Ngaba umntwana wakho unokuba nengxaki ngale ntsholongwane (iHaemophilus influenzae)? Masiqaphele!

Hayi, uloyiko kunye nexhala esilivayo xa abantwana bethu begula alichazeki, akunjalo? Sonke silwa nezinto ezifana nomkhuhlane oqhelekileyo, ukukhwehlela, kunye nomkhuhlane. Kodwa ngamanye amaxesha abantwana bethu banokufumana usulelo olunzima ngakumbi kunezi zifo ziqhelekileyo. Namhlanje, siza kuthetha ngebhaktiriya enokuchaphazela abantwana abangaphantsi kweminyaka emihlanu ubudala, kunye nabantu abadala abaneenkqubo zokuzikhusela zomzimba ezibuthathaka. Igama lale bhaktiriya yi-'Haemophilus influenzae'.

Yintoni i-'Haemophilus influenzae'?

Ngamafutshane, iHaemophilus influenzae luhlobo lwebhaktiriya. Le bhaktiriya inokubangela iintlobo ngeentlobo zezifo. Ezinye zazo zinokuba zincinci, njengosulelo lwendlebe. Kodwa ngamanye amaxesha, le bhaktiriya inokubangela izifo ezinzulu kakhulu, ezisongela ubomi, njengokutyhefa igazi.

Ezi zifo zidla ngokuchaphazela abantwana abangaphantsi kweminyaka emihlanu ubudala . Kwakhona, abantu abaneenkqubo zomzimba ezibuthathaka (umzekelo, abantu abanezifo ezithile ezingapheliyo, ezifana nezigulana ezinomhlaza) basengozini enkulu yokufumana izifo ezivela kwezi ntsholongwane.

Ezinye izifo ze-H. influenzae zizinto esizibiza ngokuba zizifo “ezingenazo iintsholongwane”. Oko kukuthi, iintsholongwane zingena kwiindawo zomzimba wethu ezihlala zingenazo iintsholongwane. Umzekelo, ukuba iintsholongwane zingena kulwelo olujikeleze ingqondo yethu kunye nomqolo, zinokubangela i-meningitis, ukudumba kwengqondo. Le yimeko eyingozi kakhulu . Ezi ntlobo zezifo ezingenazo zihlala zifuna ukulaliswa esibhedlele kunye nonyango, kwaye ngamanye amaxesha zinokukhokelela ekufeni.

Yintoni i-'Haemophilus influenzae` uhlobo b (Hib)?

Iibhaktheriya zeHaemophilus influenzae zahlulwe kakhulu zibe ngamaqela amabini. Elinye luhlobo "olufihliweyo", kwaye elinye luhlobo "olungafihliweyo". I-"Encapsular" ithetha ukuba iibhaktheriya zinesigqubuthelo sangaphandle esikhuselayo, njengeqokobhe. Eli qokobhe livumela ezi bhaktheriya ukuba zimelane nezinye ii-antibiotics. Ezi bhaktheriya zifihliweyo zahlulwe kwakhona zibe ngamaqela amancinci ukusuka ku-"a" ukuya ku-"f".

Eyona ixhaphakileyo neyingozi kwezi yiHaemophilus influenzae type b, esiyibiza ngokuba yiHib ngamafutshane . Usulelo lweHib luchaphazela kakhulu abantwana abangaphantsi kweminyaka emihlanu ubudala kunye nabantu abangaphezu kweminyaka engama-65 ubudala. Kwakhona banokubangela izifo kubantu abaneenkqubo zomzimba ezibuthathaka. Umzekelo:

• Abantu abanesifo seSickle Cell.
• Abantu abangenayo i-spleen (i-asplenia).
• Abantu abaneengxaki kwi-antibody okanye kwinkqubo ye-complement.
• Abantu abane-HIV.
• Abantu abafumana i-chemotherapy, i-radiation, okanye ukufakelwa umhlaza ngenxa yomhlaza.

Ngethamsanqa, singakwazi ukuzikhusela kwezi zifo zosulelo lweHaemophilus influenzae type b ngesitofu sokugonya seHib. Siza kuthetha ngale nto kamva.

Ngaba iHaemophilus influenzae ibangela i-influenza?

Le yinto edida abantu abaninzi. Nangona igama elithi `Haemophilus influenzae` line `influenzae` kulo, le ntsholongwane ayibangeli influenza (umkhuhlane) . Eso sisifo esibangelwa yintsholongwane eyahlukileyo. Nangona kunjalo, njengoko bekutshiwo ngaphambili, le ntsholongwane inokubangela ezinye izifo ezininzi ezinzulu.

