Ucinga ntoni xa ubuya kuhambo oluya kwelinye ilizwe, okanye uhambo oluya kwindawo enzima eSri Lanka, uze ufumane isifo esifana nomkhuhlane, uzive ubuthathaka, uze ube nomkhuhlane? Ngokwesiqhelo, sicinga ukuba, “Kumele ukuba ngumkhuhlane wentsholongwane .” Nangona kunjalo, inokuba yinto enzulu ngakumbi. I-Malaria yenye yezifo eziyingozi kangaka. Esi sisifo esithwalwa yingcongconi esinokuba yingozi ebomini ukuba asinyangwa ngokufanelekileyo. Ngoko ke, masithethe nge-malaria ngokulula namhlanje.
Yintoni iMalariya?
Ngamafutshane, imalariya sisifo esibangelwa yiparasite engena emizimbeni yethu ngokulunywa yingcongconi enesifo. Esi sisifo sibizwa ngokuba yiPlasmodium . Nangona imalariya ingasasasazeki eSri Lanka, esi sifo sisabonakala kubantu abaye batyelela amazwe aseAfrika, kwiindawo ezithile zaseMzantsi Melika, nakwamanye amazwe akuMzantsi-mpuma weAsia.
Enyanisweni, izigidi zabantu kwihlabathi liphela zihlaselwa yimalariya minyaka le, kwaye amakhulu amawaka ayafa ngenxa yayo. Ngoko ke asisosifo esimele sithathwe lula. Ingcongconi esasaza esi sifo ibizwa ngokuba yi-Anopheles mosquito. Zifuna imozulu efudumeleyo ukuze zikhule. Yiyo loo nto zixhaphake kakhulu kumazwe aseAfrika naseAsia.
Iintlobo zeentsholongwane ezibangela imalariya
Kukho iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zePlasmodium parasites ezibangela imalariya. Uhlobo ngalunye lubangela uhlobo olwahlukileyo kancinci lwesifo. Makhe sijonge iintlobo eziphambili.
| Uhlobo lwezibungu | Ingcali ekhethekileyo |
|---|---|
| IPlasmodium falciparum (P. falciparum) | Olu lolona hlobo lwemalariya lubi kakhulu kwaye luyingozi . Esi silwanyana sisasazeka ngokukhawuleza egazini, sitshabalalisa inani elikhulu leeseli ezibomvu zegazi. Sinokuthintela nemithambo yegazi emincinci engqondweni, sibangele ingxaki esongela ubomi ebizwa ngokuba yimalariya yobuchopho. |
| I-Plasmodium vivax (P. vivax) | Olu hlobo lunokulala ngaphakathi esibindini sakho luze luphinde lusebenze emva kweenyanga, kwaneminyaka, emva kokulunywa yingcongconi. |
| I-Plasmodium ovale (P. ovale) | Oku kufana kakhulu nohlobo lwe-vivax kwaye kuxhaphake kakhulu eNtshona Afrika nakwiziqithi zePasifiki. |
| I-Plasmodium malariae (P. malariae) | Ukuba alunyangwa, olu hlobo lunokubangela usulelo olungapheliyo oluhlala ubomi bonke. Olu hlobo lubonakala kwihlabathi liphela. |
Isasazeka njani imalariya?
Lo ngumjikelo olula kakhulu. Khawucinge nje, ingcongconi i-Anopheles iluma umntu onesifo semalariya. Emva koko ii-parasite ezisegazini lomguli zingena emzimbeni wengcongconi. Emva koko, malunga neveki kamva, ezo parasite zikhula kumathe eengcongconi . Ngoku, xa le ngcongconi iluma umntu ophilileyo, ezo parasite zingena emzimbeni womnye umntu kunye namathe.
Eyona nto ibalulekileyo kukuba imalariya ayisosifo esinokusasazeka ukusuka komnye umntu ukuya komnye, njengomkhuhlane okanye umkhuhlane, ngokubamba, ukwabelana ngokutya, okanye ukuthimla. Ayidluliselwa ngesondo. Ukuze uyifumane, kufuneka ulunywe yingcongconi enesifo.
Nangona kunjalo, kunqabile kakhulu, inokudluliselwa ngezinye iindlela.
- Ngokunika umntu ophilileyo igazi elivela kumntu onesifo.
- Ngokufaka ilungu lomzimba kumntu onesifo.
- Ngokwabelana ngeenaliti ezifakwe igazi elinosulelo.
- Ukuba umama okhulelweyo ufumana imalariya, nomntwana unokosuleleka.
Zithini iimpawu zemalariya?
Iimpawu zihlala ziqala ukubonakala emva kweentsuku ezili-10 ukuya kwezili-15 emva kokulunywa yingcongconi enesifo. Ezi mpawu zifana kakhulu nezomkhuhlane oqhelekileyo, ngoko ke kunokuba nzima ukuzibona ekuqaleni.
| Iimpawu eziqhelekileyo | Iimpawu zesifo esinzima (kufuneka iingcebiso zonyango ngokukhawuleza!) |
|---|---|
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Kubalulekile: Ezinye iintlobo zemalariya, ezifana ne-P. vivax, zingathatha iiveki ezingaphezu kwezimbini ukuba zibe neempawu. Ngoko ke ukuba uba nomkhuhlane nokuba kungekapheli inyanga emva kokuhamba phesheya, kufuneka uxelele ugqirha wakho ngolu hambo.
