Ngaba uyayazi i-anal cancer? Makhe sithethe ngayo!

Ngaba ngamanye amaxesha ukhe ube nokurhawuzelelwa rhoqo emqolo, okanye igazi elincinci xa ukhupha indle? Kuyintloni kakhulu ukuthetha ngezi zinto nabani na, akunjalo? Kodwa ezi zisenokungabi zizinto ezilula, ezincinci. Namhlanje, masithethe ngesifo esibizwa ngokuba ngumhlaza wempundu. Le yinto sonke ekufuneka siyiqaphele.

Yintoni umhlaza wempundu?

Ngamafutshane, umhlaza wempundu ngumhlaza okhula kwizicubu zempundu yakho, okanye ulwelo lomsele wakho wempundu. Uyazi, umsele wempundu ngumsele odibanisa umsele wakho (indawo apho kuphuma khona inkunkuma) kwi-rectum yakho (eyona ndawo isezantsi kwinkqubo yakho yokugaya ukutya). Ukuchaneka, indle yakho iphuma emzimbeni wakho ngale msele. Eyona nto ilungileyo kukuba ukuba lo mhlaza ufunyenwe kwaye unyangwa kwangethuba, unokunyangeka ngokupheleleyo.

Ngaba kukho iintlobo zomhlaza we-rectal?

Ewe, kukho iintlobo ezimbini eziphambili zomhlaza we-rectal.

• I-Squamous Cell Carcinoma: Olu lolona hlobo luqhelekileyo lomhlaza wamathumbu. Nangona kunjalo, lwahlukile kumhlaza wolusu, okhula kumaleko ongaphezulu kolusu.
• I-Adenocarcinoma: Olu lolunye uhlobo.

Ingaba esi sisifo esiqhelekileyo?

Hayi, umhlaza wesisu awuxhaphakanga kangako. Cinga ngoku: Ngokutsho kwe-American Cancer Society, ngabantu abamalunga ne-9,000 kuphela e-United States abaya kufunyaniswa benaso esi sifo ngo-2023. (Oku kuquka umhlaza wesisu, umhlaza wesisu, kunye nomhlaza wesisu.) Nangona kunjalo, baqikelela ukuba kuya kubakho abantu abamalunga ne-153,000 abafunyaniswa benaso. Ngoko ke ungabona ukuba oku kuphantsi kakhulu.

Zithini iimpawu zoku?

Iimpawu zomhlaza wesisu ngamanye amaxesha zingavakala ngathi ziimeko eziqhelekileyo. Umzekelo, ukurhawuzelela okuqhubekayo kwimpundu. Ezinye iimpawu zingabandakanya:

• Ukopha okuvela kwi-rectum , ingakumbi xa uhamba ngesisu.
• Ukuva into efana neqhuma okanye iqhuma lenyama. (Olu hlobo lweqhuma lunokubonwa kufutshane nomngxuma wempundu.)
• Intlungu.
• Utshintsho kwindlela yokuzithulula. Oko kukuthi, utshintsho kwindlela yokuthulula rhoqo, okanye ukutyeba kwendle.
• Ukuhamba kwamathumbu okungalawulekiyo.
• Ukuziva unyanzelekile ukuba uzikhulule (oku kubizwa ngokuba yi-"Tenesmus" ngokwezonyango).

Into ebalulekileyo kukuba ukuba unenye okanye ngaphezulu kwezi mpawu akuthethi ukuba unomhlaza wamathumbu. Zininzi ezinye izizathu zezi mpawu. Nangona kunjalo, ukuba ezi mpawu azipheli kwiintsuku ezimbalwa okanye ziba nzima ngakumbi, kubalulekile ukubona ugqirha ukuze akunike ingcebiso.

Kuqhelekile ukuba neentloni okanye uzive uneentloni ukuthetha nogqirha wakho ngeempawu ezithile, ezinje ngokurhawuzelelwa yimpundu. Kodwa khumbula, zininzi izizathu ezahlukeneyo zomhlaza wempundu. Ngoko ke akukho sizathu sokuba neentloni ngokuba nezi mpawu. Oogqirha bakho balapha ukukunceda ngazo zonke iingxaki zakho zempilo, kuquka ezi mpawu zomhlaza wempundu.

