Zithini ezi "mpawu" zingaphakathi emzimbeni? Masithethe ngee-antigens!

Ngaba wakha wacinga ukuba umzimba wethu unenkqubo yawo yokuzikhusela yokulwa nezifo ngaphandle? Ayimangalisi na? Ngoko ke, ukuze le nkqubo yokuzikhusela isebenze, kufuneka ibe nendlela yokubona "ngubani umhlobo kwaye ngubani utshaba." Kulapho ezi "antigens" zingena khona. Ngamafutshane, ezi ziimpawu ezixelela ukhuselo lwemizimba yethu, "Nanku umntu oza kumbamba!"

Yintoni kanye kanye i-antigen?

Cinga ngomzimba wakho njengelizwe elikhulu. Kufana nokuba wonke umntu ongena kweli lizwe unekhadi lesazisi elimchazayo. Ii-Antigens ngokwenene ziiproteni okanye ii-polysaccharides. Zingaphandle kwezinto ezifana neeseli, iintsholongwane kunye neebhaktheriya. Kufana nelebheli enegama kuyo. Inkqubo yethu yomzimba yokuzikhusela ifunda le lebheli ukuze igqibe ukuba ingaba yinto yomzimba okanye uhlaseli ovela ngaphandle.

Ngoku khangela, ezi antigens azifumaneki kuphela kwizinto ezifana neentsholongwane, iibhaktheriya, ipollen, iiparasites, kunye neeseli zomhlaza, kodwa nakwiiseli zethu eziphilileyo. Sizibiza ngokuba zii-antigens emizimbeni yethu ngokuthi "ziziqu." Ii-antigens kwizinto ezinobungozi ezifana neentsholongwane kunye neebhaktheriya zibizwa ngokuba "zingezoziqu." Oku kuthetha ukuba umzimba wethu uyaziqonda iiseli zawo kwaye ulwa nezo zivela ngaphandle. Ukrelekrele kakhulu, akunjalo?

Ngaba uyazi umahluko phakathi kwe-antigen kunye ne-antibody?

Ezi zimbini zisenokubonakala zibhidisa kancinci, kodwa zilula kakhulu.

Ii-Antigens zezo mpawu , njengoko benditshilo ngaphambili. Ezi mpawu zezo zixelela umzimba wethu, "Nanku umntu ovela ngaphandle!"

Ii-antibodies ziiproteni ezikhethekileyo ezenziwe ziiseli zethu zomzimba. Zenzelwe ukuqaphela nokutshabalalisa ii-antigens eziyingozi. Enyanisweni, igama elithi antigen livela kwingcamango "yee-antibody generators," elithetha "izinto ezinceda ekwenzeni ii-antibodies."

Ii-antibodies zikhethekile kakhulu. I-antibody nganye inokubona i-antigen enye ethile kuphela. Ifana nesitshixo kunye nesitshixo. Yisitshixo esifanelekileyo kuphela esinokuvula isitshixo. Yindlela ezisebenza ngayo ezi zimbini.

Ziziphi iintlobo zee-antigens ezikhoyo?

Ii-Antigens zinokwahlulwa zibe ziintlobo ezahlukeneyo ngokuxhomekeke kwindlela ezivela ngayo. Masibone ukuba zeziphi.

1. Ii-Antigens zangaphandle

Ezi zizinto ezingena emizimbeni yethu zivela ngaphandle. Khawucinge nje, ezi zinokungena emzimbeni wakho ngempumlo yakho, umlomo, okanye kwanangenxeba lolusu.

• Iintsholongwane
• Iintsholongwane
• Impova
• Iintsholongwane
• Iifungi

Zonke ezi zezohlobo olu.

2. Ii-Antigens ezingaphandle

Ezi antigens zifumaneka kwiiseli ezingaphakathi emizimbeni yethu. Zixelela inkqubo yethu yomzimba ukuba "Ndingumhlobo wakho" (mna) okanye "Ndingumntu ombi ngoku, nditshabalalise" (oyingozi). Umzekelo, iiseli zethu ezisuleleke yibhaktiriya okanye intsholongwane zibeka iimpawu ezinjalo, zixelela inkqubo yomzimba ukuba izitshabalalise. Ii-antigens ezikwiiseli zethu ezibomvu zegazi kunye neempawu ezikhethekileyo eziqaphela imizimba yethu njenge "yam" ezibizwa ngokuba yi "HLAs" (Human Leukocyte Antigens) nazo zezohlobo olu.

