Masifunde ngovavanyo lwe-FISH (i-Fluorescence in Situ Hybridization) olutyhila iimfihlo ze-genes zakho!

Ngaba wakha weva ngolu 'vavanyo lwe-FISH' (Uvavanyo lwe-Fluorescence in Situ Hybridization)? Mhlawumbi ugqirha wakho ukucelile wena okanye umntu omaziyo ukuba enze olu vavanyo. Nangona lunokuvakala lunzima kancinci, luvavanyo olubaluleke kakhulu olunokufumanisa izinto ezininzi ngaphakathi emizimbeni yethu. Ngoko ke namhlanje, masithethe ngokuba luyintoni olu vavanyo lwe-FISH, lwenza ntoni, kwaye lwenziwa njani ngendlela elula onokuyiqonda.

Yintoni le FISH test (Fluorescence in Situ Hybridization)?

Ngamafutshane, i-FISH luvavanyo lwemfuza. Iingcali zezifo, ezingoogqirha abaziingcali ekuxilongeni izifo , zisebenzisa le ndlela ukuchonga izifo ezibangelwa lutshintsho kwizinto ezincinci ezibizwa ngokuba zii-chromosomes emizimbeni yethu. Ngamanye amaxesha, olu vavanyo lunokunceda ekuchongeni utshintsho lwemfuza olunokunyangelwa izifo ezinje ngomhlaza.

Cinga ngale ndlela: iijini zethu zifana nencwadi yemiyalelo yemizimba yethu. Le ncwadi yemiyalelo isixelela indlela esebenza ngayo yonke into emizimbeni yethu. Ezi jini zikwizakhiwo ezibizwa ngokuba zii-chromosomes, ezifana neentambo. Ngoko ke, kwenzeka ntoni ukuba amanye amagama akule ncwadi yemiyalelo, i-DNA yethu (deoxyribonucleic acid) , ayacinywa, okanye ukuba kukho amagama amaninzi kakhulu, okanye ukuba amanye amagama atshintshiwe? Iiseli zethu zifumana imiyalelo engalunganga. Ngale ndlela, ulwazi lunokulahleka (ukususwa), lukopishwe ngaphezu kokufunekayo (ukwandiswa), okanye luhanjiswe (ukutshintshwa). Olu tshintsho lunokutshintsha indlela imizimba yethu esebenza ngayo kwaye lubangele izifo ezifana nomhlaza.

Ngoko ke, into eyenziwa lolu vavanyo lweFISH kukuba, kufana nokusebenzisa iipeni ezinemibala "ukufaka imibala" kwiindawo ezithile zeechromosomes okanye iigenes. Emva koko, abo gqirha bangoochwephesha banokuzifumana lula iindawo abazidingayo ukuze baxilonge izifo ngokuzijonga phantsi kwemicroscope. Xa ujonga lo mbala phantsi kwemicroscope, ubonakala ngathi zizibane ezinemibala.

Yintoni enokubonwa ngovavanyo lwe-FISH?

Emva koko usenokuba uzibuza ukuba, yintoni kanye kanye enokufunyanwa ngolu vavanyo lweNHLANZI? Izinto eziphambili zezi:

• Chonga utshintsho olukhulu lwezakhi zofuzo kumhlaza. Besebenzisa olu lwazi, oogqirha banokuchonga ngokuchanekileyo uhlobo lomhlaza baze bakhethe unyango olufanelekileyo.
• Jonga naziphi na iingxaki ze-chromosome ngaphambi kokuba umntwana azalwe (ngaphambi kokuzalwa) okanye emva kokuzalwa. Oku kunceda ekufumaneni ezinye iimeko zemfuza kwangethuba.
• Ukuchumisa umntwana nge-in vitro (IVF) kubandakanya ukuvavanya umntwana ongekazalwa ukuze afumane iingxaki ze-chromosome ngaphambi kokuba afakwe kwisibeleko sikamama (uvavanyo lwe-genetic ngaphambi kokuba afakwe).

Lusebenza njani olu vavanyo lwe-FISH?

Kulungile, ngoku masibone ukuba yintoni imfihlo encinci malunga nendlela olu vavanyo lweNtlanzi olusebenza ngayo.

Nditshilo ngaphambili ukuba iDNA yethu ifana nencwadi enkulu yemiyalelo. Ngoko ke olu vavanyo lweNtlanzi lufana nokugqamisa iindawo ezibalulekileyo zencwadi yemiyalelo ngepeyinti ekhethekileyo ye-fluorescent. Izazinzulu zenza le "peyinti yokufaka imibala," okanye "iprobe," ngokuncamathisela iilebhile ze-fluorescent kwi-DNA ngokwayo.

I-DNA yethu yenziwe ngemicu emibini edibana kunye, njengamazinyo eziphu. Oko kwenziwa zizazinzulu kukuba, baqale bahlukanise le micu mibini ngokusebenzisa iprobe abayenzileyo, kunye ne-DNA kwisampulu abafuna ukuyivavanya. Benza le probe ukuze ihambelane nolandelelwano lwe-DNA abayifunayo, oko kukuthi, isivakalisi esichanekileyo abasifunayo kwincwadi yemiyalelo.