Yintoni ebangela oku? Zithini izinto ezibangela umngcipheko?

Isizathu esichanekileyo somhlaza wempundu asikaziwa okwangoku. Nangona kunjalo, kuye kwafunyaniswa ezinye izinto ezinobungozi ezinxulumene nesi sifo. Umzekelo, uninzi lomhlaza wempundu lunxulunyaniswa nosulelo lweentlobo ezithile ze -human papillomavirus (HPV) . Nangona kunjalo, into ebalulekileyo kukuba ayinguye wonke umntu osuleleke yi-HPV oza kuba nomhlaza wempundu.

Ukongeza kwi-HPV, kukho ezinye izinto ezininzi ezinokunyusa umngcipheko wakho wokuba nomhlaza wempundu:

• Ukusetyenziswa kwe-immunosuppressants. La ngamayeza athintela inkqubo yakho yomzimba yokuzikhusela ekubeni yonakalise iiseli ezisempilweni.
• Ukuba nosulelo lwe-HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus). Ngenxa yokuba i-HIV ichaphazela amajoni omzimba wakho kwaye isondo elingakhuselekanga lempundu linokudlulisela i-HIV, umngcipheko womhlaza wempundu uyanda.
• Ukuba liqabane elifumanayo ngexesha lokwabelana ngesondo ngempundu. Oku kuqhelekile kuye wonke umntu, nokuba yindoda okanye ngumfazi. Ukuba namaqabane amaninzi kulo naluphi na uhlobo lolwalamano lwesondo kwandisa umngcipheko we-HPV, kwaye ke ngoko umngcipheko womhlaza wempundu.
• Ukungagonyelwa i-HPV. Ezinye iintlobo ze-HPV zingunobangela omkhulu womhlaza wempundu.
• Ubudala obungama-55 nangaphezulu. Oogqirha badla ngokuxilonga umhlaza we-rectal rhoqo kubantu abakweli qela leminyaka.
• Ukutshaya. Abantu abatshayayo banamathuba amaninzi okufumana zonke iintlobo zomhlaza.
• Ukuba nesifo okanye ukusebenzisa amayeza awenza buthathaka amasosha omzimba. Umzekelo, abantu abaye bafakelwa amalungu omzimba basenokufuna ukusebenzisa amayeza okuthintela ukwaliwa kwamalungu afakelweyo.
• Ukuba nomngxuma ongaqhelekanga (`Anal Fistula`) ohamba ukusuka kwi-rectum ukuya kulusu olujikeleze i-anus.
• Ukuba neminye imidla. Umzekelo, umhlaza we-vulvar, umhlaza wangasese, okanye umhlaza womlomo wesibeleko.

Kuza kwenzeka ntoni ukuba unyango alunikwa? (Iingxaki)

Ukuba ayinyangwa kakuhle, umhlaza we-rectal ungasasazeka uye kwizicubu ezikufutshane (oku kubizwa ngokuba yi-"metastasize"). Amaxesha amaninzi, ungasasazeka uye kwimiphunga okanye esibindini sakho.

Uyixilonga njani le nto?

Ugqirha uza kukubuza ngeempawu zakho, ukuba zikho ixesha elingakanani, imbali yakho yezonyango, kuquka neemeko ezichaphazela inkqubo yakho yomzimba yokuzikhusela, kwaye unokukubuza nangezenzo zakho zesondo.

Zeziphi iimvavanyo ezenziwayo ukuze kufunyaniswe esi sifo?

Ugqirha wakho uza kwenza uvavanyo lwedijithali lwe-rectal . Emva koko, uza kuthatha iiseli aze azithumele kwingcali yezifo ukuze azijonge phantsi kwe-microscope. Baza kwenza uvavanyo lwe-anal Pap okanye i- biopsy . (Kwabasetyhini, banokwenza novavanyo lwe-pelvic.) Ukongeza, ugqirha wakho uza kwenza uvavanyo lwe-endoscopic kunye novavanyo lwe-imaging .

