Ngaba wena okanye umntwana wakho nineempawu zobunzima bokunikel’ ingqalelo, ukungakhathali, okanye ukwenza izinto ngokungxama? Ukuba kunjalo, ugqirha wakho unokucebisa ukuba kwenziwe uvavanyo lwe-ADHD. Oku kukwabizwa ngokuba luvavanyo lwe-ADHD. Olu asilovavanyo, kodwa luvavanyo lokufumanisa ukuba unayo na i-ADHD.
Okokuqala, yintoni i-ADHD?
Ngamafutshane, i-ADHD imele i -Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder . Yimeko enxulumene nokukhula kwengqondo yethu. Idla ngokuqala ebuntwaneni. Ngaphambili, abantu ababengenalo uphawu lwe-'Hyperactivity' kodwa bengenakuhlala kwindawo enye babebizwa ngokuba yi-ADD (Attention-Deficit Disorder). Kodwa ngoku ikwathathwa njengohlobo lwe-ADHD.
Umntu one-ADHD unokuba neengxaki ezincinci ngezinto ezifana nezi:
- Ukungxama: Ukwenza izinto ngequbuliso ngaphandle kokucinga.
- Ukungakhathali: Ukungakwazi ukuhlala kwindawo enye, ukubaleka rhoqo nokutsiba.
- Ukuphazamiseka: Ukulahlekelwa yingqwalasela nakwizinto ezincinci, kuba nzima ukugxila kumsebenzi okhoyo.
- Ubunzima bokulandela imiyalelo: Ubunzima bokumamela imiyalelo nokuyilandela ngokuchanekileyo.
- Ubunzima bokugqiba umsebenzi: Ukuqala umsebenzi kodwa ungakwazi ukuwugqiba uze uyeke phakathi.
Luqhutywa nini uvavanyo lwe-ADHD?
Olu vavanyo lwenziwa rhoqo xa umzali, utitshala, okanye ugqirha womntwana ebona utshintsho kwindlela aziphethe ngayo umntwana. Oko kukuthi, ukuba indlela aziphethe ngayo umntwana ibonakala ngathi iphazamisana nomsebenzi wesikolo okanye wesikolo.
I-ADHD idla ngokufunyaniswa okokuqala ebuntwaneni, yiyo loo nto oogqirha babantwana behlala bebuza abazali nootitshala ngendlela umntwana wabo aziphatha ngayo ekhaya nasesikolweni.
Ukuba ubona utshintsho kwindlela umntwana wakho aziphethe ngayo, okanye ukuba uziva ngathi uneempawu ze-ADHD njengomntu omdala, ungathetha nogqirha wakho uze ufumane olu vavanyo. Akukho nyango lwe-ADHD okwangoku. Nangona kunjalo, ukuba le meko ichongiwe kwangethuba, unokufumana unyango olufunekayo kunye neengcebiso kwaye wenze ubomi bube lula kakhulu. Kuba le meko inokuza nokukhubazeka kokufunda kunye neengxaki zokuziphatha.
Ndingamvavanya njani umntwana wam i-ADHD?
Inyathelo lakho lokuqala kufuneka lithethe nogqirha wezingane womntwana wakho, ingakumbi ukuba ukhathazekile malunga noku:
- Umntwana wakho unokufumana kunzima ukuhlala egxile, ukuhlala kwindawo enye, nokulawula ukungxama kwakhe.
- Kuthiwa ezi ndlela zokuziphatha zinempembelelo enkulu kumsebenzi wasekhaya nowesikolo womntwana.
Ukuba ezi mpawu zichaphazela ukufunda komntwana wakho, ugqirha wakho angakuxelela ukuba utsalele umnxeba esikolweni ucele uvavanyo lokufunda. Cacisa kangangoko unako malunga nayo nayiphi na ingxaki yokufunda okanye yokuziphatha umntwana wakho anokuba nayo. Umzekelo, izinto ezinje ngokutshintsha oonobumba okanye amanani, ubunzima bokubhala, njl.
Ngokomthetho, izikolo zingabahlola abantwana abaneminyaka ephakathi kwemi-3 nama-21 ubudala ukuba abanazo iingxaki zokufunda. Olu vavanyo lusimahla.
Into ebalulekileyo kukuba isikolo asinakuyixilonga i-ADHD. Kodwa banokubhala phantsi iimpawu baze bazibeke "njengezinye izifo ezingasebenzi kakuhle" (OHI). Ungayiphatha ikopi yale ngxelo xa usiya kubona ugqirha. Le ngxelo yesikolo iya kuba luncedo olukhulu kugqirha xa ehlola umntwana wakho.
Ingaba olu vavanyo lulungiselelwe abantwana kuphela? Ngaba lufumaneka nakubantu abadala?
