Ngaba ufuna ukufunda ngeziphene zokuzalwa? Ungoyiki, masithethe ngayo!

Xa ulindele ukuba ngumama, okanye xa ulindele ilungu elitsha ukuba lijoyine usapho lwakho, eyona minqweno mikhulu engqondweni yakho kukuzalwa komntwana osempilweni. Kodwa ngamanye amaxesha, ngokungalindelekanga, umntwana unokuzalwa enotshintsho oluthile ekukhuleni kwakhe. Oku sikubiza ngokuba “ziZiphene zokuzalwa ”. Kuqhelekile ukuba uzive usoyika kwaye ulusizi xa usiva eli gama. Kodwa ungakhathazeki. Kubaluleke kakhulu ukuba nokuqonda okufanelekileyo ngale nto. Namhlanje, siza kuthetha ngale nto ngokweenkcukacha nangokulula.

Yintoni isiphene sokuzalwa?

Ngamafutshane, isiphene sokuzalwa kukukhula okungaqhelekanga okwenzeka ngexesha lokukhula komntwana ongekazalwa. Olu tshintsho lunokuchaphazela naliphi na ilungu lomzimba womntwana. Ezinye iziphene zokuzalwa zinokufunyanwa ngoogqirha ngexesha lokukhulelwa . Ezinye zinokufunyanwa emva kokuba umntwana ezelwe okanye xa umntwana emdala kancinci. Uninzi lwexesha, ezi meko zifunyanwa kunyaka wokuqala wobomi bomntwana. Nangona kunjalo, kubalulekile ukukhumbula ukuba ayizizo zonke iziphene zokuzalwa ezibonakalayo ngaphandle .

Nangona ezinye iziphene zokuzalwa zinokuba yingozi ebomini, azinjalo zonke. Indlela ezichaphazela ngayo umntwana ixhomekeke kwimeko efunyanisiweyo. Ezinye iziphene zokuzalwa zinokutshintsha kuphela indlela umntwana abonakala ngayo. Kodwa ezinye zinokuchaphazela indlela umntwana acinga, ashukuma ngayo, kwaye enza ngayo imisebenzi yemihla ngemihla.

Zeziphi iziphene ezixhaphakileyo ekuzalweni?

Nazi ezinye zezona ziphene zixhaphakileyo zokuzalwa:

• Umlomo oqhekekileyo kunye/okanye incakuba eqhekekileyo.
• Iziphazamiso ekukhuleni kwamathambo , ezifana nokukhula okufutshane , ukulahlekelwa yimilenze, okanye i-scoliosis.
• Iimeko zentliziyo zokuzalwa .
• Ukungasebenzi kakuhle kwe-chromosome – Umzekelo yi- Down syndrome .
• I-Clubfoot .
• Iimeko ezibangelwa kukusebenzisa kotywala kukamama ngexesha lokukhulelwa (i-Fetal alcohol syndrome).
• I-anemia yeseli yesikele.

Olu luhlu aluphelelanga, kusenokubakho ezinye iziphene ezininzi zokuzalwa ezifana nale.

Zixhaphake kangakanani iziphene zokuzalwa?

Enyanisweni, iziphene zokuzalwa azinqabile njengoko unokucinga. Umzekelo, ngokwezibalo eMelika, umntwana uzalwa eneziphene zokuzalwa rhoqo emva kwemizuzu emine enesiqingatha. Oko kuthetha ukuba malunga nomntwana omnye kwabangama-33 abazalwayo unokuba nohlobo oluthile lwesiphene sokuzalwa. Oku kuthetha ukuba le yimeko eqhelekileyo.

Ingaba kulungile ukusebenzisa igama elithi "ingxaki yokuzalwa"?

Igama elithi “ukuzalwa okungalunganga” lisetyenziswa ngokwezonyango. Lisetyenziswa ukuchaza utshintsho kwisakhiwo somzimba ngexesha lokukhulelwa. Ngoko ke, akukho nto imbi ngokubiza imeko ngokuthi “ukuzalwa okungalunganga.”