Uvavanyo lwe-Endoscopic

Oogqirha basebenzisa i-endoscopy ukujonga ngaphakathi kwe-rectum yakho kunye ne-anus. Olu vavanyo lwenziwa kusetyenziswa izixhobo ezikhethekileyo. Ezi ziityhubhu ezincinci neziguquguqukayo ezinesibane, ilensi, kunye nekhamera yevidiyo. Ngeli xesha, iisampulu zezicubu (ezibizwa ngokuba yi-'biopsies') zinokuthathwa kwaye zihlolwe yingcali yezifo. Uvavanyo lwe-Endoscopy luquka:

• I-Anoscopy: Oogqirha basebenzisa ityhubhu emfutshane, ekhanyisiweyo ebizwa ngokuba yi-anoscope ukujonga i-anus yakho kunye ne-rectum esezantsi.
• I-Flexible Sigmoidoscopy: Ihlola i-rectum kunye ne-anus yakho ukuba azikho iintsholongwane ezibangela umhlaza kunye nee-polyps.
• I-Colonoscopy: Ikholoni yakho yonke ihlolwe ukuba ayinazo izihluma zomhlaza kunye nee-polyps.

Uvavanyo lokuFanekisa

Uvavanyo lwemifanekiso lunokunceda oogqirha bafunde ngakumbi ngeethumba ezinomhlaza, njengobukhulu bazo kunye nendawo ezikuyo ngqo. Olu vavanyo lungabandakanya:

• Iskeni seMagnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI).
• I-Ultrasound echanekileyo.
• Iskeni yeComputed Tomography (CT).
• Iskeni sePositron Emission Tomography (PET).

Uvavanyo lomhlaza wempundu

Oogqirha basebenzisa iinkqubo zokulinganisa umhlaza ukucwangcisa unyango nokunika i-prognosis, oko kukuthi, into onokuyilindela emva konyango. Baqwalasela izinto ezifana nobukhulu bethumba, nokuba umhlaza ukwi-lymph nodes, kunye nokuba ithumba lisasazekile na (lisasazeke). Kukho izigaba ezintlanu zomhlaza we-rectal:

• Inqanaba 0:

Kukho iiseli ezingaqhelekanga kwi-mucous membrane (`Mucosa`), ulwelo lwangaphakathi lwe-rectum yakho. Ezi seli ezingaqhelekanga azinawo umhlaza, kodwa zinokuba ngumhlaza. Umhlaza we-rectal weSigaba 0 ukwabizwa ngokuba yi-`High-Grade Squamous Intraepithelial Lesion`` (``HSIL``) .

• Inqanaba lokuQala:

Iiseli zomhlaza ziqokelelene ukuze zenze iqhuma eliziisentimitha ezi-2 okanye ngaphantsi, elilingana nepeanut ngobukhulu.

• Inqanaba lesiBini:

Umhlaza we-rectal weSigaba sesiBini wahlulwe waba ziinxalenye ezimbini:

• Isigaba se-IIA sithetha ukuba kukho iqhuma elikhulu kuneesentimitha ezi-2 kodwa lingaphantsi kuneesentimitha ezi-5.
• Isigaba se-IIB sithetha ukuba ithumba limalunga neesentimitha ezi-5 – oko kufana nelemon – kodwa alikasasazeka ngaphaya kwe-anus yakho.

• Inqanaba lesiThathu:

Isigaba sesi-3 sahlulwe saba ngamacandelo amathathu:

• Inqanaba lesi-IIIA: Ithumba lingaphezulu kweesentimitha ezi-5 okanye ngaphantsi, kwaye lisasazeke kwii-lymph nodes kwi-anus okanye kwi-groin yakho.
• Inqanaba lesi-IIIB: Umhlaza wamathumbu usasazeke kwizitho ezikufutshane, njengelungu lakho lobufazi, i-urethra, okanye isinyi.
• Inqanaba lesi-3C: Umhlaza ukwizitho zomzimba ezikufutshane, kwaye usasazeke kwi-lymph nodes ezikufutshane ne-anus okanye i-groin yakho.

• Inqanaba lesi-4:

Umhlaza ukho kwiindawo ze-lymph ezikude ne-anus yakho nakwizitho ezikude, njengemiphunga okanye isibindi.

Unyangwa njani umhlaza we-rectal?