Emva koko, badibanisa ezi probe zilungisiweyo nesampulu ye-DNA ethathwe kwithishu yomzimba okanye kulwelo (oku kubizwa ngokuba yi-target). Emva koko, ukuba loo probe iyahamba ize ifumane iqhekeza le-DNA elinombhalo eliwufunayo, iya kunamathela kulo (i-hybride). Ngenxa yezo lebheli zikhazimlayo, elo qhekeza le-DNA liya kukhanya ngombala omhle. Xa ingcali yezifo ijonga nge-microscope ekhethekileyo, la mabala akhazimlayo aya kubonakala kakuhle. Emva koko inokuqonda ukuba ulwazi olufanelekileyo lukhona na kwaye lungakanani na. Ayimangalisi loo nto?

Utshintsho lwemfuza olunokubonwa ngovavanyo lweFISH

Iingcali zezifo zingasebenzisa olu vavanyo lwe-FISH ukujonga iiseli ukuba azinazo na iinguqu zezakhi zofuzo ezaziwa ngokuba zibangela izifo ezifana nomhlaza. Ngamanye amaxesha lunokunceda ukuqinisekisa okanye ukucacisa iziphumo zovavanyo lwe-karyotyping, oluvavanyo lwee-chromosomes . Nazi ezinye zeenguqu ezithile ezinokufunyanwa luvavanyo lwe-FISH:

• Ukwandisa: Oku kwenzeka xa kukho iikopi ezininzi zejini kunokuba bekulindelwe. Kufana nokwenza ikopi apho ufuna ukwenza ikopi khona. Izazinzulu zingasebenzisa iFISH ukubona ukuba zingaphi iikopi zejini ezingaphezulu kunokuba bekulindelwe.
• Ukutshintshwa/ukulungiswa kwakhona: Oku kwenzeka xa inxalenye yejini okanye i-chromosome ifuduselwa kwenye indawo kunokuba kufanele ukuba ibe njalo. Izazinzulu zingasebenzisa iiprobe ezimbini ezinemibala ukufumanisa oku. Kwijini eqhelekileyo, imibala emibini yezi probe kufuneka ibonakale isondelelene. Kodwa ukuba indawo itshintshile, imibala emibini iya kubonakala yahlukene kakhulu.
• Ukususwa kwezinto: Njengokutshintshwa kwezinto, izazinzulu zisebenzisa iiprobe ezingaphezu kwesinye ukufumana iindawo apho ulwazi lungekhoyo kwi-DNA. Ezinye iiprobe ziya kunamathela kwi-DNA ekwisampulu, kodwa ezinye aziyi kunamathela apho kufanele zinamathele khona. Kulapho ke ziyazi khona ukuba olunye ulwazi lulahlekile (lucinyiwe) kuloo ndawo.

Izifo ezinokufunyaniswa ngovavanyo lweFISH

Oogqirha banokusebenzisa uvavanyo lweFISH ukufumanisa utshintsho lwezakhi zofuzo olunokunceda ekuxilongeni iimeko ezifana nezi:

• I-Lymphoma
• I-acute myeloid leukemia, i-chronic myeloid leukemia, kunye nezinye iintlobo ze-leukemia
• I-myeloma eninzi
• Umhlaza wesinyi
• I-Glioma (uhlobo lomhlaza wobuchopho)
• I-Mesothelioma (umhlaza wemiphunga)
• Ukwandiswa kwe-HER2 (oku kubonakala kakhulu kumhlaza webele, kodwa kunokubonwa nakumhlaza wesisu kunye nemiphunga)
• Ukwandiswa kwe-MET (oku kubonakala kakhulu kumhlaza wemiphunga, isisu, kunye nomhlaza womqala)
• Ukwandiswa kwe-MYCN (kuhlobo lomhlaza olubizwa ngokuba yi-Neuroblastoma)
• Kumhlaza wemiphunga ongengoweeseli ezincinci , ukulungelelaniswa/ukuhlanganiswa kwezakhi zofuzo ze-ALK, RET, kunye ne-ROS1 kwenzeka. Ezi zakhi zofuzo ze-ALK, RET, okanye i-ROS1 zinokudibana nesinye isakhi sofuzo ukuze kubangele umhlaza.

Ndilungiselela njani uvavanyo lwe-FISH?

Indlela olungiselela ngayo uvavanyo lwe-FISH ixhomekeke kuhlobo lwesampuli oluthathwa ngugqirha wakho kuwe.