Zeziphi izifo ezinokubangelwa yi-`Haemophilus influenzae`?

Nazi ezinye zezifo eziphambili kunye nosulelo olunokubangelwa yile bhaktiriya:

• Usulelo lwendlebe (Otitis Media): Usulelo lwendlebe ephakathi, emva kwe-eardrum. Oku kuqhelekile kubantwana abancinci.
• I-Bronchitis: Imeko apho imibhobho yomoya emincinci (i-bronchi) emiphungeni isuleleka, idumbe, ize ivelise i-mucus egqithisileyo.
• Usulelo lwesikhumba kunye nezicubu (`Cellulitis`): Iintsholongwane zingena eluswini nakwizicubu ezingaphantsi ngenxeba okanye ngokusika.
• I-Epiglottitis: Usulelo lwe-epiglottis, iqhekeza elincinci ngasemva komqala wethu eligubungela umbhobho womoya xa siginya. Le yimeko embi kakhulu kwaye iyingozi, njengoko inokubangela ubunzima bokuphefumla.
• I-Pneumonia: Usulelo lomphunga omnye okanye yomibini. Kule meko, imiphunga iyadumba ize izaliswe yi-mucus.
• I-Meningitis: Usulelo lwe-membranes (meninges) ejikeleze ingqondo kunye nomqolo.
• I-Septicemia: Iintsholongwane zingena egazini zize zisasazeke emzimbeni wonke. Oku kuyingozi kakhulu.
• Isifo samathambo esibizwa ngokuba yiSeptic arthritis: Usulelo lwelungu elingaphakathi kwelungu. Ludla ngokuvela xa usulelo olukwenye indawo emzimbeni lusasazeka luye kwilungu ngegazi.

Khumbula, ezinye zezi zifo, ingakumbi i-Epiglottitis kunye ne-Meningitis, zinokuba yingozi ngokukhawuleza. Kungoko ke, kubaluleke kakhulu ukufuna iingcebiso zonyango ngokukhawuleza nje ukuba uqaphela iimpawu.

Ngubani ochaphazeleka kakhulu yiHaemophilus influenzae?

Ugonyo lweHib luyinxalenye yeshedyuli yokugonyelwa kwabantwana rhoqo kwilizwe lethu. Ngenxa yoko, isifo se-H. influenzae sichaphazela kakhulu abantwana abangakhange bagonyelwe iHib. Iintsana ezisandul’ ukuzalwa ezingagqibanga uthotho lokugonyelwa nazo zisengozini.

Kuthiwa i-H. influenzae ixhaphake kakhulu kubantwana baseAlaska, nokuba sele begonyiwe. Ikwachaphazela nabantu abangaphezu kweminyaka engama-65 ubudala kunye nabo baneenkqubo zomzimba ezibuthathaka .

Ixhaphake kangakanani i-'Haemophilus influenzae'?

E-United States, ukwanda kwesi sifo kwehle kakhulu emva kokwaziswa kwe-Hib vaccine kubantwana ngo-1987 nakwiintsana ngo-1990.Ngaphambi kokuba kuqaliswe olu gonyo, malunga nabantwana abangama-20,000 abangaphantsi kweminyaka emi-5 ubudala babenesifo seHib esinzima minyaka le, kwaye malunga ne-1,000 bafa. Kodwa ngolu gonyo, isifo seHib esinzima sincitshiswe ngaphezulu kwama-99% ukusukela ngo-1991. Ngo-2019, malunga ne-0.15 kubantwana abayi-100,000 abangaphantsi kweminyaka emi-5 ubudala banesifo seHib.

Ngoku, uninzi losulelo lweHaemophilus influenzae kuwo onke amaqela eminyaka lubangelwa yi-H. influenzae engeyiyo intlobo ngeentlobo. Ngo-2019, abantwana abayi-1.62 kwabayi-100,000 abangaphantsi kweminyaka emi-5 ubudala bafumene olu hlobo losulelo. Ngoku, unobangela oqhelekileyo wolu sulelo kubantwana uphakathi kwabo bangagonywanga okanye abangakhange bagqibe uthotho olupheleleyo lokugonywa . Phakathi kwabantu abadala abaneminyaka engama-65 nangaphezulu, izinga losulelo lwe-H. influenzae engeyiyo intlobo ngeentlobo yi-4.88 kwi-100,000 nganye.

