I-Chemotherapy yenye yezona ndlela zonyango zixhaphakileyo nezixoxwa kakhulu zomhlaza. Oku kubandakanya ukuthumela amayeza egazini lethu ukubulala iiseli zomhlaza nokuzithintela ukuba zingakhuli. Kodwa ubusazi na ukuba kukho iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zamayeza e-chemotherapy asebenza ngokwahlukileyo? Ii-Antimetabolites lolunye uhlobo olukhethekileyo lwamayeza. Nangona igama lisenokuvakala liyinkimbinkimbi, indlela asebenza ngayo iyamangalisa. Namhlanje siza kuthetha ngezi antimetabolites.
Ezi antimetabolites zibulala njani iiseli zomhlaza?
Ngamafutshane, into eyenziwa leli yeza kukukhohlisa iiseli zomhlaza, njengokuzinika isitshixo sobuxoki esifana nesokwenyani.
Ukuze siqonde oku, masiqale sijonge indlela iseli yomhlaza eyenza (yahlulahlula) ngayo iiseli ezininzi. Njengayo yonke iseli emzimbeni wethu, iiseli zomhlaza zinento ebizwa ngokuba yi-DNA. Cinga ngale nto njenge "ncwadi yemiyalelo" yeseli okanye "iplani." Le yinkqubo eyenziwa yiseli, kwaye iyenza njani iikopi zayo ezingaphezulu.
Ukuze kwakhiwe le plani ye-DNA ngokufanelekileyo, iseli ifuna izithako ezibalulekileyo. Njengokuba ukwakha indlu kufuna izitena nesamente. Ezi zithako sizibiza ngokuba zii-metabolites. Ezi zezi:
- IiPurines: Ezi zizinto ezibalulekileyo zokwakha iDNA kunye neRNA.
- Iipyrimidines: Ezi zizinto ezibalulekileyo zokwakha i-DNA kunye ne-RNA.
- I-folic acid: Olu luhlobo lwevithamini olunika amandla kwinkqubo yokwahlukana kweeseli.
Ngoku, nantsi into eyenziwa liyeza elilwa ne-metabolite. Eli chiza lenziwe ngendlela efanayo kakhulu nezithako zokwenyani (ii-metabolites) ezikhankanyiweyo apha ngasentla. Ngoko ke, xa iseli yomhlaza izama ukwenza i-DNA yayo, isebenzisa esi sithako sobuxoki, iyeza, icinga ukuba sisithako sokwenyani.
Khawuthelekelele upheka irayisi. Ucinga ukuba yityuwa uze wongeze iswekile oyibonayo. Kwenzeka ntoni emva koko? Incasa kunye nobume berayisi yonke iyaphazamiseka, akunjalo? Ngokufanayo, xa iseli yomhlaza isebenzisa esi sithako sobuxoki, i-DNA plan yayo ayilunganga kwaphela. Nge-plan engalunganga, iseli ayinakwenza ezinye iikopi. Ekugqibeleni, iseli yomhlaza ayinakuphinda yahlukane ize ife.
Ziziphi iintlobo eziphambili ze-antimetabolites?
Uyakhumbula izithako ezintathu ezibalulekileyo esithethe ngazo ngaphambili? La mayeza ahlulwe abe ziintlobo ezintathu eziphambili, kuxhomekeke ekubeni zeziphi izinto ezintathu ajolise kuzo.
- Ii-purine antagonists: Ezi zithintela iiseli zomhlaza ekubeni zenze ii-purine.
- Ii-Pyrimidine antagonists: Ezi zithintela iiseli zomhlaza ekwenzeni ii-pyrimidine.
- Ii-antifolates ze-folic acid:Ezi zithintela iiseli zomhlaza ekusebenziseni i-folic acid ukwenza i-DNA.
Zeziphi iintlobo zomhlaza ezisetyenziselwa eli yeza?
Amayeza e-antimetabolite asetyenziselwa ukunyanga iintlobo ezininzi zomhlaza. Ugqirha wakho uya kugqiba ukuba loluphi unyango olulungele wena ngokusekelwe kuhlobo lomhlaza onalo, inqanaba lawo, kunye nendlela oye wasabela ngayo kunyango lwangaphambili. Amanye amayeza asetyenziselwa ukunyanga ezinye iimeko (ezifana nezifo zokuzikhusela komzimba) ukongeza kumhlaza.
Itheyibhile engezantsi idwelisa ezinye zezona ziyobisi zisetyenziswa kakhulu zokulwa ne-metabolite kunye neentlobo zomhlaza ezinyangayo.
| Igama leziyobisi | Iintlobo zomhlaza ezinyangiweyo |
|---|---|
| I-Fluorouracil (5-FU) | Umhlaza webele, wamathumbu amakhulu, wesisu, wepancreas, kunye nowesikhumba |
| I-Capecitabine (Xeloda®) | Umhlaza webele, wamathumbu amakhulu, wesisu, womqala, kunye nomhlaza wepancreatic |
| IGemcitabine (Gemzar®) | Umhlaza webele, wemiphunga (ongengoweseli encinci), wesibeleko kunye nomhlaza wepancreatic |
| I-Methotrexate | I-Leukemia, i-lymphoma, umhlaza webele, wemiphunga, wentloko nentamo, umhlaza wamathambo (i-Osteosarcoma) |
| I-Cytarabine | Iintlobo ezahlukeneyo ze-leukemia (i-Acute myeloid, YONKE, i-CML) |
| I-Hydroxyurea | I-Leukemia (CML), umhlaza wentloko nentamo |
Eli yeza linikwa njani emzimbeni?
