
Amateka mabi ya lobotomy
Ubu buvuzi bwatangijwe bwa mbere n'umuhanga mu bya siyansi w'Umunya-Porutugali Egas Moniz. Yanahawe igihembo cya Nobel mu buvuzi mu 1949 kubera ubu buvumbuzi. Umuganga w'Umunyamerika witwa Walter Freeman yarushijeho gukora ubu buryo. Yatangije uburyo bwitwa 'transorbital'. Muri bwo, igikoresho gityaye yashushanyije (kimeze nk'ikirahure) cyashyizwe mu bwonko binyuze mu mwobo w'ijisho, hejuru y'ijisho, maze gikata imitsi y'ubwonko. Yabonaga ko ubu buryo ari bwo bwihuse kandi bworoshye, kandi yakoze ibikorwa byinshi byo kubaga, harimo no kubaga abana.
Ariko si byose byagenze neza. Uku kubagwa byagize ingaruka mbi zikomeye. Imiterere y'abarwayi bamwe yarahindutse burundu. Batangiye kutita ku kintu icyo ari cyo cyose, ntibashishikazwe n'icyo ari cyo cyose. Abandi bibagirwa uko bagomba kwitwara muri sosiyete maze batangira kwitwara nabi. Kubera iyo mpamvu, abaganga benshi barabyanze, kuko bizeraga cyane ko guhindura imico y'umuntu binyuze mu kubagwa ari ikintu kinyuranyije n'amahame mbwirizamuco.
Ubwo havumburwaga imiti ikomeye cyane ivura indwara zo mu mutwe, nka chlorpromazine, mu myaka ya 1950, gukenera gukora lobotomy byaragabanutse buhoro buhoro. Mu myaka ya 1960, uburyo bwa kera bwo gukora lobotomy bwari bumaze kureka burundu.
Ni izihe ngaruka mbi zikomeye z'ubu buvuzi?
Kubaga ubwonko buri gihe ni ikintu giteye akaga. Kubera ko ubwonko ari urugingo rworoshye cyane, kwangirika kwabwo akenshi ntibishobora gusubizwa inyuma. Imbonerahamwe iri hepfo igaragaza zimwe mu ngaruka zikomeye zishobora kubaho nyuma yo gukorerwa lobotomy.
| Ingaruka mbi | Ibisobanuro byoroshye |
|---|---|
| Kuva amaraso mu bwonko | Kuva amaraso mu bwonko nyuma yo kubagwa. |
| Indwara zo mu bwonko n'ibibyimba | Udukoko twinjira mu bwonko binyuze mu kubagwa tugatera ibisebe. |
| Indwara y'igicuri | Gufatwa n'indwara zo mu bwonko bitewe no kubagwa. |
| Uburangare | Kumva nta cyo ushishikajwe nacyo, nta byishimo cyangwa agahinda ufite mu kintu icyo ari cyo cyose. |
| Guhungabana k'ubwenge | Kugabanuka k'ubushobozi bwo gutekereza, gufata ibyemezo no kwibuka. |
| Imyitwarire idakwiye mu mibanire | Kudashobora kugenzura ibyifuzo n'imyitwarire idahwitse. |
| Urupfu | Abagera kuri 2% by'abarwayi bapfuye bazize ingorane zaturutse ku kubagwa. |
None se, ubu lobotomies iracyakorwa?
Igisubizo kigufi kandi cyumvikana neza kuri iki kibazo ni "Oya." Ni ukuvuga ko isuzuma rya kera, rya kera, ritunguranye, ritakorerwa ahantu hose ku isi muri iki gihe.
Ariko, ibyo ntibivuze ko kubaga ubwonko ku ndwara zo mu mutwe byahagaze burundu. Ubu buryo bwo kubaga bwitwa ' psychosurgery ' cyangwa, mu by'ukuri, stereotactic neurosurgery . Ubu buryo butandukanye cyane kandi buteye imbere cyane ugereranije n'uburyo bwa kera bwo kubaga.
Uko kubaga bikorwa uyu munsi
Muri iki gihe, abaganga bashobora gukora scan (CT), scan (MRI), (EEG)Hakoreshejwe uburyo bugezweho nka , kugira ngo hamenyekane neza aho ikibazo kiri mu bwonko kugeza kuri milimetero. Hanyuma, binyuze mu gukata gato cyane, hakoreshejwe ibikoresho nka mikorosikopi n'icyuma cya gamma, agace gato cyane gafite ikibazo ni ko gavurwa nta kwangiza ibindi bice by'ubwonko.
Ubu bwoko bw'ubu buvuzi bukorerwa gusa ku barwayi bake cyane batakize ubundi buryo bwose bwo kuvura, harimo imiti n'ubuvuzi bwo mu mutwe, igihe kirekire. Bukorwa n'abaganga b'inzobere mu kubaga ubwonko. Ibisubizo biboneka hano biragira ingaruka nziza, kandi kwangirika k'ubwonko ni bike cyane.
Muri iki gihe, ubu buryo bugezweho bwo kubaga bukoreshwa no kuvura ububabare bukomeye, igicuri, indwara zo kugenda nk'indwara ya Parkinson, ndetse n'izindi ndwara zikomeye zo mu mutwe nka OCD n'ihungabana. Ubundi buryo bugezweho bwitwa Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS) ubu burimo gukoreshwa neza muri izi ndwara.
Ubutumwa bwo kujyana mu rugo
- 'Lobotomy' ya kera yari uburyo bwa kera bwo kubaga ubwonko bwakorwaga mu gihe cyashize, ubwo nta bundi buryo bwo kuvura indwara zo mu mutwe zikomeye bwariho.
- Byagize ingaruka mbi cyane, kandi muri iki gihe kubagwa nta handi bikorwa ku isi.
- Muri iki gihe, kubaga indwara zo mu mutwe mu buryo bw'imitekerereze birateye imbere cyane. Bikorwa nta kwangirika gukomeye ku bwonko, hakoreshejwe ikoranabuhanga nka MRI scans, kandi bikorwa neza cyane, kandi bikoreshwa gusa ku barwayi bananiwe ubundi buryo bwose bwo kuvura.
- Niba wowe cyangwa umuntu uzi arwaye indwara yo mu mutwe cyangwa indwara yo mu mutwe, ikintu cyiza kandi cya mbere ugomba gukora ni ukubonana na muganga wawe tukaganira kuri byo. Muri iki gihe, hari uburyo bwinshi bwo kuvura bwizewe kandi bufite akamaro.
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