Tose takambonzwa nezve "IQ," handiti? Pakutaura nezvehungwaru hwemumwe munhu, takambonzwa vanhu vachiti, "IQ yake yakakwira chaizvo." Dzimwe nguva, vamwe vanhu vanotoedza kutsvaga nekutora mibvunzo midiki paindaneti vachibvunza kuti, "IQ yangu chii?" Asi chii chaizvo chiri bvunzo iyi yeIQ? Inogona here kuyera hungwaru hwedu? Nhasi, tichataura zvakadzama, uye zviri nyore, nezvenyaya iri shure kwayo uye gakava riripo.
Chii chinonzi IQ iyi?
Zvichitaurwa zviri nyore, IQ ipfupiso yemazwi eChirungu ekuti 'Intelligence Quotient'. Inoyera kuti munhu anokwanisa sei kufunga, kushandisa ruzivo, uye kushandisa kufunga zvichienzaniswa nevamwe vezera rake.
Yakatanga kugadzirwa muna 1904 nenyanzvi yezvepfungwa inonzi Alfred Binet. Aitenda kuti njere, kunyange zvazvo dziri pfungwa dzakanaka, hadzisi chinhu chimwe chete, asi musanganiswa wehunyanzvi hwakasiyana-siyana uye hunoumbwa zvakanyanya nenharaunda yedu. Akatanga kugadzira bvunzo iyi yekuyera njere dzevana vechikoro muFrance uye kubatsira vadzidzisi kuchinja nzira dzavo dzekudzidzisa kuti vabatsire vana ivavo. Tarisa kuti izvozvo zvakanaka sei!
Rutivi rwakasviba rwebvunzo dzeIQ
Asi pfungwa yekuyedzwa kweIQ payakasvika kuAmerica, nyaya yacho yakachinja zvachose. Vamwe vaongorori, vakaita saBinay, vaifunga kuti njere chinhu chatakadzidza uye chatakawana kubva munzvimbo yatinogara. Asi vamwe vakati, "Kwete, njere chinhu chinobva mumajini edu, kureva kuti, kugona kwenhaka."
Avo vaitenda izvi ndivo vakatora bvunzo idzi dzeIQ ndokudzishandisa kutsigira pfungwa ine njodzi panguva iyoyo yainzi 'eugenics' . Kureva kuti, kuchengetedza avo vane "majini akanaka" chete munharaunda uye kubvisa avo vavaifunga kuti vane "majini akaipa". Nekuda kwepfungwa iyi, zviuru zvevanhu muzvipatara zvepfungwa, munzvimbo dzekuchengetera vasungwa, uye mumajeri vakaitwa oparesheni dzekuvharirwa chibereko vasingade. Ndiyo nzvimbo yakasviba zvikuru munhoroondo yebvunzo idzi. Zvinhu izvi zvakaitwa nekuda kwerudzi, pamwe nezvimwe zvikonzero zvemagariro evanhu.
Nhoroondo iyi yerima inotiyeuchidza kuti kunyange chishandiso chesainzi chinogona kukonzera kuparadzwa kwakadini kana chikawira mumaoko asiri iwo.
Ko mamakisi eIQ anowedzera here nekufamba kwenguva? (The Flynn Effect)
Nekufamba kwenguva, sezvo tsvakiridzo pamusoro peIQ yakafambira mberi, sainzi yakatanga kubvumirana zvakare nepfungwa yekutanga yaBinet: ndiko kuti,Ungwaru hahusi chinhu chinobva mumajini chete, asi chinhu chatinodzidza uye chatinoumba mativi akawanda.
Muna 1984, mumwe muongorori anonzi James Flynn akawana chimwe chinhu chinoshamisa. Kureva kuti, avhareji yeIQ scores yevanhu pasi rose yave ichikwira zvishoma nezvishoma mumakumi emakore apfuura. Izvi zvinonzi 'Flynn Effect'. Akati pane zvikonzero zvakati wandei zveizvi:
- Kuwana dzidzo iri nani: Kuwana nzira dzedzidzo dziri nani nemikana kupfuura kare.
- Kuwana ruzivo zviri nyore: Nekuda kwezvinhu zvakaita se internet , chero ruzivo runogona kuwanikwa ipapo ipapo.
- Ita mabasa anokurudzira kufunga nguva dzose: Uropi hwedu hunogara huchimanikidzwa kugadzirisa matambudziko akaoma munharaunda yanhasi.
- Hutano hwakanaka uye kudya kunovaka muviri: Kudya kwakanaka uye hutano hwakanaka zvinokanganisa kukura kwehuropi.
Izvi zvinotibatsira kunzwisisa kuti njere dzedu hadzisi chinhu chinomira, asi chimwe chinhu chinokura nemararamiro edu, dzidzo, uye kudya kwedu.
Ungwaru hunongova chinhu chimwe chete here?
Kwete. Nhasi, nyanzvi dzepfungwa dzinotenda kuti njere chinhu chine mativi akasiyana-siyana.
Fungidzira, vamwe vanhu vane hunyanzvi hunoshamisa mukuverenga. Mumwe munhu ane hunyanzvi hunoshamisa hwekuridza chiridzwa chemimhanzi. Mumwe munhu ane hunyanzvi pamitambo. Mumwe munhu ane hunyanzvi hunoshamisa hwekunzwisisa pfungwa dzevamwe uye kubata nadzo. Zvese izvi zvinhu zvakasiyana zvehungwaru.
