Zithini iiDNA, iiGene kunye neeChromosomes? Masithethe ngokulula!

Ngaba wakha wazibuza ukuba yintoni ekwenze waba yile nto uyiyo? Umbala weenwele zakho, umbala wamehlo, ukuphakama, imo yomzimba wakho, konke oku kuxhomekeke njani? Impendulo ikwizinto esiza kuthetha ngazo namhlanje, i-DNA , ii-genes, kunye nee-chromosomes . Nangona zisenokuvakala ngathi zizinto zenzululwazi, ezi zizinto ezilula kakhulu ukuziqonda. Makhe sijonge.

Yintoni i-DNA (i-Deoxyribonucleic acid)? Ngamafutshane...

Cinga ngomzimba wakho wonke njengencwadi enkulu yemiyalelo. Loo ncwadi ikuxelela indlela onke amalungu omzimba wakho afanele asebenze ngayo, indlela ofanele ujongeke ngayo, nendlela ofanele ujongeke ngayo. Loo seti yemiyalelo ibizwa ngokuba yi-'DNA (i-Deoxyribonucleic acid).' Ikwiseli nganye emzimbeni wakho. Ngamafutshane, i-DNA yiplani yokuba ungubani.

Yenziwe ngantoni i-DNA?

I-DNA ikwanolwimi lwayo lokubhala le ncwadi yemiyalelo. Olu lwimi lunoonobumba abane. Ngabo:

• I-Adenine (A)
• I-Cytosine (i-Cytosine – C)
• I-Thiamine (i-Thymine – T)
• I-Guanine (i-Guanine – G)

Ezi ziseko zine zeekhemikhali zezona zenza "amagama" kwincwadi yakho yemiyalelo, zicwangciswe ngokulandelelana okuthile. Njengokuba oonobumba bethu besiSinhala behlanganiswe ukwenza amagama. Khawuthelekelele, kukho malunga neebhiliyoni ezi-3 zezi ziseko emzimbeni womntu! Ama-99% azo afana kumntu wonke. Loo 1% iseleyo yiyo ekwenza wahluke kwabanye, umntu wakho owahlukileyo. Ayimangalisi loo nto?

I-DNA ihlala izenza iikopi zayo. Oko kukuthi, yenza iikopi zencwadi yemiyalelo yomzimba wakho, njengeekopi ezibhalwe ngesandla. Isebenzisa amagama enziwe ngokudibanisa ezo ziseko.

Ngoko ke zithini ii-genes?

Iijini, ngokwenyani, zifana nezakhi zomzimba wakho . Ezinye iijini zinika imiyalelo yokwenza iiproteni. Umsebenzi weeproteni kukuxelela umzimba wakho ukuba zeziphi iimpawu zomzimba ofuna ukuba nazo. Umzekelo, izinto ezinje ngombala weenwele zakho kunye nombala wamehlo akho. Ezinye iijini zibhala into ebizwa ngokuba yi-'RNA (Ribonucleic acid),' eyenza eminye imisebenzi.

Sizifumana njani ii-genes?

Awunakuzithenga ezi gene kwivenkile yezakhi zofuzo. Uzifumana kumama wakho nakutata wakho. Ngokuchanekileyo, ufumana ikopi enye yezakhi zofuzo zakho kwiqanda likamama wakho kunye nekopi enye kwidlozi likatata wakho. Wakuba unezakhi zofuzo ezimbini, ezo zakhi zofuzo ziyahlukana, zenze iikopi zazo, kwaye zisebenze zide zizalise incwadi yakho yonke yemiyalelo. Khawuthelekelele, kukho phakathi kwama-20,000 nama-25,000 ezakhi zofuzo emzimbeni wakho!

Ngoku makhe sibone ukuba zeziphi iichromosomes.

Iichromosomes zizakhiwo ezifana nomsonto. Zikwindawo ephakathi kweeseli, kwinucleus. Iichromosomes ziqulathe iDNA kunye neeproteni. Ziza ngobukhulu obahlukeneyo. Zenziwe ziiproteni ezikhethekileyo ezibizwa ngokuba yi-'Histones' ezenza zibe ncinci kwaye zibekwe ngaphakathi kwinucleus. Cinga nje, ngaphandle kwezo histones, iichromosomes zethu bezinokuba zinde njengathi! Iichromosomes zezona miyalelo zichanekileyo ezifunyanwa ziiseli zakho ezikwenza ube ngokhethekileyo kwaye wahlukile.