Kukho iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokunika la mayeza, kuxhomekeke kuhlobo lwamayeza anikwayo.
- Nge-intravenous (IV): Le yeyona ndlela ixhaphakileyo. Eli yeza lifakwa emzimbeni njengesisombululo se-saline nge-cannula okanye i-chemo port ebekwe engalweni okanye esifubeni. Olu nyango lungathatha imizuzu embalwa, iiyure ezimbalwa, okanye iintsuku ezimbalwa.
- Njengesitofu: Amanye amayeza anikwa njengesitofu kwi-fatty layer engaphantsi kolusu.
- Ithebhulethi: Ezinye ii-antimetabolites nazo ziyafumaneka njengeepilisi ezinokuginywa.
- Njengekrimu yokuthambisa: Iyeza i-5-FU, elisetyenziselwa ukunyanga umhlaza wolusu (i-basal cell carcinoma), likwafumaneka njengekrimu yokuthambisa.
Zithini iziphumo ebezingalindelekanga zonyango?
Uphawu oluqhelekileyo lwamayeza e-chemotherapy kukuba ajolise kwiiseli ezahlulahlula ngokukhawuleza. Iiseli zomhlaza luhlobo lweseli ezahlulahlula ngokukhawuleza. Kodwa ingxaki kukuba, ezinye iiseli eziphilileyo emzimbeni wethu nazo zahlulahlula ngokukhawuleza. Umzekelo:
- Iiseli ze-follicle zeenwele
- Iiseli emlonyeni nakwindlela yokugaya ukutya
- Iiseli zolusu
- Iiseli ezenza igazi
Amayeza e-antimetabolites awakwazi ukwahlula phakathi kweeseli zomhlaza kunye neeseli eziphilileyo. Ngenxa yoko, ezi seli ziphilileyo zinokonakala. Yiyo loo nto kuvela iziphumo ebezingalindelekanga.
Iziphumo ebezingalindelekanga eziqhelekileyo zezi:
- Ukudinwa nokudinwa
- Ukulahleka kweenwele
- Utshintsho lolusu (umz. ukurhawuzelela )
- Isicaphucaphu nokuhlanza
- Urhudo (intlungu yesisu)
- Umnqweno wokutya
Kodwa ezi ziphumo bezingalindelekanga azenzeki kuye wonke umntu ngendlela efanayo. Kuxhomekeke kumayeza owanikiweyo, idosi, njl. Ngoko ke kubaluleke kakhulu ukuthetha nogqirha wakho ngale nto ngaphambi kokuba uqale unyango. Ngoku kukho amayeza amaninzi okulawula iziphumo ebezingalindelekanga.
Ziziphi iingenelo kunye neengozi zale ndlela yonyango?
Iingenelo:
Eyona nzuzo iphambili ye-antimetabolites kukuba zibulala iiseli zomhlaza kwaye ziyeke ukukhula kwethumba. Oku kunokwandisa ubomi bomntu ophila nomhlaza kwaye kwenze ubomi bube lula ngokulawula iimpawu.
Iingozi:
Umngcipheko ophambili ziziphumo ebezingalindelekanga esizixubushile ngaphambili. Kwakhona, ayizizo zonke iindlela zonyango lomhlaza ezisebenza ngokufanayo kuye wonke umntu. Iyeza elithile lisenokungasebenzi kumhlaza wakho. Ekuhambeni kwexesha, iiseli zomhlaza zisenokungamelani neyeza, kwaye eli yeza lisenokungasebenzi kakuhle. Ukuba oku kuyenzeka, ugqirha wakho unokucebisa elinye iyeza le-chemotherapy okanye olunye unyango (umz., i-radiation, i-immunotherapy).
Ukuba ukhulelwe, uncancisa, okanye unenye ingxaki yempilo, qiniseka ukuba wazise ugqirha wakho ngaphambi kokuba uqale olu nyango.
Umyalezo Wokuya Ekhaya
- Ii-antimetabolites luhlobo olukhethekileyo lweyeza le-chemotherapy "elikhohlisa" iiseli zomhlaza ukuba ziyeke ukwahlukana.
- La mayeza asebenza ngokuthintela iiseli zomhlaza ekufumaneni izinto ezifunekayo ukuze zenze i-DNA yazo (i-genetic planning).
- Ezi zisetyenziselwa ukunyanga iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zomhlaza, ezifana nesifuba, imiphunga kunye ne-leukemia.
- Iziphumo ezingezizo ezifana nokulahlekelwa ziinwele kunye nokucaphuka zinokwenzeka kuba eli yeza lichaphazela neeseli eziphilileyo eziqhekeka ngokukhawuleza.
- Ukufunda ngonyango kunokuba yinto eyoyikisayo kancinci. Kodwa ungaze woyike ukubuza ugqirha wakho ngamayeza owanikwayo, izinto ezilungileyo, iingxaki kunye nemiphumo emibi. Ukuba nolwazi olupheleleyo yinxalenye ebalulekileyo yonyango.
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