• Uvavanyo lwangaphambi kokukhulelwa: Ugqirha wakho uza kwenza uvavanyo olukhethekileyo olubizwa ngokuba yi-amniocentesis .
• Uvavanyo lwemfuza ngaphambi kokufakelwa (i-PGD okanye i-PGS): Kuthathwa isampulu encinci yeeseli ezivela kwiimbumba ezininzi ukuze zivavanywe. Oku kudla ngokwenziwa emva kweentsuku ezimbalwa emva kokukhutshwa kweqanda.
• Ukuba ugqirha wakho ukrokrela ukuba wena okanye umntwana wakho unesifo esibangelwa kukungaqheleki kwe-chromosome okanye ukuguquka kwezakhi zofuzo: Oku kungajongwa ngovavanyo olulula lwegazi .
• Ukufumanisa umhlaza okanye utshintsho lwemfuza kwiiseli zomhlaza (uvavanyo lweemolekyuli): Kuya kufuneka wenze i-biopsy (i-tumor okanye i-bone marrow biopsy) , eyisampuli yezicubu okanye umongo wethambo.
• Ukuchonga okanye ukujonga umhlaza wesinyi: Ngamanye amaxesha uvavanyo lweFISH lwenziwa kwisampuli yomchamo .

Kula vavanyo, yi-biopsy kuphela edla ngokufuna ukulungiswa okukhethekileyo. Ekubeni uninzi lwee-biopsy zenziwa phantsi kwe-anesthesia, kufuneka ulandele imiyalelo kagqirha wakho yendlela yokulungiselela.

Iingcali zezifo zenza njani olu vavanyo lwe-FISH?

Kuvavanyo lwe-FISH, ingcali yezifo okanye ingcali yelebhu ilandela la manyathelo:

1. Ukudala i-probe(s): Kule nto, bakhetha iziqwenga ze-DNA ezihambelana nolandelelwano lwe-DNA abalufunayo. Emva koko, benza iziqwenga ezincinci kuloo DNA baze bongeze iilebhile ze-fluorescent.

2. Ukuguquguquka kweprobe kunye nethagethi: Oku kubhekisa ekwahlulweni kweebhondi eziphindwe kabini phakathi kweprobe kunye nesampuli ye-DNA evavanywayo.

3. Ukudityaniswa: Xa iiprobe zixutywe nesampulu ye-DNA ethathwe kwithishu yomzimba okanye kulwelo, iiprobe zinamathela kwi-DNA sequences eziyifunayo.

4.Ukujonga iziphumo: Basebenzisa imakroskopu ekhethekileyo ye-fluorescent ukubona apho iileyibhile zikhanya khona kwisampulu.

Ingcali yezifo iza kuxela ezi ziphumo kugqirha wakho.

Zithini iziphumo zovavanyo lwe-FISH?

Uhlobo lweziphumo ozifumanayo kuvavanyo lwe-FISH luxhomekeke kuhlobo lovavanyo onalo. Uvavanyo lwe-FISH olubonisa ukuba kukho ukungaqheleki kwe-chromosome okanye i-genetic kwiiseli ezikwisampulu. Kungcono ukuthetha nogqirha wakho malunga nokuba iziphumo ziya kujongeka njani kunye nokuba zithetha ukuthini.

Kwenzeka ntoni ukuba uvavanyo lweFISH lubonise ukuba lune-HIV?

Ukuba uvavanyo lwakho lweFISH luthi lukhona, ugqirha wakho uza kukuchazela ukuba luthetha ukuthini kwaye zeziphi iindlela onokukhetha kuzo. Ukuba uvavanyo lwenziwe ukuze kufunyanwe utshintsho lwemfuza kumhlaza, kunokubakho unyango olujoliswe kulo tshintsho oluthile. Ngoko ke kubalulekile ukuthetha nogqirha wakho ngaphandle kokukhathazeka.

Kuthatha ixesha elingakanani ukufumana iziphumo zovavanyo lweFISH?

Kungathatha naphi na ukusuka kwiveki enye ukuya kwezine ukufumana iziphumo zovavanyo lweFISH. Ugqirha wakho uza kukuxelela ukuba ulindele nini iziphumo kunye nendlela yokufumanisa.

Ndingaqhagamshelana nini nogqirha wam?

Ukuba unemibuzo malunga novavanyo okanye iziphumo ozifumeneyo, ungathandabuzi ukuthetha nogqirha wakho. Baza kukuchazela yonke into.

Okokugqibela, umyalezo obaluleke kakhulu

Ukulinda iziphumo zovavanyo lwemfuza kunokuba yinto eyoyikisayo, exhalabisayo, kwaye ngamanye amaxesha ide ibe yinto enzima kancinci. Usenokuba ulindele impendulo. Olu vavanyo lweNHLANZI lubuchwepheshe obukunceda ufumane ezo mpendulo, njenge "highlighter" efumana kwaye ifake umbala kulwazi olufunayo .

Iimpendulo ozifumanayo zisenokungabi yile ubuyilindele, kodwa ziya kukunceda uqonde imeko yakho kunye nezinketho zakho. Ukusuka apho, wena nogqirha wakho ninokusebenzisana ukuphuhlisa isicwangciso esingcono sokuqhubeka.

Khumbula, kubaluleke kakhulu ukubuza ugqirha wakho ukuba akucacisele nantoni na oyicingayo ngovavanyo, isizathu sokuba lwenziwe, kunye nokuba iziphumo zithetha ukuthini.

Uvavanyo lweentlanzi , uvavanyo lwemfuza, ii-chromosomes, i-DNA, umhlaza, utshintsho lwemfuza, uvavanyo lwangaphambi kokuzalwa