3. Ii-Autoantigens

Le yimeko edidayo kancinci. Ezi ziimpawu zeeseli zethu eziphilileyo. Nangona kunjalo, ngamanye amaxesha inkqubo yethu yomzimba yokuzikhusela yenza impazamo ize ihlasele ezi seli ziphilileyo, icinga ukuba "ziintshaba." Kulapho ke izifo ezibangelwa kukuzikhusela komzimba ziqala khona.

4. Ii-Antigens ezifumaneka kwiiseli zomhlaza (ii-Tumor Antigens)

Ezi ziimpawu ezikhethekileyo kumphezulu weeseli zomhlaza. Usenokuziva zibizwa ngokuba yi-`(Tumor-associated antigens - TAA)`, `(Tumor-specific antigens - TSA)`, `(Neoantigens)` okanye `(Oncogenic antigens)`.

Ngamanye amaxesha ezi zizinto ezifanayo neseli eqhelekileyo, kodwa kwiseli yomhlaza zisebenza ngokwahlukileyo (umzekelo, iseli yomhlaza inokwenza iproteni ethile kakhulu kuneseli eqhelekileyo). Ngamanye amaxesha, ezi antigens ziveliswa kukuguquka kwezakhi zofuzo zeseli yomhlaza okanye yintsholongwane engaphakathi kwiseli yomhlaza.

Zithini ii-Antigen-Presenting Cells (ii-APC)?

Eli liqela elibaluleke kakhulu. Ezi seli zezona zinceda inkqubo yomzimba yokuzikhusela ithi, "Nanku umlo!" Sineentlobo ezintathu zezi seli emizimbeni yethu: ii-macrophages, ii-dendritic cells, kunye nee-B cells.

Ngamafutshane, basebenza njengabacuphi abakrelekrele. Babonisa oko bacinga ukuba kuhlaseli kwezinye iiseli zomzimba. Yiyo loo nto ngamanye amaxesha zibizwa ngokuba "ziiseli ezivelisa i-antigen zobungcali."

Xa le seli ikhethekileyo idibana ne-antigen, iyayidla, iyiqhekeze ibe ziingceba ezincinci, ize ibonise ezinye zezingceba kumphezulu weseli yayo. Oku kufana "nepowusta efunekayo" yeeseli ze-T . Iiseli ze-T ziyafika zize zihlole ezi zingceba ze-antigen ukuze zibone ukuba ziyayiqonda na le ngxilimbela. Ukuba i-antigen ihambelana ne-receptor ethile kwiseli ye-T, loo seli ye-T ixelela yonke inkqubo yomzimba yokuzikhusela ukuba "ihlasele!"

Kwenzeka ntoni xa i-antigen ingena emzimbeni?

Umzimba wakho uzikhusela kwii-antigens eziyingozi ezivela ngaphandle ngokusebenzisa iikhemikhali ezibizwa ngokuba zii-antibodies . Xa i-antigen ingena emzimbeni wakho, inkqubo yakho yokuzikhusela yomzimbaIi-B-cells ziyijonga ngononophelo.

Ii-B-cells zine-receptors ezikhethekileyo ezijonga ukuba i-antigen ihambelana kakuhle na - njengesitshixo kunye nesitshixo esikhankanyiweyo ngaphambili. Ukuba kukho i-match, i-B-cell iqala ukwenza ii-antibodies. I-antibody nganye eyenzayo inesimo esahlukileyo esinokuyibona loo antigen.

Umsebenzi we-antibody kukufumana i-antigen ehambelana nemo ekhethekileyo kumphezulu wayo. Ii-antibodies ziyahamba zize zibophelele kwezi antigens. Emva koko inkqubo yakho yomzimba yokuzikhusela inokutshabalalisa ezo zinto ziyingozi.

Xa inkqubo yakho yomzimba ifumene i-antigen, ineeseli ezikhethekileyo eziyikhumbulayo. Oku kubizwa ngokuba yi-immunological memory . Yiyo loo nto ukuba loo mhlaseli uphinda abuye, umzimba unokuphendula ngokukhawuleza nangokufanelekileyo.

Kodwa kukho ingxaki encinci. Ngamanye amaxesha ezi zinto ziyingozi ziyatshintshatshintsha, nto leyo ethetha ukuba ii-antigens zazo zitshintsha imo. Emva koko inkqubo yethu yomzimba yokuzikhusela ayikwazi ukuzibona, njengokuba zonke izinambuzane ezikwindlu yakho zitshintshile xa wawushiya ikhaya!

