Ngaba wakha wazibuza ukuba imizimba yethu ihlala ivelisa igazi elitsha? Ewe, yinyani. Kwizonyango, le yinto esiyibiza ngokuba yi-hematopoiesis. Ngamafutshane, le yinkqubo emangalisayo apho imizimba yethu ivelisa khona iiseli zegazi, okanye iiseli zegazi. Njengokulahla imoto endala nokuthenga entsha, imizimba yethu ihlala isusa iiseli zegazi ezindala kwaye yenze iiseli zegazi ezintsha, ezintsha endaweni yazo. Le yindlela imizimba yethu egcina ngayo unikezelo lwegazi rhoqo. Ayimangalisi na? Le nkqubo iqala ngaphambi kokuba sizalwe kwaye iyaqhubeka ubomi bethu bonke.
Yintoni i-hematopoiesis? Ngamafutshane...
Kulungile, makhe sibone ukuba eli gama elithi Hematopoiesis lithetha ukuthini. Nangona lisenokubonakala ligama elingaqhelekanga, intsingiselo yalo ilula kakhulu. Eli gama livela ekudityanisweni kwamagama amabini avela kulwimi lwesiGrike.
- 'Haîma' (Haima): Oku kuthetha 'igazi' okanye ' igazi '.
- I-Poesis (i-poesis): Oku kuthetha 'ukwenza into' okanye 'ukuvelisa'.
Emva koko xa la magama mabini edityaniswa, kuvela ingcamango
'yokwenziwa kwegazi' okanye
'ukuveliswa kwegazi' . Kulula kakhulu ukuyiqonda, akunjalo? Ngamanye amaxesha le nkqubo ebizwa ngokuba yi
-hematopoiesis ikwabizwa ngokuba yi-hemopoiesis, i-hematogenesis, okanye i-hemogenesis. Onke la magama athetha into enye.
Ziziphi iintlobo zeeseli zegazi eziveliswa yi-hematopoiesis?
Igazi lethu alenziwanga ziiseli zohlobo olufanayo. Njengokuba ukutya kuneentlobo ezahlukeneyo zokutya ezifana nerayisi, iilentili, kunye nentlanzi, igazi lethu likwanazo neentlobo ezahlukeneyo zeeseli. Zonke ezi ntlobo zeeseli zegazi ziveliswa ngenkqubo ye-
hematopoiesis . Masibone ukuba zeziphi.
Iiseli zegazi ezibomvu (ii-Erythrocytes)
Ezi zezona ntlobo zeeseli zininzi egazini lethu. Ubusazi na ukuba umsebenzi ophambili weeseli ezibomvu zegazi
kukuthwala ioksijini engena emiphungeni xa siphefumla ukuya kuzo zonke ezinye izitho kunye nezicubu emzimbeni wonke. Ezi seli zisebenza njengetanki yeoksijini. Kwakhona, ezi seli ezibomvu zegazi zinceda ekubuyiseleni i-carbon dioxide engafunekiyo eveliswa emzimbeni wethu emiphungeni kwaye iyikhuphe xa sikhupha umoya. Inkqubo yokuvelisa iiseli ezibomvu zegazi ibizwa ngokuba
yi-erythropoiesis .