Kodwa, okona kubaluleke kakhulu, musa ukubiza umntu onesiphene sokuzalwa ngokuthi “ukhubazekile” okanye “ukhubazekile.” Ukwahluka kwabo ngokwasemzimbeni akuchazi ukuba bangoobani. Kubalulekile ukuphepha ukusebenzisa ulwimi olubuhlungu nolungalunganga xa uthetha ngeziphene zokuzalwa, okanye abantu abaneziphene zokuzalwa.

Ukuba unengxaki yokusebenzisa igama elithi "isiphene sokuzalwa," ungasebenzisa amanye amagama anje ngala:

• Iingxaki zokuzalwa – oko kukuthi, iingxaki ezikhoyo xa umntu ezalwa.
• Iimeko zokuzalwa.
• Ukukhubazeka komzimba.

Zithini iimpawu zokuzalwa neziphene?

Iimpawu zeziphene zokuzalwa zingaqala kwezincinci ukuya kwezinzima. Zinokuchaphazela naliphi na ilungu lomzimba, kuquka amathambo kunye nezitho zangaphakathi.

Iimpawu ezibonakala ngexesha lokukhulelwa

Ngexesha lokukhulelwa, oogqirha basebenzisa iimvavanyo ezahlukeneyo zokuhlola ukujonga iimpawu zeziphene zokuzalwa. Iimpawu ezinokubonakala ngeli xesha ziquka:

• Amanqanaba eeprotheyini kuvavanyo lwegazi aphantsi okanye aphezulu kunokuba bekulindelwe.
• Uvavanyo lwe-ultrasound lubonisa ukuba kukho ulwelo olongezelelweyo emva kwentamo yomntwana ongekazalwa.
• Iskeni esihlola intliziyo yemveku (i-echocardiogram yemveku) sibonisa ukungaqheleki kwisakhiwo sezitho zangaphakathi, njengentliziyo.

Iimpawu ezibonakala emva kokuba umntwana ezelwe

Ezinye iziphene zokuzalwa azibonakali de umntwana azalwe, okanye emva kweentsuku ezimbalwa emva kokuzalwa. Iimpawu eziqhelekileyo ezibonwa kwiintsana kunye nabantwana abancinci ziquka:

• Isingqisho esingaqhelekanga sentliziyo.
• Ubunzima bokuphefumla wedwa.
• Akaphenduli xa ebizwa ngegama okanye xa ekhwazwa kakhulu.
• Ukungazilandeli wena okanye into ephambi kwakho ngamehlo akho.
• Ubunzima bokutya nokusela ubisi.
• Ukuba nembonakalo ethile engaqhelekanga entlokweni, ebusweni, emehlweni, ezindlebeni, nasemlonyeni.
• Ukungaphumeleli ukufikelela kwimigangatho yophuhliso ehambelana neminyaka (umz., ukungaqengqeleki, ukungahlali phantsi).
• Ukungazoli nokucaphuka rhoqo.

Olu alulo uluhlu olupheleleyo.Ukuba ubona nantoni na engaqhelekanga okanye eyahlukileyo ngomntwana wakho, okanye ukuba ubona nayiphi na kwezi mpawu, bonana nogqirha womntwana wakho ngoko nangoko.

Zithini izizathu zokuba umntwana azalwe eneziphene?

Kunokubakho izizathu ezahlukeneyo zokuzalwa neziphene. Ezona ziphambili zezi:

• Utshintsho kwimfuza.
• Njengesiphumo esingesihle samanye amayeza.
• Ukuchanabeka kwizinto ezithile okanye kwiikhemikhali.
• Iingxaki zokukhulelwa.

Zonke ezi zinto zichaphazela ukukhula komntwana ongekazalwa. Uninzi lwexesha, ezi zizinto ezingaphaya kwamandla ethu, ngoko ke akukho nto ingako sinokuyenza ukuzithintela.

Kancinci malunga namanqanaba ophuhliso losana olungekazalwa

Kukho amanqanaba amabini aphambili okukhula komntwana emva kokuba ekhulelwe esibelekweni.