Hayi. Abantu abadala banokuvavanywa baze bafunyaniswe ukuba bane-ADHD nangaliphi na ixesha. Enyanisweni, malunga ne-4% yabantu abadala baneempawu ze-ADHD. Kwiimeko ezininzi, ezi mpawu bezikho ukususela ebuntwaneni, kodwa kusenokwenzeka ukuba azizange zibonwe. Ukuba ucinga ukuba unokuba neempawu ze-ADHD, kungcono ukuthetha nogqirha wakho uze uvavanywe.
Kulungile, ngoku masibone ukuba olu vavanyo lusebenza njani.
Le ayiyonkqubo yenyathelo elinye. Oogqirha balandela amanyathelo aliqela ukuze baxilonge le meko, besebenzisa izikhokelo ezivela kwi-American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5-TR™).
Inkqubo yokuxilonga i-ADHD inamanyathelo amathathu aphambili:
1. Ukuchonga iimpawu: Okokuqala, chonga ukuba kukho iimpawu ezinxulumene ne-ADHD, kwaye ukuba ezo mpawu ziyaphazamisana nemisebenzi yemihla ngemihla.
2. Ukungazibandakanyi ezinye izizathu: Sikhangela ezinye izizathu zezi mpawu. Umzekelo, ezi mpawu zinokubangelwa zizinto ezifana neengxaki zokulala, iingxaki zentlalo, kunye nokudakumba.
3. Ukuchonga ezinye iimeko (iComorbidity): Sikhangela ezinye iimeko ezihambelana ne-ADHD, ezinje ngokukhubazeka kokufunda, iingxaki zokuxhalaba, ukukhubazeka kwengqondo, okanye iingxaki zemood.
Ngexesha lovavanyo lwe-ADHD, unokulindela izinto ezifana nezi:
- Uvavanyo lwezonyango: Uvavanyo lwezonyango, lomzimba, okanye lophuhliso lwemithambo-luvo lwenziwa ukuze kuchongwe ukuba kukho na iimpawu ze-ADHD (ukungakwazi ukunikela ingqalelo, ukusebenza kakhulu, ukungakhathali).
- Imibuzo kunye nokuqokelelwa kolwazi:Iimibuzo ezithile (izikali zokulinganisa) kunye neminye imithombo yolwazi zisetyenziselwa ukubona ukuba umntwana okanye wena uyahlangabezana na neekhrayitheriya ezisemgangathweni.
- Udliwanondlebe: Ukubuza ngendlela umntwana aziphethe ngayo kwiimeko ezahlukeneyo, njengasekhaya nasesikolweni.
Ukuze baxilonge i-ADHD, oogqirha bajonga ngqo ezi zinto.
| Udidi | Izinto ekufuneka ziqwalaselwe |
|---|---|
| Yabantwana | Iimpawu ezintandathu okanye ngaphezulu ezivela kwelinye okanye kuzo zombini ezi ndidi ziphambili (ukungakhathali kunye nokusebenza ngokugqithisileyo/ukungxama) kufuneka ukuba bezikho kwiinyanga ezintandathu ezidlulileyo. |
| Kwabantu abadala | Kwenye yeendidi ezimbini eziphambili, kufuneka ukuba kubekho iimpawu ezi-5 okanye ngaphezulu kwiinyanga ezi-6 ezidlulileyo. |
| Amanqaku ngokubanzi |
|
Ngaba kukho ezinye iimeko ezibonakala ngathi yi-ADHD?
Ewe. Ukuze uxilonge ngokuchanekileyo i-ADHD, ugqirha wakho kuya kufuneka akhuphe ezinye iimeko ezinokubangela ezi mpawu. Nazi ezinye iimeko ezinokubhidaniswa ne-ADHD.
| Imeko | Ifana njani ne-ADHD? |
|---|---|
| Ixhala | Ukuhlala uziva ungaphumli kwaye kunzima ukugxila kwinto enye. |
| Uxinzelelo | Ukulahlekelwa ngumdla emsebenzini, ubunzima bokugxila. |
| Ukukhubazeka Kokufunda | Ubunzima bokunikel' ingqalelo kumsebenzi wesikolo, ubunzima bokulandela imiyalelo. |
| I-Autism | Ubunzima kubudlelwane nabantu, ukusebenza ngokugqithisileyo. |
| Ukuxhuzula okungabonwayo | Ukulahlekelwa yingqwalasela ngequbuliso, uzive ngathi ukwihlabathi lamaphupha. |
| Iingxaki Zokulala | Ukulala emini, ukungazinzi, kunye nobunzima bokugxila. |
Kwenzeka ntoni ngaphambi nasemva kovavanyo?
Ungazilungiselela njani uvavanyo?
Xa usiya kuvavanyo, yiza noluhlu lwamayeza onke owasebenzisayo wena okanye umntwana wakho. Kwakhona, lungele ukuphendula imibuzo malunga nembali yempilo yosapho, imbali yempilo yomntu, indlela aqhuba ngayo esikolweni okanye emsebenzini, kunye nokuziphatha. Nxiba kakuhle, kuba unokuvavanywa umzimba.
Yintoni onokuyilindela ngexesha lovavanyo?
