Zithini iintsholongwane? Masifunde ngakumbi ngezi zidalwa zincinci!

Ubusazi na ukuba kukho izigidi zezinto eziphilayo ezincinci ezisingqongileyo, nangaphakathi emizimbeni yethu, esingenakuzibona? Yiyo loo nto iintsholongwane ziyiyo. Ezinye zilungile, ezinye zimbi kancinci, oko kuthetha ukuba zinokubangela izifo. Makhe sithethe ngazo zonke ezi ntsholongwane ngokweenkcukacha namhlanje, kulungile?

Ngamafutshane, iibhaktheriya zizinto eziphilayo ezincinci, ezineseli enye. Sibiza ibhaktheriya enye ngokuba 'yibhaktheriya'. Kukho izigidi, kwaneebhiliyoni, zeentlobo ezahlukeneyo zeebhaktheriya kuyo yonke indawo ehlabathini, nasemzimbeni wakho. Ziselusu lwakho, empumlweni yakho, emlonyeni wakho, nakwinkqubo yakho yokugaya ukutya, kwinkqubo yokuzala, nakwindlela yomchamo. Cinga nje, izazinzulu zithi kukho iiseli zebhaktheriya eziphindwe kalishumi kuneeseli zabantu emizimbeni yethu! Ayimangalisi loo nto?

Zisinceda ngantoni iintsholongwane?

Ayizizo zonke iintsholongwane ezimbi. Ezinye iintlobo zeentsholongwane ziluncedo kakhulu kuthi. Ezi ntsholongwane ziluncedo kakhulu zifumaneka kakhulu eluswini lwethu nasemathunjini ethu, okuyinkqubo yethu yokugaya ukutya. Sizibiza ngokuba ziintsholongwane zethu ezihlala apha, okanye 'iintyatyambo zethu ezihlala apha', okanye 'iintsholongwane zakho ezihlala apha'. Olu luluntu lweentsholongwane eziphilayo ezihlala emzimbeni wakho. Ezi ntsholongwane zilungileyo emathunjini zisinceda ukuba sifumane izondlo , sigaye ukutya , kwaye siyeke ukukhula kweentsholongwane ezimbi. Zifana nabahlobo bethu abasenyongweni.

Zithini iingozi zebhaktheriya?

Nangona uninzi lweentsholongwane lungenabungozi, ezinye iintlobo zinokukwenza ugule. Ezi ntlobo zeentsholongwane sizibiza ngokuba 'ziintsholongwane '. Iintsholongwane ziintsholongwane ezinokubangela izifo. Zinokwanda ngokukhawuleza emzimbeni wakho zize zivelise iityhefu . Kulapho ke kuvela khona usulelo.

Nazi ezinye zemizekelo yeebhaktheriya eziyingozi:

• I-Streptococcus : Iibhaktheriya ezibangela usulelo lomphimbo, oko kukuthi, i-strep throat.
• I-Staphylococcus : Iibhaktheriya ezibangela usulelo lwe-staph eluswini.
• I-Escherichia coli : Iibhaktheriya ezibangela usulelo lwe-E. coli.

Ezi bhaktheriya zikwabangela ukutyhefwa kwegazi, imeko ebizwa ngokuba yi- "septicemia." Oku kwenzeka xa iibhaktheriya zingena egazini lakho. Iibhaktheriya ezisegazini lakho zinokusasazeka zize zikhokelele kwimeko embi ebizwa ngokuba yi-"sepsis." I-Sepsis kukusabela okugqithisileyo komzimba wakho kwisifo esisasazeke emzimbeni wakho wonke.

Eminye imizekelo yeebhaktheriya ezibangela izifo zezi:

• I-Aerococcus urinae: Intsholongwane ebangela usulelo lomchamo .
• I-Chlamydia trachomatis : Ibhaktheriya ebangela usulelo oludluliselwa ngesondo (STI) ebizwa ngokuba yi-chlamydia.
• I-Bordetella pertussis : Intsholongwane ebangela ukukhwehlela okungapheliyo.

Iintsholongwane ezininzi zinokunyangwa ngee -antibiotics . Nangona kunjalo, ukuba uthatha ii-antibiotics rhoqo, umzimba wakho unokuba sengozini yokuchasana nazo. Kwakhona, ukuba awuzithathi ezi antibiotics ngokupheleleyo okanye kanye njengoko ugqirha wakho ekuxelele, unamathuba amaninzi okuba ne-bacterial resistance.

Iibhaktheriya zihlelwa njani?

Izazinzulu zisebenzisa iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokwahlulahlula iintsholongwane.

Ngegama lesayensi

Enye indlela kukusebenzisa igama labo lesayensi. Eli gama liquka "uhlobo" lwabo – igama elinikwa iibhaktheriya ngokusekelwe kwiimpawu zazo – kunye "nohlobo" olukuloo genus. Umzekelo, igama lesayensi lebhaktheriya ebangela isifo "botulism" yi "Clostridium botulinum" . Kwanakwintlobo efanayo, izazinzulu zinokufumana "iintlobo" ezahlukeneyo.