1. Isigaba se-embryo: Eli liveki zokuqala ezili-10 emva kokukhulelwa. Kulapho iinkqubo zomzimba eziphambili zomntwana kunye namalungu omzimba ziqala ukwakheka khona. Umngcipheko wokuzalwa neziphene uphezulu ngeli nqanaba le-embryo, njengoko amalungu omzimba esakhula. Umzekelo, ukuba umama ujongene nento enobungozi phakathi kweeveki ezimbini ukuya kwezilishumi emva kokukhulelwa, inokubangela ingozi enkulu kumntwana ongekazalwa.

2. Inqanaba lokukhulelwa: Eli lixesha eliseleyo lokukhulelwa. Ngeli xesha, amalungu akhulayo ayaqhubeka nokukhula kwaye umntwana ngokubanzi uyakhula.

Ngokwesayensi yezonyango, izizathu zokuba kubekho iziphene ezimalunga nama-30% kuphela ezizalwe zizaziwa okwangoku. Oko kuthetha ukuba malunga nama-70%, isizathu esicacileyo asikafunyanwa. Mhlawumbi phakathi kwama-50% nama-70% eziphene ezizalwe zizenzekela nje, kwaye isizathu asikaziwa.

Izinto ezibangela ufuzo kunye neziphene zokuzalwa

Malunga nama-20% eziphene zokuzalwa zibangelwa zizinto zemfuza. Iiseli zomzimba wethu zinee-chromosomes, ezidla ngokuba ngama-46. I-chromosome nganye inamawaka ee-genes. I-gene nganye inesicwangciso sokuba inxalenye ethile yomzimba wethu ikhule okanye isebenze. Ukuba umntu unee-chromosomes ezininzi kakhulu okanye ezimbalwa kakhulu, umyalezo ofunyanwa ziiseli uyabhideka.

Utshintsho kwii-chromosomes lunokwenzeka ngeendlela ezilandelayo:

• Ukuba ne-chromosome eyongezelelweyo: Umzekelo yi-Down syndrome. Abantu abanale meko banekopi eyongezelelweyo ye-chromosome 21.
• Ukungabikho kweChromosome: I-Turner syndrome yimeko apho umntu ezalwa engenanxalenye okanye yonke ichromosome yesini X.
• Iikromosomu ezisusiweyo: Umzekelo yiPrader-Willi syndrome, apho inxenye yolwazi lwemfuza kwikromosomu 15 ingekhoyo.
• Iichromosome ezifudukileyo / Ukufuduka: Iichromosome ezifudukayo zisuka kwindawo yazo eqhelekileyo ziye kwenye indawo.

Ezinye iziphene zokuzalwa zizuzwa njengelifa.Oko kuthetha ukuba kukho umntu kusapho unokuba nayo kwaye inokwenzeka nakumntwana. Ezinye zenzeka ngamaxesha athile, oko kuthetha ukuba akukho mntu kusapho owakha wayinayo ngaphambili.

Amanye amayeza kunye neziphene zokuzalwa

Amanye amayeza anokuchaphazela umntwana ongekazalwa aze abangele iziphene zokuzalwa. Imizekelo ethile:

• I-Isotretinoin (iyeza le-acne - i-Accutane® okanye i-Roaccutane®)
• Amanye amayeza anikwa abantu abanesifo sokuxhuzula (amayeza okulwa nesifo sokuwa), umz. i-valproic acid
• I-Lithium
• I-Warfarin (iyeza elithintela ukujiya kwegazi)

Ukuba uceba ukukhulelwa okanye sele ukhulelwe, thetha nogqirha wakho malunga nawo onke amayeza, iivithamini, kunye nezongezo ozithathayo. Buza nangemiphumo emibi yamayeza achazwe ngugqirha wakho. Musa ukuyeka ukuthatha nawaphi na amayeza ngaphandle kwemvume kagqirha wakho.

Ngenxa yezinto ezithile kunye neekhemikhali

Ezinye izinto kunye neekhemikhali ezikwindawo esikuyo zinokuchaphazela ukukhula komntwana ongekazalwa kwaye zibangele iziphene zokuzalwa.

• Utywala.
• Izinto ezibangela umlutha – umz. i-caffeine (ukuba ithathwe kakhulu), amayeza athengiswa ngaphandle kwemvume kagqirha, iziyobisi.
• Izibulali-zinambuzane okanye izibulali-zinambuzane.
• Ungcoliseko lokusingqongileyo.