Yintoni uvavanyo lwe-antigen?

Uvavanyo lwe-antigen lukhangela iimpawu ezithile (ii-antigens) kulwelo lomzimba wakho, njengegazi, amathe, umchamo, kunye nendle, ezinxulumene nesifo esithile. Ezi zihlala zisetyenziselwa ukufumanisa ukuba unesifo somkhuhlane okanye isifo esifana ne-COVID-19, okanye ukubona ukuba unyango lomhlaza luhamba njani. Zinokunceda ekuhloleni abantu abaza kunika amalungu omzimba okanye abafakelwe utyando.

Uvavanyo lwe-antigen lwenziwa njani?

Oku kuxhomekeke ekubeni loluphi uhlobo lwe-antigen olufunayo.

• Ngentsholongwane: Ugqirha uhlala ehlamba impumlo okanye umqala wakho ngeswab encinci, ethambileyo. Emva koko baya kuyivavanya iswab ukuze babone ukuba inazo na ii-antigens ezivela kwintsholongwane abayifunayo. Ezinye iimvavanyo ze-antigen yentsholongwane zingenziwa ekhaya (umz., uVavanyo lwe-COVID-19 oluKhawulezayo lwe-Antigen). Ezi mvavanyo zinokubonelela ngeziphumo kwimizuzu eli-15 kuphela.
• Kwezinye iimvavanyo ze-antigen (ezifana nee-markers zomhlaza, ukulinganisa izicubu): Ugqirha uza kuthatha isampuli yegazi lakho, umchamo, okanye ilindle. Emva koko uza kuyithumela kwilabhoratri ukuze ajonge i-antigen abayifunayo.

Zichaneke kangakanani iimvavanyo ze-antigen?

Oku kukwaxhomekeke ekubeni yeyiphi i-antigen oyifunayo kunye nendlela ovavanya ngayo. Umzekelo, uvavanyo lwe-antigen olukhawulezileyo losulelo lwentsholongwane luchaneke kakhulu ukuba lwenziwa kwiintsuku ezimbalwa emva kokuba iimpawu zakho ziqalile. Oku kungenxa yokuba kulapho intsholongwane ininzi khona emzimbeni, nto leyo eyenza kube lula ukuba uvavanyo lubonakale.

Iindidi ezahlukeneyo zovavanyo lwe-antigen ezisetyenziswa rhoqo

Nazi ezinye iimvavanyo osenokuba ukhe weva ngazo, okanye kwafuneka uzenze:

• Uvavanyo lwe-carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA): I-CEA idla ngokubakho kumanqanaba aphantsi kubantu abadala. Nangona kunjalo, kwezinye iimeko, ezinje ngomhlaza, amanqanaba e-CEA egazini anokunyuka. Oogqirha bajonga eli nqanaba le-CEA ukuze babone ukuba unyango lomhlaza luyasebenza na.
• Uvavanyo lwe-Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg): Uvavanyo lwe-HBsAg luvavanyo lwegazi olusetyenziswa kunye nezinye iimvavanyo zokuxilonga i-hepatitis B.
• Uvavanyo lwe-Human leukocyte antigen (HLA): Yonke iseli emzimbeni wethu, ngaphandle kweeseli zethu ezibomvu zegazi, ineseti yayo yee-HLA. Xa kufakelwa amalungu omzimba okanye iiseli ze-stem, umnikeli kunye nomfumani bayajongwa ukuba banazo na ii-HLA ezifanayo. Umnikeli ukwajongwa ukuba banazo na ii-antibodies ezichasene nee-HLA zomnikeli. Ukuba banazo, umzimba unokuhlasela ilungu elitsha (oku kubizwa ngokuba yi-graft versus host disease). Ukuze uninzi lwe-transplants luphumelele, umnikeli kunye nomfumani kufuneka babe nolwalamano oluhle kwi-HLA. Kodwa akufuneki ukuba zifane ngokuchanekileyo.
• Uvavanyo lwe-Prostate-specific antigen (PSA): Amanqanaba e-PSA anokunyuka kumadoda anomhlaza we-prostate okanye kwabo banengxaki ye-prostate engenkulu kangako. Olu vavanyo lwe-PSA lunokwenziwa njengenxalenye yovavanyo lwezonyango oluqhelekileyo.
• Uvavanyo lwe-SARS-CoV-2 okanye lwe-COVID-19 Antigen: Oku ngamanye amaxesha kubizwa ngokuba "luvavanyo olukhawulezileyo." Lujonga ubukho bee-antigens ezivela kwintsholongwane ebangela i-COVID-19, i-SARS-CoV-2, kwisampulu ethathwe empumlweni okanye emqaleni wakho. Oku kungenziwa ekhaya ngekhithi yovavanyo okanye ngugqirha.