Zithini iimpawu ze-'Haemophilus influenzae'?

Iimpawu zeHaemophilus influenzae kwiintsana nabantwana abancinci zixhomekeke kwisifo esithile abasiphetheyo. Makhe sijonge iimpawu zezinye zezifo eziphambili.

Iimpawu zeNtsholongwane yeNdlebe (`Otitis Media`):

• Intlungu yendlebe (umntwana usenokubamba indlebe yakhe aze akhale)
• Umnqweno wokutya
• Ukungazoli rhoqo, ukukhala
• Ukungalali
• Ifiva
• Ukuphuma kolwelo olufana nolwelo endlebeni
• Ubunzima bokuva (umntwana omdala kancinci uya kuthi)

Iimpawu ze-bronchitis:

• Ukukhwehlela rhoqo, okunezikhwehlela
• Umzimba ongenabomi
• Ukuphefumla
• Ifiva
• Ubunzima bokuphefumla

Iimpawu zesifo solusu (i-Cellulitis):

• Intlungu kwindawo enesifo, ukuqaqamba xa ichukunyiswa
• Ukudumba
• Ukuziva ufudumele xa uchukunyiswa
• Ukutshintsha kombala wolusu (ukuba bomvu, ukuba mfusa)
• Ukudumba
• Umkhuhlane kunye nokubanda
• Umsebenzi onzima

Iimpawu ze-Epiglottitis (le yingxamiseko!):

• Umphimbo obuhlungu kakhulu
• Ifiva
• Isandi esingaqhelekanga nesiqatha xa uphefumla (stridor)
• Ubunzima bokuginya
• Ukuvuza amathe
• Ubunzima obukhulu bokuphefumla (umntwana angazama ukuphefumla ngokolula intamo yakhe aze agobe phambili)

Iimpawu ze-pneumonia:

• Umkhuhlane kunye nokubanda
• Ukukhwehlela (kusenokuba kukukhwehlela okanye komile)
• Ubunzima bokuphefumla, ukuphefumla okunzima
• Ukubila
• Iintlungu zesifuba
• Intloko ebuhlungu
• Intlungu yemisipha
• Umsebenzi onzima

Iimpawu ze-meningitis (le yimeko engxamisekileyo!):

• Umkhuhlane ophezulu
• Intloko ebuhlungu kakhulu
• Intamo eqinileyo (ayikwazi ukugoba phambili)
• Umsebenzi onzima
• Umnqweno wokutya
• Ukuhlanza kunye nesicaphucaphu
• Ukungazoli, ukucaphuka
• Ukudideka
• Ukuxhuzula

Iimpawu zeSepticemia (nale yingxamiseko!):

• Umkhuhlane kunye nokubanda
• Intlungu yesisu
• Ukuhlanza kunye nesicaphucaphu
• Urhudo
• Ixhala okanye ukudideka
• Umsebenzi onzima
• Ubunzima bokuphefumla, ukuphefumla okunzima

Iimpawu zosulelo lwamalungu (`Septic Arthritis`):

• Ifiva
• Intlungu yamalungu, ukuthamba
• Ukudumba kwamalungu
• Ukufudumala xa uchukumisa
• Ukungakwazi ukuhambisa ilungu ngokufanelekileyo (umgama omncinci wokuhamba)

Yintoni ebangela iHaemophilus influenzae?

Ngoku siyazi ukuba i-'Haemophilus influenzae' luhlobo lwebhaktiriya. Kukho iintlobo ezintandathu zale bhaktiriya, ukusuka ku-a ukuya ku-f. ​​Ezinye iintlobo zihlelwa njenge "ezingenahlobo". Kula, uhlobo b, okanye i-'Hib', lubangela i-95% yosulelo olunzima nolungena emzimbeni.

Ezi ntsholongwane zihlala empumlweni nasemqaleni wethu. Uninzi lwexesha, azibangeli ngxaki apho. Nangona kunjalo, xa ezi ntsholongwane zihamba ziye kwezinye iindawo zomzimba, zibangela usulelo.

Ngaba iHaemophilus influenzae iyosulela?

Ewe. Ukuba awugonywanga kwaye awukhuselekanga kule ntsholongwane, ungagula yiHaemophilus influenzae.

Isasazeka njani iHaemophilus influenzae type b (Hib)?