Ngokwemilo yebhaktheriya

Enye indlela kukujonga imilo yebhaktiriya. Kukho imilo emithathu yebhaktiriya:

• I-Spherical okanye efana nebhola (`cocci ba CTE ria` - cocci bacteria)
• Imile okwentonga okanye efana nenduku (`bacilli`)
• Imilo ejikelezayo okanye ejikeleze (`spirochetes`)

Ngokweemfuno zeoksijini

Izazinzulu zihlela iibhaktheriya ngokwendlela eziyidinga ngayo ioksijini ukuze ziphile kwaye zikhule.

• Iibhaktheriya ezifuna ioksijini zibizwa ngokuba 'zii-aerobes '.
• Iibhaktheriya ezingakwaziyo ukuphila okanye ukukhula xa kukho ioksijini zibizwa ngokuba zii-'anaerobes '.
• Ezinye iintsholongwane zingaphila kwaye zikhule nokuba zinomoya-mpilo okanye azinayo. Zibizwa ngokuba yi- "facultative bacteria" .

Ngokwendlela yokwakheka kwemfuza

Enye indlela kukujonga ukwakheka kwezakhi zofuzo zebhaktheriya. Ibhaktheriya nganye ineseti yezakhi zofuzo eyahlukileyo. Oku kubizwa ngokuba yi-'genotype' yabo. Uvavanyo olukhethekileyo lunokubona umahluko kwezi zakhi zofuzo.

Ngokupenda - Ukupenda ngeGram

Eli linqaku elibalulekileyo. Izazinzulu zikwahlukanisa iintsholongwane ngombala eziwukhuphayo emva kokuba zifakwe iikhemikhali ezikhethekileyo (`amabala`). Enye indlela eyaziwayo yokufaka ibala yi -`Gram staining`` . Oku kwahlula iintsholongwane njenge -`gram- positive`` okanye `gram -negative``. Oku kufaka ibala kwiGram kukwanceda ekumiseleni unyango. Kuba iintsholongwane ezinegram-positive kunye negram-negative zisabela ngokwahlukileyo kwiintsholongwane ezithile.

Zithini iintsholongwane zeGram-positive?

Iintsholongwane zihlelwa njenge-gram-positive okanye i-gram-negative ngokusekelwe kumbala eziwuvelisayo kwi-Gram stain. Zinemibala eyahlukeneyo kuba iindonga zeeseli zazo zahlukile. 'Ezilungileyo' kunye 'negative' azithethi 'ezilungileyo' okanye 'ezimbi', zithetha nje ezilungileyo. Iintsholongwane ze-gram-positive zibonakala ziluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka kwi-Gram stain.

Eminye imizekelo:

• I-Corynebacterium (`iCorynebacterium`)
• IClostridium (`iClostridium`)
• IListeria (`iListeria`)

Zithini iintsholongwane zeGram-negative?

Iintsholongwane zeGram-negative zibonakala zibomvu-pinki kwibala leGram. Zibangela usulelo olwahlukileyo kuneentsholongwane zeGram-positive. Zikwafuna ukunyangwa ngeentlobo ezahlukeneyo zee-antibiotics.

Eminye imizekelo:

• IiPseudomonas (`iiPseudomonas`)
• IProteus (`IProteus`)
• IKlebsiella

Yintoni umahluko phakathi kweebhaktheriya neentsholongwane?

Iintsholongwane kunye neentsholongwane ziintlobo ezimbini zeentsholongwane, okanye iintsholongwane. Zombini zinokubangela usulelo, kwaye ngamanye amaxesha iimpawu zinokufana. Nangona kunjalo, unyango losulelo lweentsholongwane kunye nosulelo lweentsholongwane lwahlukile ngokupheleleyo.

Oogqirha basebenzisa amayeza okubulala iintsholongwane ukunyanga ezinye izifo ezibangelwa ziintsholongwane. Kodwa amayeza okubulala iintsholongwane awasebenzi kwiintsholongwane. Oogqirha banyanga ezinye iintsholongwane ngamayeza okubulala iintsholongwane , kodwa loo mayeza okubulala iintsholongwane awasebenzi kwiintsholongwane ezibangelwa ziintsholongwane. Oku kubaluleke kakhulu ukukuqonda!

Zithini iibhaktheriya ezimelana namayeza okubulala iintsholongwane?

Inkqubo yakho yokuzikhusela yomzimba inokulwa nezinye iintsholongwane ize yoyise. Kodwa ngamanye amaxesha, kufuneka uthathe i-antibiotic ukunyanga usulelo lwebhaktiriya. Ii-antibiotics zisebenza ngokutshabalalisa udonga lweseli yebhaktiriya okanye i-DNA .

Nangona kunjalo, ukusetyenziswa kakhulu kwee-antibiotics kunokubangela iingxaki ngokuhamba kwexesha. Oku kungenxa yokuba ezinye iintsholongwane ziyayeka ukusebenzisa ii-antibiotics.('resistant'). Emva koko kuba nzima kakhulu ukunyanga izifo ezibangelwa ziintlobo ezintsha zentsholongwane. Ngalo lonke ixesha usela i-antibiotic, amathuba okuba iintsholongwane zifunde ukumelana nayo ayanda.