Ndifanele ndimbone nini ugqirha?
I-Malaria sisifo esinokuya sibi ngokukhawuleza. Ngoko ke kungcono ukuqala unyango ngokukhawuleza . Ukuba uye waya kwilizwe elithandwa yi-malaria kwaye unesi sifo okanye ezinye iimpawu, bona ugqirha ngoko nangoko .
Ukuba uneempawu ezinzulu ezifana nokudideka, ukuxhuzula, okanye ubunzima bokuphefumla, yiya kwiSebe lezeMpilo eziNgxamisekileyo (ETU) lesibhedlele esikufutshane ngaphandle kokulibazisa.
Indlela yokuxilonga esi sifo?
Ukuba ugqirha wakho urhanela ukuba unemalariya emva kokumamela iimpawu zakho kunye nembali yakho yohambo, uya kuyalela iimvavanyo ezininzi ukuze ayiqinisekise.
- I-blood smear: Olu lolona vavanyo lubalulekileyo noluchanekileyo. Kuthathwa isampuli yegazi lakho, kongezwe idayi ekhethekileyo, kwaye isampuli ihlolwe phantsi kwemakroskopu ukuze kubonwe ukuba kukho ii-parasite. Oku kunokumisela uhlobo lwe-parasite kunye nokuba zingaphi ezisegazini lakho.
- Uvavanyo Lokuxilonga Olukhawulezileyo (RDT): Olu vavanyo lufana novavanyo lwe-antigen ye-COVID. Lunokubonelela ngeziphumo ngokukhawuleza ngokuhlaba ngomnwe. Nangona kunjalo, alunakukwazi ukubona ngokuchanekileyo uhlobo lwe-parasite, ngoko ke kufuneka uvavanyo lwegazi rhoqo.
- Uvavanyo lwe-PCR: Olu vavanyo lujonga ubukho be-DNA ye-parasite egazini. Oku kunokuyichonga ngokuchanekileyo uhlobo lwe-parasite.
Zithini iindlela zonyango lwemalariya?
Unyango lugqitywa ngokusekelwe kwizinto ezahlukeneyo.
- Uhlobo lwe-parasite osulelwe yiyo.
- Ubunzima beempawu.
- Apho ufumene khona esi sifo (ukufumanisa ukuba kukho iintsholongwane ezinganyangekiyo ngamayeza kuloo ndawo).
- Nokuba ukhulelwe okanye awukhulelwe.
- iminyaka yakho.
Ugqirha uza kujonga konke oku aze akunike amayeza afanelekileyo kuwe. Ngokwesiqhelo, amaqela amayeza asetyenziswayo yi-`(Chloroquine)` kunye ne-`(Artemisinin-based combination therapy – ACT)`. Ungaze uthathe naliphi na iyeza olivayo ngaphandle kwengcebiso kagqirha. Izigulane ezikwimeko embi kakhulu zilaliswa esibhedlele kwaye zinyangwa nge-`(IV)` yemithambo yegazi.
Ungazikhusela njani kwi-malaria?
Lumka kwezi zinto, ingakumbi ukuba usiya kwilizwe apho imalariya ixhaphake khona.
- Nxiba impahla egquma umzimba wakho kakuhle: iibhulukhwe ezinde, iihempe ezinemikhono emide. Nciphisa amathuba okuba iingcongconi zikulume.
- Sebenzisa izinto zokugxotha izinambuzane: Faka izithako zokugxotha izinambuzane eziqulethe izithako ezifana ne-DEET okanye i-Picaridin kulusu oluvezwe elubala.
- Sebenzisa inethi yokuthintela iingcongconi: Kubalulekile ukusebenzisa inethi yokuthintela iingcongconi xa ulele, ingakumbi ukuba iifestile azivaliwe.
- Sela amayeza okuthintela: Ngaphambi kokuba uye kwindawo ethandwa yimalariya, bonana nogqirha wakho uze ufumane ipilisi yokuthintela malariya (prophylaxis). Ezi pilisi kufuneka zithathwe ngaphambi, ngexesha, nangexesha elithile emva kohambo.
- Ugonyo lweMalariya: I-World Health Organization ngoku icebise ukuba ugonyo `(RTS,S/AS01)` kunye `(R21/Matrix-M)` lwabantwana abakummandla waseAfrika, apho imalariya ixhaphake khona. Le yimpumelelo enkulu ekulawuleni imalariya.
Umyalezo Wokuya Ekhaya
- I-Malaria sisifo esibi kakhulu, esinokubeka ubomi esichengeni esidluliselwa ziingcongconi ezineentsholongwane.
- Ukuba ufumana iimpawu ezifana nomkhuhlane kunye neentlungu zomzimba emva kokuhamba phesheya, ingakumbi kwilizwe apho i-malaria ixhaphakileyo khona, bona ugqirha ngoko nangoko.
- Kubaluleke kakhulu ukuxelela ugqirha wakho ngeenkcukacha zakho zokuhamba.
- Ukuxilongwa kwangoko kunye nonyango kunokuthintela iingxaki ezinzima.
- Ngaphambi kokuba uye kwindawo apho i-malaria ixhaphake khona, thetha nogqirha wakho malunga neendlela zokuzikhusela kwi-malaria kunye namayeza okuthintela.
Imalariya, Iingcongconi, Umkhuhlane, Iimpawu zeMalariya, Unyango lweMalariya, Ukhuseleko lweMalariya, iPlasmodium
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