Iiseli zegazi ezimhlophe (iiLeukocytes)
Iiseli ezimhlophe zegazi zifana noonogada emizimbeni yethu. Njengomkhosi okhusela ilizwe, ezi seli
zisikhusela kwizifo ngokulwa neentsholongwane, ezifana neebhaktheriya kunye neentsholongwane, ezingena emizimbeni yethu. Akuphelelanga apho, ezi seli ezimhlophe zegazi zikwanceda ekutshabalaliseni iiseli ezingaqhelekanga ezikhula ngaphakathi emizimbeni yethu, ezifana neeseli zomhlaza. Inkqubo yokuveliswa kweeseli ezimhlophe zegazi ibizwa ngokuba
I-Leukopoiesis. Akukho luhlobo lunye lweeseli ezimhlophe zegazi, kodwa kukho iintlobo ezininzi eziphambili: Phakathi kwezi, ii-neutrophils, ii-basophils, kunye nee-eosinophils zinemisebenzi efanayo kakhulu, ngoko ke xa zizonke zibizwa ngokuba zii-granulocytes . Iiplatelets (okanye iiThrombocytes)
Iiplatelets zifana noogqirha abancinci emizimbeni yethu. Xa unenxeba elincinci kwaye uqala ukopha, ezi platelets zinceda ekumiseni ukopha. Ezi ziziqwenga ezincinci zeeseli ezinamathelayo. Ziqokelelana kwindawo yenxeba, zenze ihlwili, kwaye zivale inxeba. Kufana nokufaka iplasta. Yingakho igazi lingaphumi emizimbeni yethu ngokungeyomfuneko. Inkqubo yokuvelisa iiplatelets ibizwa ngokuba yi-thrombopoiesis . Le nkqubo yokwakheka kwegazi yenzeka phi?
Umbuzo obaluleke kakhulu! Le nkqubo imangalisayo ebizwa ngokuba yi-hematopoiesis yenzeka kakhulu kwinxalenye enesiponji ngaphakathi kwamathambo ethu. Siyibiza ngokuba yi-bone marrow. Ngaba ukhe wayibona indawo ebomvu ngaphakathi kwethambo xa usitya inkukhu? Yiyo le nto injalo le bone marrow. Ukwakheka kwegazi ngale ndlela ngaphakathi kwe-bone marrow kuthiwa yi -medullary hematopoiesis . Iiseli zegazi ezenziwe ngale ndlela zihamba emzimbeni wethu ngemithambo yegazi. Nangona kunjalo, ngamanye amaxesha, ngakumbi kwiimeko ezithile zesifo, igazi linokuveliswa kwezinye iindawo zomzimba wethu ukongeza kwi-bone marrow, umzekelo, kwizitho ezifana nesibindi kunye ne-spleen . Ukwakheka kwegazi ngaphandle kwe-bone marrow ngale ndlela kuthiwa yi -extramedullary hematopoiesis . Kukho utshintsho oluncinci kwindawo apho le gazi lenziwa khona, ngaphambi nasemva kokuba sizalwe. Ngaphambi kokuzalwa
Eli gazi liqala ukwakheka sisesesibelekweni sikamama wethu, oko kukuthi, njengembumba.- Okokuqala, kwiiveki ezintathu zokuqala zokukhulelwa, uhlobo oluthile lweeseli ezibomvu zegazi luqala ukwakheka kwisakhiwo esijikeleze umbungu obizwa ngokuba yi-yolk sac . Ezi azikhuli kangako kuneeseli ezibomvu zegazi esizivelisayo xa sibadala.
- Emva koko, malunga neenyanga ezi-2-3 zokukhulelwa, iiseli ezibomvu zegazi kunye neeplatelets ziqala ukwakheka esibindini nasesinqeni. Iiseli ezimhlophe zegazi zenziwa esibindini, esinqeni, nakwi-thymus gland.
- Kwinyanga yesihlanu yokukhulelwa, uninzi lwemveliso yegazi lwenzeka kumongo wethambo. Nangona kunjalo, ezinye iintlobo zeeseli ezimhlophe zegazi ziveliswa nakwi-thymus gland, kwi-spleen, nakwezinye izicubu ze-lymph.
Emva kokuzalwa
Emva kokuba sizalwe, ukususela ebuntwaneni ukuya ebudaleni, uninzi lwemveliso yegazi lethu lwenzeka kumongo wethambo. Nangona kunjalo, uhlobo oluthile lweeseli ezimhlophe zegazi ezibizwa ngokuba zii-lymphocytes lukhula nakwi-thymus gland yethu. Nangona kunjalo, kwezinye iimeko zesifo, umzekelo, ukuba umongo wethambo awukwazi ukwenza iiseli zegazi ngokufanelekileyo, umzimba wethu uzama ukwenza igazi kwakhona kwiindawo apho igazi lenziwa khona ngaphambi kokuzalwa, njengesibindi, i-spleen, okanye ii-lymph nodes. Oku kufana necebo elisetyenziswa kwimeko kaxakeka. Iyenzeka njani inkqubo ye-hematopoiesis?