Kubalulekile: Kubalulekile ukuthatha amayeza okubulala iintsholongwane amiselwe ngugqirha, ngokwedosi echanekileyo kwaye ixesha elipheleleyo. Ukuwayeka phakathi okanye ukuwathatha ngedosi ephantsi akuyi kubulala iintsholongwane ngokupheleleyo, kwaye eziseleyo ziya kuba nokumelana neyeza lokubulala iintsholongwane.

Umzekelo omhle webhaktheriya enganyangekiyo kumayeza okubulala iintsholongwane yiMRSA (i-methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus). Oku kuyingozi kancinci.

Iibhaktheriya zidluliselwa njani?

Uninzi lweebhaktheriya ziyazala ngenkqubo ebizwa ngokuba yi- "binary fission." Ngamafutshane, iseli enye yebhaktheriya iphinda i-DNA yayo ize yahlulwe ibe zimbini. Iseli nganye entsha ifumana ikopi ye-DNA. Kufana nokuba enye iba zimbini, ezimbini ziba zine, njalo njalo.

Ngaba iintsholongwane zi-prokaryotic okanye zi-eukaryotic?

Iintsholongwane azina "nucleus" . Ke ngoko, zihlelwa njenge "prokaryotes" . Ziintsholongwane ezinesakhiwo seseli esilula kakhulu. Iintsholongwane zine "indonga zeseli". Ngaphakathi eludongeni lweseli, ukuba ujonga isakhiwo seseli enye, kukho "i-cytoplasm" , "ii-ribosome" kunye ne -DNA . Ngaphandle kodonga lweseli, kunokubakho "i-flagella" enye okanye ezingaphezulu. Ezi flagella zezona zinceda iintsholongwane ukuba zihambe.

Ngaba kukho uhlobo oluthile lwebhaktheriya olutya iplastiki?

Ewe, ungamangaliswa! Ngowama-2016, iqela lezazinzulu e-Osaka, eJapan lafumanisa uhlobo olutsha lwebhaktiriya. Bayibiza ngokuba yi-"Ideonella sakaiensis" . Le bhaktiriya yafunyanwa isitya iibhotile zeplastiki kufutshane nendawo yokulahla inkunkuma!

Iintsholongwane zihlala zitya izinto eziphilayo ezifileyo. Kodwa le ntsholongwane itya uhlobo lweplastiki olubizwa ngokuba yi-polyethylene terephthalate (PET). Izinto ezifana neebhotile zethu zamanzi okusela zihlala zenziwe ngale plastiki ye-PET. Xa izazinzulu zafunda ngakumbi ngale ntsholongwane, zafumanisa ukuba ivelisa ii-enzymes ezimbini ezikhethekileyo zokugaya ukutya ezinceda ekugayeni iplastiki.

Le enzyme igcada iplastiki yePET kuphela. Kodwa izazinzulu zinethemba lokuba ngenye imini, iintsholongwane ezitya iplastiki ezinje zinokunceda ekusombululeni ingxaki enkulu yongcoliseko lweplastiki ehlabathini. Khawuthelekelele indlela enokuba mnandi ngayo loo nto!

Ngoko ke, zeziphi izinto ezibalulekileyo ekufuneka sizikhumbule kweli bali?

Kulungile, sithethe kakhulu ngeentsholongwane ngoku. Kalula nje, nantsi into ekufuneka uyikhumbule:

• Iibhaktheriya zizinto eziphilayo ezincinci ezifumaneka kuyo yonke indawo kwaye ezingabonakaliyo emehlweni ethu.
• Uninzi lweentlobo zeebhaktheriya azinabungozi kuthi. Ezinye ziluncedo kakhulu emizimbeni yethu, ingakumbi emathunjini ethu. Ezi sizibiza ngokuba 'zii-microbiome' zethu.
• Nangona kunjalo, ezinye iintlobo zeebhaktheriya (iintsholongwane) zinokubangela usulelo, olufuna unyango.
• Oogqirha banika amayeza okubulala iintsholongwane kuninzi lwezifo ezibangelwa ziintsholongwane.
• Eyona nto ibalulekileyo: Xa usebenzisa amayeza okubulala iintsholongwane , landela imiyalelo kagqirha wakho ngokuchanekileyo. Yisele ixesha elifanelekileyo kwaye kwidosi efanelekileyo. Ukuba awuyenzi loo nto, iintsholongwane ziya kuqala ukuxhathisa amayeza okubulala iintsholongwane. Yingxaki enkulu leyo.

Ngoko ke, iintsholongwane ziyinxalenye yobomi bethu. Ukuziqonda kakuhle kunokusinceda kakhulu ukuba sihlale sisempilweni.

Iibhaktheriya , usulelo, amayeza okubulala iintsholongwane, iintsholongwane, impilo, ibala legram, ukuxhathisa amayeza okubulala iintsholongwane