Kuwanikwa kwakakurumbira pasi rose kwakaitwa nemukoti: Nyaya yakavanzika yemishonga inorwisa mabhakitiriya

Tose takamboshandisa mushonga unorwisa mabhakitiriya pane imwe nguva muhupenyu hwedu, handiti? Patinowana hutachiona hwebhakitiriya, piritsi diki ratinopiwa nachiremba rinoshamisa zvechokwadi. Asi vangani vedu vanoziva nyaya dziri shure kwemishonga iyi inoponesa hupenyu? Kunyange zvazvo dzimwe nyaya dzakanyorwa nemavara egoridhe munhoroondo, nyaya dzemamwe magamba nemagamba dzakafukidzwa mujecha renguva. Nhasi tichataura nezvemunhu mumwe chete akavanzika, asi akakosha zvikuru. Zita rake ndiMattiedna Johnson.

Ndiani uyu Matilda Johnson?

Matilda Johnson haasi nyanzvi yezvipembenene, mukoti. Asi izvozvo hazvina kumutadzisa kubatsira mumakwikwi ekutsvaga mishonga inorwisa mabhakitiriya yaizoponesa mamiriyoni evanhu. Akazvarwa muna 1918 kumhuri yevarombo yekurima muMississippi, Matilda aive nyanzvi pakudzidza. Akapedza ari wechipiri kuchikoro, akazopedza chikoro chevakoti ndokuzoshanda semukoti akanyoreswa. Panguva iyoyo, kureva kuti, muma1930 nekutanga kwema1940, chirwere chinonzi 'scarlet fever' chakanga chichipararira zvakanyanya muAmerica. Chainyanya kubata vana vadiki. Mumazuva iwayo, pasina mishonga inorwisa mabhakitiriya, vana vanosvika 20% vaibatwa nechirwere ichi vakafa. Fungidzira kuti zvaityisa sei. Rimwe zuva, muwadhi yaichengeterwa varwere vane scarlet fever kuchipatara kwaishanda Matilda, mwana mudiki akafa mumaoko ake. Haana kumbokanganwa chiitiko chacho.

Chirwere chisingarapiki uye chiedza chetariro

Pakazosvika 1944, Hondo Yenyika II yava pedyo, makambani emishonga akanga achimhanya-mhanya kugadzira mishonga inorwisa mabhakitiriya yakaita sepenicillin. Dhipatimendi reHondo reU.S. rakanga rati kugadzirwa kwepenicillin kwaikosha zvikuru. Panguva iyi ndipo paakaona kushambadza mupepanhau reMatidna ndokunyorera kuti abatanidzwe muchirongwa ichi chekutsvagisa. CM Christensen, purofesa paYunivhesiti yeMinnesota, ndiye akamutora basa. Achikura papurazi, ruzivo rwake rwekugadzira jelly, butter, nesipo rwakabatsira zvikuru mukuita kwesainzi kwekuparadzanisa mhando dzemafungu. Akashanda nemarudzi akasiyana-siyana emafungu. Asi kufarira kwake kwaive kwakatarisana nemota yaakawana mumuto wematomatisi. Akaunza mota iyi kumabhakitiriya anokonzera fever tsvuku. Mhedzisiro yacho yakabudirira zvikuru.Akapa mienzaniso iyi kuvakuru vake, asi haana kupindurwa. Muna 1946, akasiya basa iroro kuti aende kubasa reumishinari kuLiberia. Pakupera kwemakore gumi, chirwere chinotyisa chered fever chakanga chava nyore kurapika nekuda kwemishonga inorwisa mabhakitiriya.

Kusaremekedzana? "Matilda Effect"

Zvakazoitika gare gare kuti Matidna azive kuti Pfizer akange aisa patent muna 1949 yemushonga we oxytetracycline pasi pezita rekutengeserana rekuti Terramycin. Kunyangwe waisava mushonga wakanakisa we scarlet fever, uchiri mushonga une simba zvikuru unoshandiswa nhasi. Mubvunzo ndewokuti: mushonga uyu wakagadzirwa kubva mumota yakawanikwa musobho rematomatisi here? Matidna aitenda kudaro. Dzimwe nyanzvi nhasi dzinoti haana kupihwa rumbidzo nekuda kwezvaakawana. Aitendawo kuti mushonga uyu wainzi Terramycin nekuda kwetsananguro yake ye "mbeva dzinotyisa." Asi Pfizer anongobvuma chete kuti Matidna aive chikamu chechirongwa chepenicillin. Patent yavo yakanzi yakapihwa varume vatatu. Izvi hazvisi Matilda chete. Munhoroondo yese, kwave nezviitiko zvakawanda apo vakadzi vakaita mipiro yakakosha kusainzi vakaregeredzwa. Munyori wenhoroondo Margaret Rossiter akatoipa zita muna 1993 - "Matilda effect." Itsika yekuregeredza mipiro yevakadzi kusainzi kana kuvapa rumbidzo kuvarume.

Hupenyu hwakatsaurirwa kubasa

Nyaya yaMatidna haigumiri pakutsvagurudza kwake. Hupenyu hwake hwese hwakatsaurirwa kubasa. Mushure mekushanda semumishinari kuLiberia, akadzokera kuAmerica ndokugara kuCleveland, kwaakadzidzisa vanamukoti nekudzidzisa makirasi mudzimba dzepasi dzechechi. Akaitawo rimwe basa renhoroondo. Panguva iyoyo, chechi yake yaiita mariro angangoita matatu pasvondo. "Taida kuziva kuti sei vanhu ava vaifa," anonyora mubhuku rake. Fungidzira, Matidna akatora danho rekutanga mukuita izvi 'kuongorora kumanikidzwa' kwatinogona kuita chero kupi nhasi. Pamusoro pezvo, akamira zvakasimba achipikisa zvipingamupinyi zverusaruraganda zvaivepo kune vanamukoti vatema panguva iyoyo. Agumbuka nekushaikwa kwevamiriri vatema muAmerican Nurses Association, akabatana nevamwe vanamukoti gumi nemana kutanga National Black Nurses Association muna 1971. Nhasi, sangano iri rine nhengo dzinopfuura 300,000. Matidna Johnson akafa muna 2003 aine makore 85. Asi nyaya yake, kuzvipira kwake, uye kushandira kwake sainzi nevanhu zvichiri kutidzidzisa chidzidzo chikuru nhasi. Kunyangwe aive mukoti, akakanganisa zvakadini basa rakaita se microbiology? Zvinoratidza kuti hapana miganhu paruzivo rwedu, tarenda redu, uye kufarira kwedu. Matilda Johnson, mishonga inorwisa mabhakitiriya, mukoti, sainzi, mipiro yevakadzi, Matilda effect, penicillin, scarlet fever