Le yinkqubo entsonkothileyo kakhulu, kodwa ecwangcisiweyo kakhulu. Cinga nje ukuba zingaphi iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zeeseli zegazi ezinokwakheka kwiseli enye ye-stem! Zonke ezi ntlobo zeeseli zegazi zineseli efanayo, eqalayo. Siyibiza ngokuba yi -hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) . Oku kufana "neseli eyintloko." Le seli ye-HSC iqala ikhule ibe yiseli yangaphambili okanye iseli "yokuqhuma" . Le seli yangaphambili yiseli esendleleni eya ekubeni yiseli ethile yegazi, kodwa ayikaphuhli ngokupheleleyo. Le seli yangaphambili emva koko idlula kwiintlobo ezininzi zeeseli kwaye itshintshe ngaphambi kokuba ibe yiseli yegazi ephuhlileyo, esebenzayo ngokupheleleyo. Kukho iindawo ezintathu eziphambili ze-hematopoiesis, ngokusekelwe kwindlela ezikhiwa ngayo iintlobo ezintathu zeeseli zegazi esixoxe ngazo ngaphambili:- I-Erythropoiesis: Ukuveliswa kweeseli ezibomvu zegazi.
- I-Leukopoiesis: Ukuveliswa kweeseli ezimhlophe zegazi.
- I-Thrombopoiesis: Ukuveliswa kweeplatelets.
Ngalo lonke olu tshintsho, loo seli yokuqala ye-stem (HSC) iba yingcali ngakumbi nangakumbi. Oko kukuthi, ilahlekelwa ziimpawu zeseli ye-stem kwaye ifumana iimpawu zeseli ebomvu yegazi, iseli emhlophe yegazi, okanye iplatelet. I-Erythropoiesis (Ukwakheka kweeseli zegazi ezibomvu)
Iiseli ezibomvu zegazi zenziwa kumongo wethu wethambo. Iseli yegazi ephambili (i-HSC) kuqala iba yiseli yokuqala ebizwa ngokuba yi-erythroblast . Le erythroblast emva koko iba yiseli ebomvu yegazi engavuthwanga ebizwa ngokuba yi-reticulocyte . Ekugqibeleni, le reticulocyte iba yiseli ebomvu yegazi ephuhlileyo nesebenzayo. Indlela iiseli ezimhlophe zegazi eziveliswa ngayo (iLeukopoiesis)
Ayizizo zonke iiseli ezimhlophe zegazi ezidalwe ngendlela efanayo. Iigranulocytes esixoxe ngazo ngaphambili - oko kukuthi, ii-basophils, ii-eosinophils, kunye nee-neutrophils - zenziwe ngendlela eyahlukileyo kancinci kunee-monocytes kunye nee-lymphocytes. Indlela iigranulocytes ezakhiwa ngayo
Zonke ezi ntlobo zintathu ze-granulocytes ziveliswa kumongo wethambo. Xa iseli yegazi eyintloko (i-HSC) iqhubeka nokwenza ezi seli, ikhula ngendlela ebizwa ngokuba yi-myeloid cell line . Igama elithi "myeloid" lithetha "ukuhambelana nomongo wethambo." Ngoko ke, ezi seli zibizwa ngokuba ziveliswa kumongo wethambo. Ukuze kwenziwe i-granulocyte, iseli ye-HSC kuqala iba yiseli yokuqala ebizwa ngokuba yi-myeloblast . Le myeloblast emva koko iba yi -myelocyte , ekugqibeleni eyahluka ibe yi-basophil, i-eosinophil, okanye i-neutrophil. Indlela iiseli ze-mononuclear ezenziwe ngayo
Ii-monocytes ziveliswa kumongo wethambo. Ii-lymphocytes - oko kukuthi, ii-B-cells, ii-T-cells kunye nee-natural killer cells - ziveliswa kumongo wethambo nakwezinye izicubu ze-lymphoid, ezifana ne-thymus gland. Umzekelo, ii-lymphocytes zenziwa kumongo wethambo zisencinci kakhulu, zize zifudukele kwi-thymus gland, apho zikhula khona zibe zii-T-cells.- Iimonocytes zikhula ngokusebenzisa umgca weseli ye-myeloid: Ngenxa yokuba nazo zenziwe kwi-bone marrow, ziqala zikhule zibe yiseli yokuqala ebizwa ngokuba yi-monoblast , kwaye kuphela emva koko ziba ziimonocytes ezikhule ngokupheleleyo.
