Masifunde ngenkqubo ye-opsonization enceda ukuzikhusela komzimba wethu.

Unjani? Namhlanje siza kuthetha ngenkqubo emangalisayo nebaluleke kakhulu eyenzeka ngaphakathi emizimbeni yethu. Ifana nento ekhethekileyo enceda ukhuselo lwemizimba yethu. Usenokuba ukhe waliva eli gama, kwaye libizwa ngokuba yi-opsonization. Xa ufunda ngalo, uya kuqonda indlela esebenza ngayo imizimba yethu ngendlela emangalisayo.

Yintoni i-Opsonization?

Ngamafutshane, i-opsonization yinkqubo enceda inkqubo yethu yomzimba yokuzikhusela. Isebenza ngokuchonga nokutshabalalisa iintsholongwane eziyingozi, ezifana nezifo ezibangela izifo (ezifana neebhaktheriya kunye neentsholongwane), okanye iiseli zethu ezifileyo okanye ezonakeleyo. Cinga ngenkqubo yakho yomzimba yokuzikhusela njengeqela elikhethekileyo elikhusela umzimba wakho. Bahlala bejikeleza umzimba wakho, bekhangela nantoni na enokubangela ingozi okanye izifo.

Iindawo ezahlukeneyo zenkqubo yethu yokuzikhusela komzimba – amalungu omzimba, iiseli, iiproteni, iikhemikhali – zonke zisebenza kunye. Ezinye iindawo zijikeleza umzimba zifuna abahlaseli. Ezinye zitshabalalisa izinto eziyingozi emzimbeni. Kulapho ke iiproteni ezibizwa ngokuba zii-opsonins ziza kunceda khona. Ezi opsonins zigquma iintsholongwane kwaye 'ziziphawule'. Emva koko ezinye iiseli zenkqubo yokuzikhusela komzimba zinokuzibona ngokulula kwaye zizitshabalalise. Inkqubo ye-opsonization iphawula iiseli ezifileyo nezifayo, iiseli ezinentsholongwane, kwaneeseli zomhlaza.

Yintoni i-Opsonin?

Sibiza 'ii-opsonins' ngokuba liqela leeproteni ezahlukeneyo. Umsebenzi wazo ophambili kukubopha kwiiseli nezinto ezifana neentsholongwane , kunye nokunceda uhlobo oluthile lweseli kwinkqubo yethu yokuzikhusela komzimba - esizibiza ngokuba zii-phagocytes - ukuba ziqaphele kwaye 'ziziginye'. Cinga ngayo njengokwenza isitya sibe nencasa entle kwaye usibonise kakuhle ngendlela ekwenza ufune ukusitya.

Ezinye ii-opsonin zihamba ngokukhululekileyo egazini lethu okanye kulwelo lwe-lymph. Ezinye zenziwa xa inkqubo yethu yokuzikhusela yomzimba isebenza, ivela kwezinye iiproteni. Rhoqo, izinto ezifana nee-antibodies , osenokuba ukhe weva ngazo, zisebenza njengee-opsonin ngelixa zenza eminye imisebenzi ebalulekileyo.

Ezo seli, ezibizwa ngokuba zii-phagocytes , zidibana nee-opsonins njengebhulorho. Emva koko zisebenzisa loo bhulorho ukugquma nokutshabalalisa into ezifuna ukuyitshabalalisa. Yiyo loo nto ii-opsonins zikwabizwa ngokuba 'zii-bridging molecules.' Uyaqonda?

Iyintoni inkqubo ye-phagocytosis?

I-PhagocytosisYinkqubo apho imizimba yethu itshabalalisa kwaye isusa izinto eziyingozi okanye ezingafunekiyo. Kalula nje, ithetha 'inkqubo yeeseli ezigubungela kwaye zitshabalalisa into ethile'. Ezi zinto zinokubandakanya iintsholongwane , izinto zangaphandle, okanye neeseli zethu.

Yintoni etshatyalaliswayo kwi-phagocytosis?