- Ukuphendula imibuzo: Kuya kufuneka uthethe nogqirha malunga nembali yakho okanye yomntwana wakho yempilo, iimpawu kunye nokuziphatha.
- Uvavanyo:Ungazalisa iphepha lemibuzo elinye okanye ngaphezulu. Ungazalisa nosapho, abahlobo, okanye ootitshala.
- Uvavanyo lomzimba: Uvavanyo lomzimba ngokubanzi lwenziwa ukuze kuthintelwe ezinye iimeko zempilo.
- Ukumjonga umntwana: Ukuba uvavanyo lwenziwa kumntwana wakho, ugqirha uza kuchitha ixesha nomntwana ukuze ajonge indlela aziphethe ngayo.
Uvavanyo luthatha ixesha elingakanani?
Uvavanyo lwe-ADHD ludla ngokuthatha iyure enye ukuya kwezintathu . Nangona kunjalo, uvavanyo olupheleleyo lungathatha ixesha elide kuba ugqirha kufuneka aqokelele ulwazi kwimithombo eyahlukeneyo (abazali, ootitshala). Ukuba kufuneka uvavanyo olongezelelweyo ukuze kuthintelwe ezinye iimeko, kungathatha iintsuku okanye iiveki.
Zithini iziphumo emva kovavanyo?
Ngenxa yokuba uvavanyo lwe-ADHD luyinkqubo enamanyathelo amaninzi, iziphumo zinokwahluka. Wena okanye umntwana wakho ninokufunyanwa ninenye imeko, efana nokuxhalaba okanye ukudakumba, endaweni ye-ADHD.
Ukuba wena okanye umntwana wakho nihlangabezana neemfuno ze-ADHD, ugqirha wakho unokukufumanisa ukuba unenye yeentlobo ezine eziphambili ze-ADHD:
- Uhlobo oluphambili lokungasebenzi kakhulu/ukushukuma: Abo babonakalisa iimpawu zokusebenza kakhulu/ukushukuma ubuncinane iinyanga ezi-6, kodwa abanakuchongwa njengabangakhathaliyo.
- Uhlobo olungenamdla kakhulu: Ngaphambili olubizwa ngokuba yi-ADD, lo ngumntu obenengxaki yokungakhathali ubuncinane iinyanga ezi-6 kodwa akafunyaniswa ukuba ungumntu osebenza kakhulu/ongakhathaliyo.
- Uhlobo oludibeneyo: Abo babonisa zombini iimpawu ze-ADHD (ukungakhathali kunye nokusebenza ngokugqithisileyo) ubuncinane iinyanga ezi-6. Uninzi lwabantwana abane-ADHD luwela kolu hlobo.
- Ezinye i-ADHD ezichaziweyo/ezingachazwanga: Abantu abaneengxaki zokungakhathali kodwa abangahlangabezani nazo zonke iikhrayitheriya ezifunekayo ukuze baxilongwe ngokupheleleyo nge-ADHD.
Ixesha elithathayo ukufumana iziphumo zovavanyo lixhomekeke ekubeni ugqirha wenza uvavanyo olungaphi ngaphambi kokuba afumanise ukuba unesifo. Ungafumana ulwazi oluthe kratya ngokubuza ugqirha wakho.
Iimibuzo ezikwi-intanethi zodwa azinakuqinisekisa ukuba umntu une-ADHD na. Zinika umbono ongeyonyani. Ngugqirha oqeqeshiweyo kuphela onokuxilonga i-ADHD aze anike unyango.
Ukuba uziva uxhalabile okanye unexhala malunga nokuvavanywa kwe-ADHD, khumbula ukuba le yimeko enokunyangeka enabantu abaninzi. Ukufumana uxilongo olufanelekileyo kunye nonyango kunokuphucula kakhulu umgangatho wobomi bakho. Ngoko ke ukuba ucinga ukuba wena okanye umntwana wakho unokuba ne-ADHD, thetha nogqirha wakho namhlanje. Balapha ukukunceda.
Umyalezo Wokuya Ekhaya
- I-ADHD yingxaki yokwenyani yempilo. Asikuko ubuvila okanye ingxaki yokuziphatha.
- Le meko inokuchaphazela abantwana kunye nabantu abadala. Abantu abadala abaninzi basenokuba banale meko ukususela ebuntwaneni kodwa abayazi.
- Uvavanyo lwe-ADHD aluyonto ilula njengovavanyo lwegazi. Luvavanyo olupheleleyo oluthatha ulwazi kubantu abaninzi, kuquka oogqirha, abazali, kunye nootitshala.
- Ukuba ukrokrela ukuba wena okanye umntwana wakho uneempawu ze-ADHD, kubaluleke kakhulu ukubona ugqirha ofanelekileyo endaweni yokukhangela ulwazi kwi-intanethi.
- Ukuxilongwa kwangoko, unyango olufanelekileyo (amayeza, unyango lokuziphatha), kunye nenkxaso kunokwenza ubomi bube yimpumelelo ngakumbi kwaye bube lula.
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