Kwezinye iindawo zehlabathi, iziphene zokuzalwa zazixhaphakile ngenxa yokusetyenziswa kwezibulali-zinambuzane eziyingozi kunye nezibulali-zinambuzane. Umzekelo woku yi-Agent Orange yokubulala izinambuzane esetyenziswa ngexesha leMfazwe yaseVietnam.

Ngenxa yeengxaki ngexesha lokukhulelwa

Iziphene zokuzalwa nazo zinokwenzeka ngenxa yeengxaki ezithile ngexesha lokukhulelwa. Ezi zizinto ezingaphaya kwamandla abazali, ngoko ke xa izinto ezinje zisenzeka, kunokuba buhlungu kakhulu.

Imizekelo:

• Isithintelo sesibeleko: Ingxowa ye-amniotic equlethe usana iyaqhekeka ngexesha lokukhulelwa. Oku kunokubangela iimeko ezifana ne-amniotic band syndrome, enokulimaza amalungu omzimba.
• Ukunqongophala kolwelo lwe-amniotic: Ukungabikho kolwelo olwaneleyo olujikeleze usana olusesibelekweni. Oku kunokubangela uxinzelelo kusana olusesibelekweni kwaye kubangele umonakalo emaphaphu (pulmonary hypoplasia).
• Usulelo: Ezinye izifo, ezifana ne-toxoplasmosis kunye ne-cytomegalovirus, zinokuchaphazela umntwana ongekazalwa.

Ukuze uphephe ezi ngxaki, thetha nogqirha malunga neendlela zokugcina wena kunye nosana lwakho olusakhulayo luphilile ngexesha lokukhulelwa.

Ziziphi izinto ezibangela umngcipheko wokuzalwa neziphene?

Izinto ezithile okanye iimeko zempilo zinokunyusa umngcipheko wokuba nomntwana onesiphene sokuzalwa.

• Isifo seswekile.
• Ukutyeba kakhulu.
• Ubudala bomama (ngaphezulu kweminyaka engama-35).
• Ukuba nofuzo lomntu kusapho.
• Ingxaki yokusebenzisa iziyobisi.
• Ukuthatha amayeza athile.

Ukuba unemeko efana nale, ugqirha wakho angakunceda uyilawule. Banokwenza novavanyo lokuvavanya umngcipheko wokuba nesifo semfuza.

Zifunyaniswa njani iziphene zokuzalwa?

Ugqirha angabona isiphene sokuzalwa ngexesha lokukhulelwa, emva kokuba umntwana ezelwe, okanye kamva ebomini xa kuvela iimpawu. Uvavanyo luqinisekisa ukuxilongwa.

Uvavanyo Lokuhlola Ngethuba Lokukhulelwa

Ngexesha lokukhulelwa, ungakhetha ukuba kwenziwe uvavanyo lokuhlola iziphene zokuzalwa kunye neemeko zofuzo. Ezi zisenokuba zii-ultrasound okanye uvavanyo lwegazi. Ukuba uvavanyo lokuhlola lubonisa naziphi na iingxaki, ugqirha wakho unokucebisa uvavanyo lokuhlola.

Uvavanyo lwekota yokuqala: Jonga umntwana ongekazalwa ukuba akanazo iingxaki zentliziyo kunye neemeko ze-chromosome ezifana ne-Down syndrome.

• Uvavanyo lwegazi: Lulinganisa amanqanaba eeproteni okanye i-DNA ekhululekileyo yosana olusandul’ ukuzalwa egazini likamama. Iziphumo ezingaqhelekanga zinokubonisa umngcipheko ophezulu wemeko ye-chromosome kusana olusandul’ ukuzalwa.
• I-Ultrasound: Oku kujonga ulwelo olongezelelweyo emva kwentamo yomntwana ongekazalwa. Oku kungaba luphawu lwesifo sentliziyo okanye imeko ye-chromosome.

Uvavanyo lwekota yesibini: Jonga iingxaki zesakhiwo kwimveku engekazalwa.