- Ii-lymphocytes zikhula ecaleni komgca weseli ye-lymphoid: kuba zenziwe kwiithishu ze-lymphoid, ezifana nomongo wethambo kunye ne-thymus gland. Ke ngoko, iiseli ze-HSC eziba zii-lymphocytes zikhula zibe ziiseli zangaphambili ezibizwa ngokuba zii-lymphoblasts . Ezi zezo ekugqibeleni zahlulahlula zibe zii-T-cells, ii-B-cells, okanye iiseli zokubulala zendalo.
Ukwakheka kweeplatelet (Thrombopoiesis)
Ukuveliswa kweeplatelet kwenzeka nakwi-bone mongo. Apha, iseli yegazi ephambili (i-HSC) iqala ikhule ibe yiseli yokuqala ebizwa ngokuba yi-megakaryoblast . Le megakaryoblast emva koko ikhula ibe yiseli enkulu ebizwa ngokuba yi-megakaryocyte . Ekugqibeleni, iiplatelet zenziwa xa iindawo zale megakaryocyte ziqhekeka. Ayimangalisi loo nto? Ithatha ixesha elingakanani le nkqubo ye-hematopoiesis?
Enyanisweni, izinga lokuveliswa kweeseli zegazi lixhomekeke kwiimfuno zomzimba wakho. Umzekelo, ukuba uyagula, umzimba wakho unyusa ukuveliswa kweeseli zegazi ezimhlophe ukulwa neentsholongwane. Ngokwesiqhelo, inkqubo ye-hematopoiesis yenzeka rhoqo, kuba iiseli zegazi nazo zinexesha elithile lobomi. Xa iseli enye yegazi isifa, umzimba ophilileyo wenza entsha ukuze uyithathele indawo. Ixesha eliqhelekileyo lobomi beeseli zegazi lelo lilandelayo:- Iiseli zegazi ezibomvu: Ziphila malunga neentsuku ezili-120.
- Iiseli zegazi ezimhlophe: Ziphila ukusuka kwiiyure ezimbalwa ukuya kwiintsuku ezimbalwa.
- Iiplatelets: Ziphila phakathi kweentsuku ezi-5 nezi-9.
Ngoko ke, imizimba yethu ihlala isusa ezi seli zindala kwaye iqhubeka nokwenza ezintsha.
Kuthekani ukuba kukho ingxaki kwinkqubo ye-hematopoiesis?
Imizimba yethu ikwazi kakuhle ukulawula ukuveliswa kwezi seli zegazi, oko kuthetha ukuba sinenani elifanelekileyo leeseli zegazi. Nangona kunjalo, ezinye iimeko zonyango zinokuphazamisa le nkqubo ye-hematopoiesis. Oku kunokubangela ukuba kuveliswe iiseli zegazi ezimbalwa kakhulu okanye zibe zininzi kakhulu. Ukuba inani leeseli zegazi litshintsha ngendlela engaqhelekanga ngale ndlela, iimpawu ezahlukeneyo kunye neemeko zonyango zinokuvela.- Iingxaki ngeeseli ezibomvu zegazi:
- Ukuba inani leeseli zakho ezibomvu zegazi liyancipha, kuthiwa yi -anemia . Ungaziva udiniwe kwaye ubuthathaka kuba izicubu zomzimba wakho azifumani ioksijini eyaneleyo.