I-Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) isasazeka ukusuka komnye umntu ukuya komnye ngamathontsi okuphefumla aphuma xa umntu osulelekileyo ekhohlela okanye ethimla . La mathontsi aqulathe intsholongwane, kwaye abanye banokugula ukuba baphefumla la mathontsi. Ingasasazeka nangokusondelana ixesha elide nomntu onentsholongwane empumlweni okanye emqaleni (nokuba akabonisi zimpawu). Izazinzulu zikholelwa ukuba iintsholongwane zeHib azinakuphila kwiindawo ezingaphiliyo okanye kwindawo engqongileyo.

Ndingahlala ndingumfuyi ixesha elingakanani?

Iingcali aziqinisekanga "ngexesha lokufukama" leHaemophilus influenzae - ixesha elithathayo ukuba iimpawu zibonakale emva kokuba iintsholongwane zingene emzimbeni. Nangona kunjalo, abaphandi bakholelwa ukuba iimpawu zinokubonakala kwiintsuku ezimbalwa emva kosulelo.

Ifunyanwa njani iHaemophilus influenzae?

Ugqirha wakho uhlala efumanisa usulelo lwe-H. influenzae ngovavanyo olunye okanye ngaphezulu lwelabhoratri. Basenokuthatha isampuli yegazi lakho, ulwelo lomqolo, ulwelo lwamalungu, ulwelo lwe-pleural (ulwelo olujikeleze imiphunga), okanye i-aspirate yendlebe ephakathi .

Uvavanyo lokuqala lubizwa ngokuba yi-'Gram staining'. Olu 'Gram stain' lujonga iintsholongwane kwisampulu kunye nohlobo lweentsholongwane ezibangela esi sifo. Emva koko, ugqirha wakho unokwenza 'i-culture' yegazi okanye ulwelo lomzimba ukuqinisekisa ukuba iintsholongwane zikhona na.

Ingaba i-`Haemophilus influenzae` inegram okanye ayikho kwigram?

Phantsi kwebala legram, iintsholongwane ziyatshintsha ukusuka komnye wemibala emibini (pink ukuya kubomvu okanye mfusa ukuya kubhlowu). Zihlelwa njenge-'Gram-negative' okanye 'Gram-positive'. I-'Haemophilus influenzae' yi- gram-negative `coccobacillus' (intsholongwane emfutshane, efana nenduku) . Xa ijongwa ngemicroscope, ibonakala ibomvu. Iintsholongwane zegram-negative zineqokobhe langaphandle eliqinileyo. Oku kuzikhusela kwaye kwenza kube nzima ukuzibulala. Ziyakwazi ukumelana neentsholongwane ezininzi ezikhoyo, kwaye ezi ntsholongwane zinokufumana iindlela ezintsha zokubaleka uhlaselo.

Inyangwa njani iHaemophilus influenzae?

Unyango lweHaemophilus influenzae luxhomekeke kuhlobo losulelo okanye isifo onaso. Ngokwesiqhelo , ii-antibiotics zinikwa ukulwa nosulelo . Nangona kunjalo, kubalulekile ukukhumbula ukuba iintsholongwane ze-H. influenzae zinokumelana nee-antibiotics.

Ngokuxhomekeke ekubeni imeko yakho imbi kangakanani na, ungadinga unyango olongezelelweyo esibhedlele. Olu nyango lungabandakanya:

• Uncedo lokuphefumla – ioksijini enikwa ngemaski yobuso (`imaski yobuso ioksijini`) okanye `i-intubation` (ukufaka ityhubhu kumbhobho womoya uze uyidibanise nomatshini).
• Ukunika ii-steroids ngemithambo yegazi.
• Amayeza okunyanga uxinzelelo lwegazi oluphantsi.
• Ukunyamekela amanxeba eluswini olonakeleyo.
• Ukukhupha amanzi ngotyando kwiintsholongwane zamalungu (`Septic Arthritis`).

Ingaba ikho na igonyo le-`Haemophilus influenzae`?

Ewe, ikhona! Ungamnika umntwana wakho ugonyo lweHib ukuze amkhusele kwizifo zeHaemophilus influenzae type b (Hib). I-World Health Organization (CDC) icebisa ukuba bonke abantwana abangaphantsi kweminyaka emi-2 bafumane olu gonyo . ESri Lanka, lukwabandakanyiwe kwinkqubo yesizwe yokugonya.

Ugqirha womntwana wakho uya kunika ugonyo lweHib ngemithamo emithathu okanye emine.