• Uvavanyo lwegazi oluvela kwi-serum: Uvavanyo lwegazi olwenziwe kwi-trimester yesibini lunokuhlola iimeko ze-chromosome kunye/okanye iimeko ezifana ne-spina bifida.
• I-Anomaly ultrasound: Oku kujonga ubungakanani bomntwana ongekazalwa kwaye kujonga neziphene zokuzalwa.

Uvavanyo lokuxilonga

Ukuba iziphumo zovavanyo lwangaphambili aziqhelekanga, ugqirha angacebisa ezinye iimvavanyo. Ezi vavanyo zenziwa nakubantu abakhulelweyo abasengozini enkulu.

• I-echocardiogram yosana olusandul’ ukuzalwa: Olu luvavanyo lwe-ultrasound olujonga ngqo intliziyo yosana olusandul’ ukuzalwa. Nangona kunjalo, alunakukwazi ukubona zonke iingxaki zentliziyo ngaphambi kokuzalwa.
• I-MRI yosana olungekazalwa: Le ihlola ingqondo okanye inkqubo yemithambo-luvo yosana olungekazalwa.
• Isampuli ye-Chorionic villus (CVS): Olu vavanyo luthatha iqhekeza elincinci kakhulu le-placenta kwaye luyivavanya ukuba ijongana neemeko ze-chromosome okanye ze-genetic.
• I-Amniocentesis: Kususwa ulwelo oluncinci lwe-amniotic. Iiseli ezikuyo ziyavavanywa ukuze kubonwe ukuba azikho na iimpawu ezingaqhelekanga kwi-chromosome kunye notshintsho kwi-genetic. Ingafumanisa nezinye izifo, ezifana ne-cytomegalovirus (CMV).

Ezinye iziphene zokuzalwa zichongwa ngoogqirha kuphela emva kokuba umntwana ezelwe. Ezinye iimeko, ezinje ngomlebe oqhekekileyo, zinokuchongwa xa ezalwa. Ezinye zichongwa xa ebuntwaneni okanye xa emdala.Yikhathalele impilo yomntwana wakho kwaye uxelele ugqirha wakhe ukuba ubona naziphi na iimpawu.

Ziziphi iindlela zonyango zokuzalwa kweziphene?

Unyango luxhomekeke kwimeko efunyenweyo. Unyango luhlala lujoliswe ekunciphiseni iimpawu okanye ukulungisa izinto ezingaqhelekanga kwisakhiwo. Ezi zinokubandakanya:

• Utyando.
• Amayeza.
• Ulungiso lwenyama.
• Ukusebenzisa izixhobo ezifana nezixhobo zokuva, iiglasi, izixhobo zokubambelela, kunye nezitulo ezinamavili.
• Inkxaso yemfundo esikolweni (imfundo ekhethekileyo).

Ngaba iziphene zokuzalwa zinokunyangeka ngokupheleleyo?

Ngokubanzi, akukho ndlela yonyango lweziphene zokuzalwa, ingakumbi iimeko zemfuza. Unyango lunokunceda ekunciphiseni iimpawu zomntwana, kwaye ukuba iimpawu zinzima, kunciphisa umngcipheko weengxaki ezisongela ubomi.

Ngaba iziphene zokuzalwa zingathintelwa? Yintoni omele uyenze ukuze ukhulelwe kakuhle?

Iziphene ezininzi zokuzalwa azinakuthintelwa. Nangona kunjalo, kukho izinto onokuzenza ukuqinisekisa ukukhulelwa okunempilo:

• Bona ugqirha wakho rhoqo. Ukuba uzama ukukhulelwa, okanye ukuba uyabelana ngesondo kwaye awusebenzisi ucwangciso lokuzala, thatha i-vitamin yokukhulelwa equlethe i-400 mcg ye-folic acid.
• Ukuba ucinga ukuba ukhulelwe, bonana nogqirha ngokukhawuleza.
• Musa ukusela utywala.
• Thetha nogqirha wakho malunga namayeza kunye nezongezo ozithathayo.
• Musa ukuthatha naliphi na iyeza elingamiselwanga ngugqirha.

Ndicinga ntoni ukuba umntwana wam unesiphene sokuzalwa?

Iziphene zokuzalwa ziyinto enzima neyingxaki. Inyaniso yokuba akukho nyango okanye uthintelo lweziphene ezininzi zokuzalwa inokuba yinto ecaphukisayo neyoyikisayo.