Nazi ezinye izinto ezitshatyalaliswa yi-phagocytosis:

• Iintlobo ngeentlobo zezifo ezifana neentsholongwane, iibhaktheriya kunye nefungi.
• Iiseli ezineentsholongwane.
• Iiseli ezifileyo, ezindala, okanye ezonakeleyo.
• Iiseli zomhlaza.
• Iziqwenga zeeseli, okanye inkunkuma yeeseli.
• Unxibelelwano (ii-synapses) phakathi kweeseli zemithambo-luvo ezingasebenzi kakuhle.

Igama elithi 'phagocytosis' lithetha 'ukutya iiseli'. Ezi seli, ezibizwa ngokuba zii-phagocytes, zigquma ezi seli kunye neentsholongwane ezingafunekiyo, okanye 'zizidle', zize ziwaphule. Emva koko umzimba unokuzisusa ngokulula. Zonke iintlobo zeeseli, ezifana nee-macrophages , ii -dendritic cells , ii-neutrophils , kunye neeseli ze-natural killer (NK) , zisebenzisa inkqubo ye-opsonization ukufumana nokususa izinto ezingafunekiyo.

Ziziphi iimpawu ezifunyanwa ziiseli ze-phagocyte?

Ezo seli, ezibizwa ngokuba zii-phagocytes , zigqiba ekubeni ziginye into ethile okanye zingayiginyi ngokusekelwe kwiimpawu ezahlukeneyo. Kukho iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zezi zimpawu:

• Imiqondiso ethi 'Fumana mna': Ezi zinokuba ziiproteni okanye ezinye izinto ezinceda iiseli ze-phagocyte ukuba zifumane iiseli okanye iintsholongwane ezifuna ukuzitshabalalisa.
• Iimpawu zokutya okanye ukungatyi: Njengoko igama lisitsho, ezi zimpawu zixelela i-phagocyte ukuba itye into ethile okanye ayityi.
• Ii-Opsonins: Sisandula ukuthetha ngale nto. Ezi ziiproteni ezibopha kwiiseli okanye kwiintsholongwane kwaye zixelela i-phagocyte ukuba "iginye oku kwaye ikutshabalalise." Zikwasebenza njengebhulorho, okwenza kube lula ukuba i-phagocyte inamathele kwinto efuna ukuyitshabalalisa.
• Ii-opsonins ezingalunganga: Ezi zenza okwahlukileyo koko. Oko kukuthi, ziyayityhafisa okanye zenze kube nzima ukuba i-phagocyte ibambe kwaye itshabalalise into ethile.

Ngaba kukho imizekelo yokungakholelwa kwi-opsonization?

Enyanisweni, kukho iintlobo ezininzi ze-opsonins ezisetyenziswa yimizimba yethu ukuqaphela nokususa iinjongo ezahlukeneyo. Nazi ezimbalwa zazo onokuzifunda ngazo:

• Ii-antibodies: Ii-antibodies ziyinxalenye ebaluleke kakhulu kwinkqubo yethu yokuzikhusela komzimba. Zifana nesitshixo,Zichaphazela iindawo ezithile ze-pathogen (ezibizwa ngokuba zii-antigens) . Ii-antibodies ezibizwa ngokuba yi-Immunoglobulin G (IgG) kunye ne -Immunoglobulin M (IgM) nazo zisebenza njenge-opsonins.
• Izinto ezincedisayo: Ezi liqela leeproteni ezinceda inkqubo yethu yokuzikhusela. Iiproteni ezahlukeneyo ezincedisayo zisebenza kunye ukukhokela iiseli ze-phagocyte kwiindawo apho kufuneka zitshatyalaliswe khona. I-C1q, i-C3, i-C3b , kunye ne -C4b zonke ziintlobo ze-opsonins.
• Ii-opsonins ezibopha i-Phosphatidylserine: I-Phosphatidylserine sisignali 'yokutya mna'. Xa iiseli sele ziza kufa ( i-apoptosis ), esi signali siyakhutshwa ngaphakathi kwiseli. Ii-opsonins ezininzi, ezifana ne -Annexin A1 , i-Apolipoprotein H , i-Del-1 , i-Gas6, kunye ne -Protein S, zinokubandakanyeka koku.
• Ezinye ii-opsonins: Ukongeza kwezi, iiproteni ezifana ne-calreticulin , i-fibronectin , ii-ficolin (ezi ziiproteni zokuqaphela iipateni), i-mannose-binding lectin , i-milk fat globulin (i-lactadherin) , kunye nee-pentraxins nazo zisebenza njengee-opsonins. Nangona la magama esenokubonakala eyinkimbinkimbi kancinci, onke la magama anceda ekukhuseleni imizimba yethu.