Unyango lomhlaza we-rectal luxhomekeke kuhlobo kunye nenqanaba lomhlaza, kodwa lungabandakanya:

Unyango lweMisebe

Oogqirha banyanga umhlaza wesibeleko ngonyango lwemitha ye-external beam (EBRT). Kukho iintlobo ezahlukeneyo ze-EBRT:

• Unyango lweMisebe oluGuquliweyo ngamandla (IMRT): Olu nyango lusebenzisa imisebe emininzi yemisebe yamandla ahlukeneyo ukujolisa kwithumba.
• Unyango lwe-Stereotactic Body Radiation (SBRT): Olu nyango lujolise kwiithumba ezincinci ngaphandle kokulimaza izicubu ezisempilweni ezikufutshane.
• Unyango lweMisebe yeThree-Dimensional Conformal (3D-CRT): Oku kudala umfanekiso oneemilinganiselo ezintathu wesi sifo.
• Unyango lweBrachy: Olu lonyango lwangaphakathi lwemitha.

Unyango ngamakhemikhali

Oogqirha badla ngokusebenzisa i-chemotherapy kunye ne-radiation therapy kunye njengonyango oluphambili lomhlaza we-rectal. Olu nyango ludibeneyo lunokuphelisa umhlaza we-rectal, ngoko ke awudingi utyando.

Nangona kunjalo, ukuba udinga utyando, unganikwa i-chemotherapy ngaphambi kotyando lokunciphisa ithumba (`Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy`), okanye emva kotyando lokutshabalalisa naziphi na iiseli zomhlaza eziseleyo (`Adjuvant Chemotherapy`).

Utyando

Nyanga umhlaza wamathumbu obuye wavela okanye ongasabelanga kunyango lwemitha kunye/okanye i-chemotherapy.Kusetyenziswa utyando oluncinci olubizwa ngokuba yi-laparoscopic abdominoperineal resection. Oku kuquka ukususa i-anus yakho, i-rectum, kunye nenxalenye yekholoni yakho.

Ukuba wenze olu tyando, ugqirha wakho uza kwenza ne- colostomy esisigxina. Oku kuthetha ukuba isitulo sakho siza kudlula kwibhegi okanye kwingxowa enamathele emzimbeni wakho. Nangona oku kungabonakala kunzima kancinci, awuwedwa. Iqela lakho lezonyango liza kukunceda ukuba uqhele.

Unyango lwe-immunotherapy

Ukuba unomhlaza wamathumbu oqhubele phambili, ugqirha wakho unokucebisa unyango lwe-immunotherapy ukunceda ukulawula iimpawu zakho. Olu nyango lunceda umzimba wakho ukulwa nomhlaza.

Zithini iziphumo ebezingalindelekanga zonyango?

Iindlela ezininzi zonyango lomhlaza zinokubangela iziphumo ebezingalindelekanga. Umzekelo, iziphumo ebezingalindelekanga ze-chemotherapy kunye nonyango lwe-radiation zingabandakanya ukurhawuzelela kwesikhumba, iintlungu kwindawo yempundu, ukudinwa, inkungu yobuchopho ebangelwa yi-chemotherapy, isicaphucaphu, kunye nokuhlanza.

Zithini iingxaki zonyango?

Oogqirha banokunyanga umhlaza wamathumbu ngotyando. Iingxaki zotyando zingabandakanya:

• Impendulo kwi-anesthesia.
• Ukopha kakhulu.
• Usulelo.

Zithini izinga lokusinda kumhlaza we-rectal?

Izinga lokusinda komhlaza werectal liqikelelwa kwipesenti yabantu abaphila emva kweminyaka emihlanu bexilongiwe. Eli zinga liyahluka ngokuxhomekeke ekubeni isifo sifunyenwe kwaye sanyangwa ngaphambi kokuba sisasazeke. Ngokubanzi, ngokutsho kweNational Cancer Institute, ama-70% abantu abanomhlaza werectal baphila emva kweminyaka emihlanu bexilongiwe.

Nangona kunjalo, kubalulekile ukukhumbula ukuba ezi ndlela zokuchacha zisekelwe kumava eqela elikhulu labantu abaneengxaki ezahlukeneyo zempilo. Oko kuyinyaniso kubo kusenokungabi yinyani kuwe. Ukuba unemibuzo, cela ugqirha wakho akuchazele into onokuyilindela.