Ukuba ufunyaniswe unesiphako sokuzalwa, unokuba nemibuzo emininzi. Oogqirha, iingcali, kunye nabacebisi bezofuzo banokukunceda uqonde ngakumbi ngesiphako sokuzalwa kunye nendlela yokunceda umntwana wakho.

Khumbula, iziphene zokuzalwa zixhaphakile. Izizathu ezininzi zingaphaya kwamandla akho, kwaye zenzeka ngokungacwangciswanga. Akukho ndlela yokuthintela umntwana wakho kuzo zonke iziphene zokuzalwa. Kodwa ungamthanda umntwana wakho, umkhuthaze, kwaye umnyamekele. Eso sisipho esikhulu onokumnika sona.

Ukuba ungumzali womntwana onesiphene sokuzalwa, bonana nogqirha womntwana wakho rhoqo. Wena nogqirha kufuneka nithethe ngononophelo ngezizathu ezinokubakho, iimvavanyo, unyango, ukuthunyelwa kwiingcali, kunye namaqela enkxaso. Ukuba unemibuzo, cela uncedo kwiqela lokhathalelo lomntwana wakho.

Ndifanele ndimbone nini ugqirha?

Ukuba umntwana wakho ubonisa naziphi na iimpawu zesiphene sokuzalwa, bonana nogqirha.Ngokukodwa, qwalasela amanyathelo okukhula komntwana wakho. Umzekelo, xa ethatha amanyathelo akhe okuqala, nokuba wenza izinto ezifanelekileyo na kubudala bakhe. Ukuba umntwana wakho uphoswa zizinto ezibalulekileyo, bona ugqirha wakho.

Kufuneka uye nini kwiYunithi yoNyango oluNgxamisekileyo (i-ETU) ?

Yiya kwigumbi likaxakeka ukuba umntwana wakho ubonakalisa ezi mpawu ziqatha:

• Ubunzima bokuphefumla.
• Ulusu lujika lube luhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, lube mthubi, okanye lube ngwevu.
• Ukutyheli kwamehlo amhlophe okanye ukutyheli kolusu.
• Ukubetha kwentliziyo okungaqhelekanga.
• Ubunzima bokuvuka.
• Ukungatyi/ukungaseli ubisi.

Imibuzo omele uyibuze ugqirha wakho

• Yintoni eyabangela isiphene sokuzalwa komntwana wam?
• Ngaba kufuneka ndibe notyando lwe-cesarean?
• Ziziphi iindlela zonyango ezikhoyo zokunceda umntwana wam?
• Ngaba kukho naziphi na iziphumo ebezingalindelekanga zonyango?
• Zeziphi iimpawu ekufuneka ndizijonge?
• Ngaba ungacebisa amaqela enkxaso anceda iintsapho?

Ngaba ii-dimples zizinto ezibangela ukuba umntu azalwa eneengxaki ezithile?

Hayi, iidimples azingomkhwa wokuzalwa. Iidimples ziingxaki ezincinci nezinzulu ezibonakala ezidleleni zakho xa uncuma. Nangona zinokuba zezofuzo, azithathwa njengento engaqhelekanga yokukhula.

Okokugqibela, izinto ekufuneka uzikhumbule (Umyalezo Wokuya Ekhaya)

Enye yezona zinto zinzima umzali okhulelweyo anokuziva kukuba kukho into engalunganga ngosana lwakhe okanye usana olusandul’ ukuzalwa. Nangona iziphene ezininzi zokuzalwa zingenakuthintelwa, kukho amanyathelo onokuwathatha ngaphambi nangexesha lokukhulelwa ukunciphisa umngcipheko weziphene zokuzalwa.

Khumbula, awuwedwa. Oogqirha bakho bayayiqonda imingeni yokukhulisa umntwana onesiphene sokuzalwa. Baza kwabelana nawe ngolwazi malunga novavanyo, amayeza, kunye nezinye iindlela zokunceda umntwana wakho afikelele kwisakhono sakhe esipheleleyo. Uthando lwakho, inkathalo, kunye nommeli zezona zinto zixabisekileyo umntwana anokuzifumana.