Zithini ii-antigens zeqela legazi?

Usenokuba ukhe weva ngeentlobo zegazi u-A, u-B, u-AB, kunye no-O. Ezi leta zibhekisa kwiintlobo zee-antigens kumphezulu weeseli zakho ezibomvu zegazi. Ungazalwa une-antigens u-A okanye u-B, okanye zombini (uhlobo lwegazi u-AB), okanye akukho nanye kuzo (uhlobo lwegazi u-O). Oku kubizwa ngokuba yinkqubo yeqela legazi le-ABO.

Uphawu "+" okanye "-" kuhlobo lwegazi lakho lubonisa ukuba unayo enye i-antigen ebizwa ngokuba yi-Rhesus factor okanye i-Rh factor . Usenokuba ukhe weva ngokuba "yi-Rhesus positive" okanye "yi-Rhesus negative."

Ukuba iiseli zakho zegazi zine-antigen, umzimba wakho uyazi ukuba "zinobuhlobo" kwaye aziyi kwenza ii-antibodies ezichasene nayo. Ngaphandle koko, iiseli zakho zomzimba ziya kuhlasela igazi elinayo loo antigen.

Ngamanye amazwi, ukuba uhlobo lwegazi lakho ngu-A, ii-antibodies zakho ziya kuhlasela igazi nge-antigen ye-B. Kwaye kunjalo nangenye indlela. Ukuba uhlobo lwegazi lakho ngu-AB, umzimba wakho ubona zombini ii-antigens u-A no-B "njengezinobuhlobo" kwaye awuyi kuzihlasela. Ukuba uhlobo lwegazi lakho ngu-O, une-antibodies ezichasene nee-antigens zombini u-A no-B.

Yiyo loo nto kubaluleke kakhulu ukulinganisa uhlobo lwegazi lakho xa unikela ngegazi. Ukuba unikwa igazi elingahambelani nohlobo lwegazi lakho, linokubangela impendulo enzima yomzimba yokuzikhusela.

Okungakumbi malunga neHuman Leukocyte Antigen (HLA)

Ii-HLA ziimpawu ezikhethekileyo ezichaza iiseli zakho "njengobuqu," oko kuthetha ukuba zezomzimba wakho. Zonke iiseli ngaphandle kweeseli zakho ezibomvu zegazi zine-HLA.

Unokucinga nge-`(HLA)` njengeentlobo zegazi, kodwa zintsonkothile kakhulu kunoko. Umzekelo, sonke sine-`(HLA)` ezininzi, ngoko ke kunqabile ukufumana omnye umntu onomxube ofanayo we-`(HLA)`.

Ungavelisa ii-antibodies ezichasene nee-HLA zakho, nto leyo enokukhokelela kwisifo sokuzikhusela komzimba. Ukuba udinga ukufakelwa i-stem cell, kuya kufuneka wenze uvavanyo lwe-HLA ukuze ufumane oluhambelanayo. Kwimeko enjalo, oyena mntu uhambelanayo uhlala esisalamane esisondeleyo, njengomama, utata, umnakwenu, okanye udadewenu.

Okokugqibela, izinto ekufuneka uzikhumbule

Bekungayi kuba kuhle na ukuba yonke into esidibana nayo xa sisiya emsebenzini ibinombhalo othi "oku kulungile, oku kubi"? Kaloku, ii-antigens zizixhobo eziluncedo kakhulu ezinceda amajoni ethu omzimba ukuba enze kanye loo nto.

Ugqirha wakho unokuyalela uvavanyo lwe-antigen ukuze luhlolwe rhoqo, ukujonga isifo esiqhubekayo, okanye ukufumanisa ukuba unayo na intsholongwane. Ngamaxesha anjalo, qiniseka ukuba ubuza nayiphi na imibuzo onayo malunga nendlela kunye nesizathu sokuba benze uvavanyo. Kubalulekile ukuba nolwazi ngempilo yakho.

Ii- Antigens, ii-antibodies, inkqubo yomzimba yokuzikhusela, uvavanyo lwe-antigen, amaqela egazi, i-HLA, usulelo