Ukuthintela njani oku? (Ukuthintela)

Akukho ndlela iqinisekisiweyo yokuthintela umhlaza we-rectal. Nangona kunjalo, ungayinciphisa ingozi yokuba ube nawo ngokulandela la manyathelo:

• Musa ukutshaya. Ukuba uyatshaya, fumana iindlela zokukunceda uyeke. Ugqirha wakho angakunceda.
• Ziqhelise ngesondo elikhuselekileyo. Ukuba wenza isondo lempundu, qiniseka ukuba usebenzisa ikhondom.
• Ukuba ufanelekile, fumana isitofu sokugonya seHuman Papillomavirus (HPV). Esi sitofu sinokuthintela kungekuphela nje umhlaza wempundu, kodwa nomhlaza womlomo nomqala, umhlaza wesibeleko, kunye nomhlaza wepenis.

Ufanele uye nini kugqirha?

Ukuba unyangwa umhlaza wamathumbu, kufuneka uye kugqirha wakho ngemihla ebekiweyo kwaye uqhagamshelane naye njengoko kuyalelwe. Umzekelo, ugqirha wakho angakuxelela ukuba utsalele umnxeba ukuba uneentlungu okanye umkhuhlane.

Ngamanye amaxesha, unyango lomhlaza we-rectal lubandakanya ukususa iindawo ezithile kwinkqubo yakho yokugaya ukutya kunye nokudala i-colostomy esisigxina (uhlobo lotyando) ukuvumela indle ukuba idlule. Ukuphila ne-colostomy esisigxina kunokuba nzima. Kodwa awuwedwa. Iqela lakho lezonyango linokukunceda ulawule ukuhamba kwamathumbu akho kwaye uqhele ukuphila ubomi obupheleleyo, obuqhelekileyo emva kotyando lomhlaza we-rectal.

Ndingayibuza yiphi imibuzo ugqirha wam?

Ukuba unomhlaza wamathumbu, ungabuza ugqirha wakho le mibuzo:

• Loluphi uhlobo lomhlaza wesisu endinalo?
• Ithini inqanaba lomhlaza wam?
• Ziziphi iindlela zonyango endinazo?
• Ukuba ndifuna utyando, ungandicebisa ukuba ndenze utyando olunjani?

Yintoni umahluko phakathi komhlaza wempundu kunye ne-anal dysplasia?

Umahluko kukuba, i-anal dysplasia ayilomhlaza, kodwa inokukhokelela kumhlaza we-anal. Kwi-anal dysplasia, iiseli ezikwi-anus yakho ziba zingaqhelekanga. Ekuhambeni kwexesha, ezi seli zingaqhelekanga zinokuqala ukwanda kwaye zenze amaqhuma anomhlaza.

Umhlaza we-rectal wahluke njani kumhlaza we-rectal kunye nomhlaza wamathumbu amakhulu?

Impundu yakho, i-rectum, kunye ne-colon zonke ziyinxalenye yenkqubo yakho yokugaya ukutya. Kodwa iiseli ezenza izicubu kwinxalenye nganye zahlukile kakhulu. Oko kuthetha ukuba oogqirha banyanga ezi cancer ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo.

Okokugqibela, izinto ekufuneka uzikhumbule (Umyalezo Wokuya Ekhaya)

Umhlaza wempundu ngumhlaza okhula kwimpundu yakho - inxalenye yomzimba wakho oyisulayo emva kokuphuma kwesisu. Iimpawu eziqhelekileyo kukuphuma kwegazi kwimpundu okanye ukurhawuzelelwa. Ezi zinokukwenza ungathandabuzi ukuthetha nogqirha wakho ngezi zinto. Nangona kunjalo, umhlaza wempundu unokunyangeka ngakumbi ukuba ufunyenwe kwaye unyangwa kwangethuba, ngaphambi kokuba usasazeke. Ukuba unempawu ezifana nokurhawuzelelwa kwimpundu ezihlala zikho kwaye azipheli, qiniseka ukuba uthetha nogqirha wakho. Bakho apha ukukunceda. Akukho mfuneko yokoyika okanye ukuba neentloni. Impilo yakho yeyona nto ibalulekileyo.

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