• Umntwana wakho uza kufumana idosi yokuqala xa eneenyanga ezimbini ubudala .
• Idosi yesibini inikwa xa umntwana eneenyanga ezi-4 .
• Ukuba kunikwe iidosi ezine, idosi yesithathu inikwa xa umntwana eneenyanga ezi-6 .
• Emva koko, idosi yokugqibela (yokunyusa) inikwa phakathi kweenyanga ezili-12 ukuya kwezili-15 ubudala ukuze kugqitywe uthotho lwemithi yokugonya.

Emva kolu thotho lokuqala lwezitofu, phakathi kwama-95% kunye nama-100% abantwana baphuhlisa amanqanaba okukhusela i-Hib .

Isitofu sokugonya seHib singanikwa njengesitofu esinye [`PRP-T (ActHIB)`, `PRP-T (Hiberix)` okanye `PRP-OMP (Pedvax HIB)`] okanye njengenxalenye yesitofu sokugonya esidibeneyo [`DTap-IPV-Hib (Pentacel)` okanye `DTap-IPV-Hib-Hep B (Vaxelis)`]. Isitofu sokugonya esidibeneyo sisixhobo sokugonya esininzi esinikwa ngaxeshanye.

Isitofu sokugonya seHib sithintela usulelo olubangelwa yiHaemophilus influenzae type b. Nangona kunjalo, asithinteli usulelo olubangelwa zezinye iintlobo zeH. influenzae. Ukuthintela ezinye iintlobo zeH. influenzae, gcina izandla zomntwana wakho zicocekile kwaye uzigcine kude nabantu abagulayo. Fundisa umntwana wakho indlela yokuhlamba izandla zakhe esemncinci.

Kuza kwenzeka ntoni ukuba umntwana wam ufumana iHaemophilus influenzae?

Uqikelelo lwesifo se-H. influenzae luxhomekeke kuhlobo kunye nobunzima bemeko yomntwana wakho. Ukuba isifo sifunyenwe kwaye sinyangwa kwangethuba , ugqirha womntwana wakho unokulawula usulelo.

Nangona kunjalo, nokuba kukho ii-antibiotics, ezinye izifo ze-H. influenzae zinokubangela iingxaki ezihlala ixesha elide . Umzekelo, umntwana unokulahlekelwa lilungu ngenxa yosulelo lwegazi. Malunga nama-20% abantu abafumana i-meningitis (ukudumba kwengqondo) banokufumana ukulahleka kokuva okungapheliyo okanye ezinye iingxaki zemithambo-luvo. Phakathi kwe-3% kunye ne-6% yabo bonke abantwana abafumana usulelo lwe-Hib bafa ngenxa yesi sifo.

Yiyo loo nto sithi ukugonywa kubaluleke kakhulu . Kwakhona, ukufuna iingcebiso zonyango ngokukhawuleza nje xa ubona iimpawu kunokusindisa ubomi.

Umntwana wam ufanele aye nini kugqirha?

Ukuba umntwana wakho ubonisa naziphi na iimpawu zosulelo lwe-H. influenzae, kufuneka umse kugqirha ngokukhawuleza . Ukuxilongwa ngokukhawuleza kunye nonyango kubalulekile kwezi ntsholongwane.

Okokugqibela, izinto ekufuneka uzikhumbule (Umyalezo Wokuya Ekhaya)

Ibhaktheriya ethi `Haemophilus influenzae` inokubangela izifo ezahlukeneyo, ukusuka kwiintsholongwane ezincinci nezilula ukuya kwiintsholongwane eziyingozi kakhulu nezisongela ubomi. Eyona ndlela ilungileyo yokuthintela ezi ntsholongwane kukugonywa . I-CDC (iWorld Health Organisation) icebisa ukuba umntwana wakho agonywe uhlobo oluqhelekileyo lwe-`Haemophilus influenzae`, uhlobo b (`Hib`). Ikwaqukwe kwinkqubo yesizwe yokugonywa eSri Lanka.

Ukuba umntwana wakho ubonakalisa iimpawu zosulelo lwe-'H. influenzae', musa ukuchitha ixesha kwaye ubone ugqirha ngoko nangoko . Okukhona umntwana wakho efumana unyango ngokukhawuleza, kokukhona amathuba akhe okuchacha nokusinda aba maninzi. Njengabazali, kubaluleke kakhulu ukuba sihlale silumkile ngempilo yabantwana bethu.

I- Haemophilus influenzae, iHib, usulelo lweebhaktheriya, izifo zabantwana, izitofu zokugonya, i-meningitis, i-pneumonia