Yintoni eyenziwa yi-opsonization kwi-phagocytosis?

Njengoko besitshilo ngaphambili, iiseli ezibizwa ngokuba zii-phagocytes 'zitya' iintsholongwane kunye neeseli ezingafunwayo yimizimba yethu, ezibizwa ngokuba yi-phagocytosis , ukuze umzimba ukwazi ukuzisusa ngokulula. Kulapho ke ii-opsonins ziza kunceda khona. Ii-opsonins zigquma iiseli kunye nabahlaseli abafuna ukuzitshabalalisa. Kufana nokongeza iziqholo kwisitya ukuze sikwenze kube mnandi kwaye kube mnandi ngakumbi. Xa ii-phagocytes zibona ezi 'ziqholo', zizenza zibukeke 'zimnandi'. (Enyanisweni, igama elithi 'opsonization' livela kwigama lesiGrike elithetha 'ukwenza kube mnandi'!)

Iiseli zePhagocyte zitsalwa yile ngubo ye-opsonin, ethi emva koko ibopheleleke kwii-receptors zazo.Basebenzisa iindawo ezibizwa ngokuba zii-opsonins ukuze banamathele kuzo. Ngaloo ndlela, ii-opsonins zifana nefolokhwe ebanceda ukubamba ukutya okumnandi. Emva koko i-phagocyte itsala loo 'kutya', iyiqhekeze, ize 'iyise'.

Kwenzeka njani ukuba i-opsonization ingasebenzi?

Kukho iinkqubo ezininzi ezahlukeneyo ezibangela i-opsonization. Ezona ziphambili zezi:

• Impendulo yomzimba yokuzikhusela: Iiproteni ezifana ne -C3 emzimbeni wethu ziyazibona kwaye zibopha kwiindawo ezithile zebhaktheriya, iintsholongwane, okanye iifungi. Eli linyathelo elinye ekusetyenzisweni kwe-opsonization. Le yindlela yokuzikhusela umzimba wethu ozalwa nayo.
• Impendulo yokuzikhusela komzimba ehambelanayo: Ii-antibodies ziyazibona ii-antigen ezivela kwiibhaktheriya ezichongiweyo ngaphambili, iintsholongwane, okanye ezinye izihlaseli eziyingozi. Njengesitshixo nesitshixo, ezi ziyadibana ukuze zenze i-antigen-antibody complex . Emva koko zidibanisa iiproteni kule complex kwaye zigqume i- pathogen okanye iseli ngee-opsonins ezingaphezulu. Le yinto imizimba yethu eyifundayo ngokuhamba kwexesha.
• Imiqondiso ethi 'Nditye': Xa iiseli zonakele okanye zisondele ekufeni, zithumela imiqondiso kwinkqubo yomzimba yokuzikhusela ukuze 'inditshabalalise.' Ii-Opsonins ziyaziqonda ezi mpawu zize zibopheke kuzo.

Kukho amanyathelo aliqela kwinkqubo nganye kwezi, kwaye onke ayadibana ukuze kusebenze inkqubo yethu yokuzikhusela komzimba.

Kutheni kubalulekile ukuba abantu bacinge ngokukhetha abantu?

Uyazi, iintsholongwane zinobuqili kakhulu. Ngenxa yokuba kufuneka ziphile, zizama ukuzimela okanye ziphephe iiseli zethu zomzimba. Kulapho ke inkqubo ye-opsonization iba yinto ebaluleke kakhulu. Inceda iiseli ze-phagocyte ukuba zifumane intsholongwane efihliweyo ngokulula, zinamathele kuyo, kwaye ekugqibeleni ziyitshabalalise.

Ngokufanayo, iiseli zethu zisebenzisa i-opsonization ukuxelela inkqubo yomzimba yokuzikhusela ukuba, ‘Ndingosulelekile,’ ‘Ndonakele,’ okanye ‘Ndiza kufa.’ Xa umzimba ufumana esi siginali, uyazi ukuba umele uzisuse ezo seli.

