Mazuva ano tinonzwa izwi rekuti "ADHD" kakawanda, handiti? Pamwe wakanzwa izwi iri pakutaura nezvemwana wako, kana mwana wehama kana shamwari. Vamwe vanhu vanofunga kuti kungori "kunyanya kutarisa." Asi ADHD chirwere chine nhoroondo yezvekurapa yakadzama kupfuura izvozvo. Saka nhasi, ngatitaurei nezvekuti vanachiremba vakatanga sei kuwana chirwere ichi chinonzi ADHD, kuti chakachinja sei nekufamba kwenguva, uye zvatinoziva nezvazvo nhasi.
Mamiriro ezvinhu aya akazivikanwa sei pakutanga?
Nyaya iyi haitangi nezuro, asi makore anopfuura mazana maviri apfuura. Fungidzira, muna 1798 , chiremba wekuScotland, Sir Alexander Crichton, akaona chimwe chinhu chinoshamisa. Akaona kuti vamwe vanhu vaiomerwa zvikuru nekugara vakatarisa pane chimwe chinhu sevamwe, pfungwa dzavo dzaigara dzichidzungaira. Chinhu chakakosha ndechekuti vaiva nechirwere ichi kubvira vachiri vadiki. Chatinodaidza nhasi kuti ADHD (Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder) chakafanana zvikuru nechirwere ichocho.
Zvadaro, muna 1902 , mumwe chiremba ainzi Sir George Frederic Still akataura nezveboka revana vaive neutano hwakanaka uye vasina kuremara kwepfungwa. Vana ava vaingoerekana vaita zvinhu vasingafungi, vainetseka kudzora pfungwa dzavo uye kuzvidzora. Akataura nezvevakomana gumi nevashanu nevasikana vashanu. Tichiri kuziva nanhasi kuti vakomana vanowanzoonekwa vaine ADHD kupfuura vasikana. Saka unogona kufungidzira kuti zvakataurwa izvi zvaive zvakarurama sei, handiti?
Zita rekuti "hyperkinetic" rakauya sei
Nekufamba kwenguva, kwakaitwa tsvakiridzo yakawanda pamusoro peizvi. Muna 1932, vanachiremba vaviri vekuGermany, Franz Kramer naHans Polnau, vakatsanangura chirwere chinonzi "Hyperkinetic Disease." Zvichitaurwa zviri nyore, vana vane chirwere ichi vanoomerwa nekugara pasi . Havatevedzere mitemo, iyo inogona kukanganisa mabasa ekirasi. Vanoomerwawo nekushanda pamwe chete nevamwe vana.
Dambudziko iri rakatanga vachiri vadiki, makore angangoita 3-4, uye rakazosvika padanho repamusoro pamakore matanhatu. Asi mashoko akanaka ndeekuti vana pavakasvika makore manomwe, kusagadzikana uku kwakadzikira zvishoma, uye kune vazhinji, mamiriro acho ezvinhu akavandudzika sezvavaikura.
Mushonga wekutanga weADHD uye kuuya kweRitalin
Ichi chiitiko chinonakidza zvikuru. Muna 1937 , chiremba wekuAmerica ainzi Charles Bradley akaona kuti paakapa Benzedrine, mushonga unomutsa kufema, kune vamwe vana, maitiro avo akavandudzika. Kwete izvozvo chete, asi basa ravo rechikoro rakavandudzikawo.
Pafungei, tinowanzo funga kuti kana vana vakapihwa mushonga unosimudzira pfungwa, vanozonyanya kushata. Asi muchiitiko ichi, zvaive zvakasiyana. Izvi ndizvo zvakaita kuti vanachiremba vanzwisise kuti ADHD ine chekuita nekemikari yeuropi .
Mushonga unonyanya kunyorerwa weADHD nhasi uno imethylphenidate. Wakatanga kuunzwa kumusika muna 1954 pasi pezita rekuti Ritalin . Pakutanga waishandiswa kurapa zvinhu zvakaita sekuneta kusingaperi, asi wakazoonekwa kuti unoshanda zvikuru mukudzivirira zviratidzo zveADHD.