Zingaphi iichromosomes abantu abanazo?

Ngokwesiqhelo, umntu ophilileyo kufuneka abe nee-chromosomes ezingama-23 (zizonke ezingama-46). Ezi chromosomes zahlulwe zaba zii-chromosomes ezingama-22 ezibhalwe ngenombolo (ezibizwa ngokuba yi-'autosomes') kunye nee-chromosomes zesini (ii-chromosomes 'X' kunye ne-'Y'). Ufumana i-chromosomes enye kumama wakho kwaye enye kutata wakho.

Nangona kunjalo, kunqabile kakhulu ukuba kubekho iimpazamo xa iiseli zahlukana kwaye zenze iikopi. Xa oku kusenzeka, abanye abantu banokuba ne-chromosome eyongezelelweyo kwisibini (imeko ebizwa ngokuba yi-'Trisomy') okanye i-chromosome enye kwisibini isenokungabikho (imeko ebizwa ngokuba yi-'Monosomy').

Luthini ulwalamano phakathi kwe-DNA, ii-genes, kunye nee-chromosomes? Zisebenza njani?

Ezi zinto zintathu - i-DNA, ii-genes, kunye nee-chromosomes - ziyadibana kwaye zisebenze kunye ukudala umntu onguye.

• Iichromosome zezona zithwala iDNA ngaphakathi kwiiseli.
• I-DNA inoxanduva lokwakha nokugcina isakhiwo sakho somntu sisemgangathweni.
• Iijini ziyinxalenye ye-DNA yakho ekunika iimpawu zomzimba ezikhethekileyo kwaye ikwenze wahluke kwabanye.

Ngamafutshane, xa konke oku kudibana, umzimba wakho ufumana iseti epheleleyo yemiyalelo echaza indlela iiseli zakho ezimele ziziphathe ngayo.

Iphi iDNA? Ijongeka njani?

I-DNA ikwiseli nganye emzimbeni wakho. Uninzi lwayo lukwi-nucleus (embindini) yeseli nganye. Kukwakho ne-DNA ethile kwi- mitochondria (ii-organelles ezincinci ngaphakathi kweeseli ezivelisa amandla).

Ngokuphathelele ukubonakala kwe-DNA, yenziwe ziziseko ezine zeekhemikhali ezikhankanyiweyo ngaphambili: i-adenine (A), i-cytosine (C), i-thymine (T), kunye ne-guanine (G). Ezi zibini zesiseko ziyadibana ngababini; u-A uhlala edibene no-T, kwaye u-C uhlala edibene no-G. Ezi zibini zesiseko, kunye nemolekyuli yeswekile kunye nemolekyuli ye-phosphate (ebizwa ngokuba yi-'nucleotide'), zenza imo efana nezitebhisi ezijikelezayo (ekwabizwa ngokuba yi-'double helix'). Ezi zibini zesiseko zifana neerungs zezitebhisi, kwaye iswekile kunye ne-phosphate zifana nee-handrails.

Zibonakala njani iichromosomes?

IiChromosomes zinesakhiwo esifana nomsonto. Iiproteni zeChromosomal (ezi 'histones' zikhankanyiweyo apha ngasentla) zijikeleza iDNA, njengomsonto ojikeleza umsonto, zicinezela iDNA ibe ziingceba ezincinci ukuze zingene ngaphakathi kwiiseli. Khawucinge nje, ukuba iichromosomes bezingayijikelezi iDNA ngolo hlobo, iDNA yakho ibiya kuba malunga neenyawo ezi-6 ubude ukusuka ekupheleni ukuya ekupheleni!

Zithini iimeko zeGenetic?

Imeko yemfuza sisifo esibangelwa yimfuza engaqhelekanga. Imfuza yimfuza engakopishwanga ngokuchanekileyo ngexesha lokwahlukana kweeseli. Oko kukuthi, ulandelelwano okanye imo yayo yahlukile kwezinye iimfuza emzimbeni. Ukuba unemfuza, umzimba wakho usenokungakwazi ukukhula nokusebenza ngokuqhelekileyo.