- Ukwanda kwenani leeseli ezibomvu zegazi kuthiwa yi -erythrocytosis . Kwiimeko ezincinci, oku kunokubangela iimpawu ezingathandekiyo. Nangona kunjalo, kwiimeko ezinzima, ukwanda kweeseli ezibomvu zegazi kunokubangela ukuba igazi lijiye, nto leyo eyonyusa umngcipheko wokuhlaselwa yintliziyo okanye isifo sohlangothi.
- Iingxaki ezinxulumene neeseli ezimhlophe zegazi:
- Ukuba inani leeseli zakho ezimhlophe zegazi liyancipha, kuthiwa yi -leukopenia . Oku kwandisa umngcipheko wakho wokufumana usulelo.
- Ukwanda kwenani leeseli ezimhlophe zegazi kuthiwa yi -leukocytosis . Oku kudla ngokuba luphawu losulelo. Nangona kunjalo, ngamanye amaxesha inani eliphezulu kakhulu leeseli ezimhlophe zegazi linokuba luphawu lwesifo segazi okanye umhlaza.
- Iingxaki ezinxulumene neeplatelet:
- Ukubalwa kweeplatelet okuphantsi kubizwa ngokuba yi -thrombocytopenia . Le meko inokubangela ukuba wophe ngokulula kwaye ukrweleke lula.
- Ukuba inani leeplatelet liyanda, libizwa ngokuba yi -thrombocytosis . Oku kwandisa umngcipheko wokuba negazi eliqhekekileyo kakhulu.
Ziziphi iimeko eziphazamisana nenkqubo ye-hematopoiesis?
Kukho izinto ezininzi ezinokuphazamisana nenkqubo ye-hematopoiesis. Ezinye zezi zinokuba nemiphumo emincinci, ngelixa ezinye zinokuba nzima. Umzekelo, njengoko sikhula, amafutha anokuqokelelana kumongo wethu wethambo, nto leyo enciphisa amandla okwenza igazi. Izifo ezinxulumene negazi kunye nomhlaza wegazi , njenge -leukemia, i-lymphoma, kunye ne-myeloma, nazo zinokuphazamisana nemveliso yeeseli zegazi. Ezi zifo zibangela ukuveliswa okugqithisileyo kweeseli zegazi ezingaqhelekanga nezigulayo. Enye into kukuba amanye amayeza anokuphazamisana nenkqubo ye-hematopoiesis, nto leyo ebangela ukwehla kwenani leeseli zegazi. Umzekelo, i-chemotherapy, esetyenziselwa ukutshabalalisa iiseli zomhlaza, inokubangela ukwehla kwenani leeseli zegazi ezimhlophe. Oku kubizwa ngokuba yi-neutropenia . Ke ngoko, amanye amayeza anokubangela ukwehla kweeseli zegazi njengesiphumo esibi. Eyona nto ibalulekileyo esifuna ukuyithatha kweli bali (Umyalezo Wokubuyela Ekhaya)
Kulungile, ngoku uyaqonda ukuba le nkqubo yokwakheka kwegazi, inkqubo yokwakheka kwegazi esithethe ngayo namhlanje, yinto eyenzeka rhoqo, into ebalulekileyo kubomi bethu obusempilweni nokusinda. Olu nikezelo lwegazi oluhlala luhleli lubaluleke kakhulu ekunikezeni ioksijini kwizicubu zomzimba wethu nasekusikhuseleni kwizifo. Khumbula, le nkqubo idla ngokwenzeka ngaphakathi kwithambo lethu. Izinto ezininzi ezichaphazela impilo yethu zinokuchaphazela nalo mandla okwenza igazi.
Ngoko ke, ukugcina impilo yethu iyonke ngokutya ukutya okunesondlo, ukuzilolonga, kunye nokulandela iingcebiso zonyango kuya kunceda ukugcina le nkqubo imangalisayo ye-hematopoiesis isebenza kakuhle. Ukuba unemibuzo engaphezulu malunga noku, ungaze woyike ukuthetha nogqirha.
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