Kubva paADD kuenda kuADHD: Mashandisirwo akaita zita racho
Zita rechirwere ichi rakachinja nekufamba kwenguva, zvikuru sezvo ruzivo rwedu pamusoro pacho rwakawedzera. Shanduko idzi dzinoonekwa zvakajeka muDiagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM), yakabudiswa neAmerican Psychiatric Association.
| Gore | Zita netsananguro zvakashandiswa |
|---|---|
| 1968 | Maitiro ehudiki ane hyperkinetic: Anonyanya kutarisana nekusagadzikana. |
| 1980 | Dambudziko reAttention Deficit (ADD): Mhando mbiri huru dzakaunzwa pano. ADD ine hyperactivity uye ADD isina hyperactivity. Uyu musiyano mukuru, nekuti yainyanya kutarisa vana vakanga vasiri vanhu vane misikanzwa, asi vasina hanya yakakwana. |
| 1987 | Dambudziko reAttention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD): Zita rinobatanidza zviratidzo zvitatu zvekusateerera, kukurumidza kuita zvinhu, uye kusagadzikana. |
Kunzwisisa ADHD nhasi
Nhasi, vanachiremba vanotarisa ADHD nenzira yakakura. Sekureva kwebhuku reDSM razvino, rakaburitswa muna 2013 , kune "zviratidzo" zvikuru zvitatu zveADHD. "Zviratidziro" ingori nzira iyo zviratidzo zvinoonekwa nayo . Chinokosha ndechekuti zviratidzo izvi zvinogona kuchinja muhupenyu hwemunhu .
| Mharidzo yeADHD | Zvichitaurwa zviri nyore... |
|---|---|
| Vanonyanya Kusateerera | Vanhu ava vanoomerwa nekugara vari munzira, kutevedzera mirairo, uye kuronga basa. Vangaita sevakarasika munyika yezviroto. Asi havaratidzike sevanhu vane utsinye zvakanyanya. |
| Zvinowanzo shanda zvisina kufanira | Vanhu ava havagone kugara panzvimbo imwe chete, vanogara vachingotenderera, vachimhanya, uye vachisvetuka-svetuka. Havagoni kumirira nguva yavo. Vanosvetuka pakati pehurukuro dzevamwe vanhu. Vanoita zvinhu vasingafungi. |
| Zvakabatanidzwa | Vanhu ava vane hunhu hwemhando mbiri idzi dzataurwa pamusoro apa. Kureva kuti, vane dambudziko rekusanyatsoteerera uye vane kushaya simba zvakanyanya. |
Chimwe chinhu chakakosha ndechekuti vanachiremba vava kugamuchira kuti ADHD haingogumiri pahudiki chete, uye kuti zviratidzo izvi zvinogonawo kuitika kana munhu akura .
Mishonga mitsva uye remangwana
Mishonga inosimudzira pfungwa ichiri kushandiswa zvakanyanya pakurapa ADHD. Zvisinei, pari zvino kune mimwe mishonga yakawanda kunze kweRitalin. Mishonga isingasimudziri pfungwa yakatangawo kushandiswa mushure megore ra2002. Mienzaniso inosanganisira atomoxetine neguanfacine.
Asi chinonyanya kukosha, kana muchifunga kuti imi kana mwana wenyu ane ADHD, taurai nachiremba ane hunyanzvi nezvazvo. Iye ndiye anogona kunyatsoongorora chirwere chacho uye, kana zvichidikanwa, kurudzirai mishonga uye maitiro ekurapa. Musamboita sarudzo zvichibva pamakuhwa.
Patinotarisa nhoroondo yeADHD, tinoona kuti hachisi chinhu chakangoitika chete, asi chimwe chinhu chave chichinzwisiswa zvishoma nezvishoma kuburikidza nebasa rakaoma revanachiremba nemasayendisiti kwemakore mazhinji. Nokudaro, zvakakosha zvikuru kufunga nezvechirwere ichi nesainzi.
Mharidzo Yekuenda Nayo Kumba
- ADHD haisi itsva. Ine nhoroondo refu yekurapa , inotangira mumakore anopfuura 200 apfuura.
- Izvi hazvisi kungoti "kungokanganisa zvishoma" kana kuti "usimbe." Idambudziko rechokwadi rine chekuita nekushanda kwehuropi.
- ADHD inogona kuoneka muzviratidzo zvakasiyana-siyana. Vamwe vanhu vane kusateerera chete, vamwe vane kushingaira kwakanyanya, uye vamwe vanogona kunge vaine zvese zviri zviviri.
- Dambudziko iri rinogona kukanganisa kwete vana chete asiwo vakuru.
- Nhasi, kune mishonga inoshanda zvikuru yeADHD, asi sarudzo idzi dzese dzinofanira kuitwa nachiremba wako.
- Kana muchifunga kuti imi kana mwana wenyu mungave nezviratidzo izvi, ndapota taurai nachiremba wemhuri yenyu kana nyanzvi nezvazvo.
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