Ngamanye amaxesha ungayifumana njengelifa le nguqu yezakhi zofuzo kubazali bakho. Ngamanye amaxesha ungaphuhlisa inguqu yezakhi zofuzo emzimbeni wakho ngengozi, ngaphandle kokuba nabani na kusapho lwakho abe nenguqu okanye imeko yezakhi zofuzo ngaphambili. Kukho amawaka eemeko zezakhi zofuzo ezifana nale.

Kwenzeka njani utshintsho lwezakhi zofuzo?

Utshintsho lwemfuza lwenzeka xa iiseli zakho zahlukana kwaye zenza iiseli ezintsha. Xa iiseli zahlukana, zifana nokubhala ngesandla inguqulelo yokuqala yencwadi yemiyalelo yomzimba wakho. Kukho indawo eninzi yeempazamo kule nkqubo. Kufana nokutsiba iphepha okanye isahluko xa ufunda incwadi. Ukuba wenza impazamo (utshintsho lwemfuza), incwadi yakho yemiyalelo inokunika umzimba wakho imiyalelo engalunganga. Ngamanye amaxesha utshintsho alutshintshi indlela umzimba wakho osebenza ngayo. Kodwa ngamanye amaxesha utshintsho lunokukuthintela ekusebenzeni ngokuqhelekileyo. Konke kuxhomekeke kuhlobo lwento leyo i-gene ibhala kuyo.

Ngaba kukho iimvavanyo ezinokujonga imeko yempilo yezakhi zofuzo zam?

Ewe, kukho uvavanyo oluninzi lwemfuza. Olu vavanyo lusebenzisa isampulu yegazi lakho, ulusu, iinwele, okanye, ukuba ukhulelwe, ulwelo lwe-amniotic. Olu vavanyo lunokuchonga utshintsho kwimfuza yakho, ii-chromosomes, okanye iiproteni. Olu vavanyo lunokuchonga iimeko ezithile zemfuza kunye nemfuza eziguqukileyo. Kwakhona, ukuba unethemba lokuba nomntwana, olu vavanyo lunokukunceda ufumane umngcipheko wokuba nomntwana onemfuza.

Ndingayiphucula njani impilo ye-DNA yam?

Ukuze uphucule impilo ye-DNA yakho, kufuneka uyinyamekele kakuhle umzimba wakho. Kuba i-DNA yakho inoxanduva lwendlela okhula ngayo nokusebenza ngayo. Ungayiphucula impilo yakho iyonke ngokuthi:

• Yitya ukutya okunesondlo esifanelekileyo .
• Ukuzilolonga.
• Gcina ubunzima bakho busempilweni.
• Kuphephe ukutshaya nokusebenzisa iimveliso zecuba .

Yintoni iHomologous Chromosome?

I-chromosome efana neye-homologous yi-chromosome ezimbini, enye ivela kumama kwaye enye ivela kutata. Zombini kufuneka zibe nolwazi olufanayo lwe-genetic, kwiindawo ezifanayo. Ii-chromosome nazo zinokuba zi-nonhomologous. Oku kuthetha ukuba ulwazi lwe-genetic oluqulethwe kuzo lwahlukile, okanye lukwiindawo ezahlukeneyo.

Okokugqibela, yintoni ekufuneka uyikhumbule (Umyalezo Wokuya Ekhaya)

I-DNA yakho, ii-genes, kunye nee-chromosomes zezinye zezona ndawo zibalulekileyo ezikwenza ube ngulowo unguye. Nangona zincinci kakhulu ukuba zingabonwa ngamehlo enyama, indima eziyidlalayo iyamangalisa kwaye inkulu kakhulu. Ngoko ke, kuxhomekeke kuwe ukulandela indlela yokuphila enempilo kwaye ugcine i-DNA yakho, ii-genes, kunye nee-chromosomes zisebenza kakuhle. Ukuba uzithanda, cinga ngaba bahlobo bancinci emzimbeni wakho. Kuphela xa bephilile apho unokuphila khona.