- Nyanzvi yezvepfungwa Howard Gardner akati pamusoro pehunyanzvi hwemitauro nemasvomhu, kune mhando dzehungwaru dzinosvika sere, dzakadai semimhanzi, zvemuviri, uye zvemagariro evanhu.
- Nyanzvi yezvepfungwa Robert Sternberg akataura kuti njere dzinogona kukamurwa kuita mhando nhatu: kuongorora, kugadzira, uye kushanda. Sekureva kwake, njere idzi dzinoshanda, kana kuti "ruzivo rwenyika" kana "pfungwa dzakajairika," hadzigone kuyerwa nemazvo nebvunzo yeIQ yakajairwa. Zvisinei, njere idzi dzinoshanda dzakakosha kupfuura IQ score yechinyakare pakuyera kubudirira kwemunhu mubasa.
Mhando dzebvunzo dzeIQ uye maitiro ekuzviita
Kune mhando dzakasiyana-siyana dzebvunzo dzeIQ. Bvunzo yaunonyora inogona kusiyana zvichienderana nezera rako, tsika dzako, uye chinangwa chebvunzo. Dzimwe dzakagadzirirwa vana, nepo dzimwe dziri dzevakuru. Dzimwe nzvimbo dzebasa dzinotoita bvunzo dzakadaro kuti dzinzwisise mafungiro evashandi.
Chaizvoizvo, bvunzo idzi dzinoyera mativi maviri ehungwaru. Ngatinzwisise izvi netafura.
| Rudzi rwehungwaru | Zvichitaurwa zviri nyore... |
|---|---|
| Uchenjeri Hwakasimba | Urwu ndirwo ruzivo, hunyanzvi, uye mazwi awakadzidza muhupenyu hwako hwese. Semuenzaniso, kupindura mibvunzo yeruzivo rwese. |
| Uchenjeri hwemvura | Izvi zvinoreva kugona kufunga zvine musoro, kuziva maitiro, uye kuwana mhinduro yedambudziko idzva kana raunzwa naro. Ruzivo rwekare haruna kukosha pakuita izvi. |
Kana uchida kunyora bvunzo yeIQ, unogona kuzviita uchitungamirirwa nenyanzvi yepfungwa. Bvunzo dzepaindaneti dzinowanzo kuve dzekungonakidzwa chete uye hadzipe mhinduro dzakarurama mune zvesainzi. Rara zvakanaka usiku uye idya kudya kwemangwanani kwakanaka usati waita bvunzo. Kunze kweizvozvo, hapana zvakawanda zvekugadzirira.
Miedzo iyi yeIQ yakarurama zvakadii chaizvo?
Kwava nemakore anopfuura zana kubva pakagadzirwa bvunzo yekutanga yeIQ, asi kuchine gakava guru pamusoro pekururama kwayo uye kushanda kwayo. Zvinonzwisisika kuti pakutanga yakagadzirwa sechibatsiro chekudzidzisa vana, asi yakazoshandiswa kuratidza vanhu.
Kunyange Flynn akagumisa achiti: "Kuongororwa kweIQ hakupime njere pachadzo, asi chimwe chinhu chine chekuita zvishoma nehungwaru." Fungidzira, kana njere dziri musanganiswa wezvinhu zvakawanda, zvakaita semimhanzi, mitambo, kugadzira, uye kunzwisisa zvimwe, bvunzo imwe chete inogona sei kuyera njere dzese idzodzo?
Asi sangano reAmerican Psychological Association rinoti bvunzo dzeIQ hadzifanirwe kubviswa zvachose. Pane kudaro, panodiwa tsvakiridzo yakawanda kuti pawanikwe nzira dzekudzishandisa kuti vanhu vawane mikana yekudzidza yakawanda, pane kudziita chipingamupinyi.
Semuenzaniso, kana mwana aine dambudziko rekudzidza, bvunzo yakaita seiyi inogona kuitwa nachiremba kana chiremba wepfungwa kuti aone chikonzero chacho.Inogona kushandiswa nenhungamiro. Chinangwa hachisi chekupa mwana zita, asi kunzwisisa simba neutera hwemwana uye kumubatsira.
Mharidzo Yekuenda Nayo Kumba
- IQ haisi nhamba yakanyorwa pahuma yako isingambochinji. Inogona kuchinja nedzidzo yako, kudya kwako, uye ruzivo rwako muhupenyu.
- Bvunzo reIQ rinongoongorora zvimwe zvinhu zvehungwaru hwako. Haripi zvinhu zvakawanda zvakakosha, zvakaita sekugadzira kwako, pfungwa dzako, kugona kwako hunyanzvi, uye tsitsi.
- Usanyanya kufunga nezvemhedzisiro yebvunzo dzeIQ dzepamhepo. Dzinogona kunge dziri dzekuvaraidza uye dzisina hwaro hwesainzi.
- Usambofa wakayera kukosha kwako kana kwemwana wako nechiyero chimwe chete. Munhu wese ane matarenda ake akasiyana uye hunyanzvi hwake.
- Kana muine hanya nematambudziko api zvawo ane chekuita nekudzidza kana kukura kwemwana wenyu, taurai nachiremba wenyu kana nyanzvi yezvepfungwa nezvenyaya iyi. Vachakwanisa kukupai gwara rakakodzera.
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