Ngamafutshane, i-opsonization ifana nenkqubo yonxibelelwano ebalulekileyo egcina imizimba yethu isempilweni. Ngaphandle kwayo, inkqubo yethu yomzimba yokuzikhusela ibiya kuba nzima ukusebenza kakuhle.

Ngaba iingxaki zokungakholelwa kubukho bukaThixo zingabangela izifo?

Ewe, ngokuqinisekileyo. I -Phagocytosis inokuphazamiseka ngenxa yeengxaki ezithile zemfuza , iimpendulo kumayeza athile, okanye ezinye izizathu.Ukungabikho kwenkqubo yomzimba kunye nezinye izifo zenkqubo yomzimba yokuzikhusela zinokutshintsha indlela imizimba yethu eqonda ngayo into enobungozi nengeyongozi. Khawuthelekelele oku:

• Iiseli zakho ze-phagocyte zisenokungakwazi ukutshabalalisa izinto eziyingozi ezifana neeseli ezonakeleyo, iibhaktheriya kunye neentsholongwane. Ezi zinto ziyingozi zinokuqokelelana emzimbeni zize zibangele izifo.
• Kungenjalo, iiseli zakho ze-phagocyte zinokuqalisa ukutshabalalisa izinto ezingafanele zitshatyalaliswe, njengeeseli eziphilileyo. Kufana nomkhosi wakho ozihlaselayo.

Nokuba ingxaki iyintoni na, inokukhokelela kwizifo ezibangelwa kukuzikhusela komzimba , ezifana ne -lupus , okanye izifo zemithambo-luvo ezifana ne-Alzheimer's . Unokufumana usulelo oluninzi okanye ube nomngcipheko omkhulu womhlaza.

Ngaba i-opsonization ingasetyenziselwa ukunyanga izifo?

Lo ngumbuzo olungileyo kakhulu. Iingcali zonyango sele ziphanda iindlela zokusebenzisa le nkqubo ye-opsonization ukunyanga izifo. Ithemba labo kukuphuhlisa iindlela zokunceda amajoni ethu omzimba ngokudibanisa izinto eziyingozi okanye ukuthintela iiseli eziphilileyo ukuba zingafakwa. Olu phando lunokunceda ekuphuhliseni unyango lwezifo ezifana:

• Umhlaza: 'Unokuphawulwa' iiseli zomhlaza kwaye uncede inkqubo yomzimba yokuzikhusela ukuba izitshabalalise.
• Izifo ezisulelayo: Le ndlela inokuba luncedo kakhulu ekulweni nosulelo oluthile lweentsholongwane.
• Iingxaki zokuzikhusela komzimba: Zizama ukuthintela iiseli ezisempilweni ekubeni 'ziphawulwe' kwaye zinciphise amandla omzimba okuzonakalisa.

Ayisiyiyo loo nto kuphela, abaphandi basebenzisa inkqubo ye-opsonization ukuvavanya indlela esebenza ngayo imijovo kunye nonyango lwe-antibody . Ezi mvavanyo zibizwa ngokuba yi -opsonophagocytic killing assays (OPKA) . Ngoko ke le yindawo ethembisayo kakhulu yophando.

Izinto ezimbalwa ekufuneka uzikhumbule ngokufutshane

Kulungile, ngoko ke sithethe kakhulu nge-opsonization, akunjalo? Yinxalenye ebaluleke kakhulu kwinkqubo yethu yokuzikhusela komzimba. Kufana nokwakha ibhulorho phakathi kwezinto eziyingozi emzimbeni wethu kunye neeseli ezizitshabalalisayo.

Uyakhumbula ukuba ndithe nokutya okunempilo okungathandwa ngabantwana kusenokutya ukuba wongeza incasa encinci kubo? Yiloo nto ithethwa yi-opsonization. Ivumela ezo phagocytes ukubaAyipheleli nje ekwenzeni 'ukutya' kube mnandi kwiiseli, ikwabanika 'ifolokhwe' yokuyibamba. Emva koko banokuya ngqo kuyo baze bakutye!

Ngoko ke, ukuchasana nabantu kufana neqhawe elithuleyo elinceda ukugcina imizimba yethu iphilile kwaye ikhuselekile kwizifo. Kungenxa yokuba le nkqubo yenzeka kakuhle ukuba asiguli ixesha elininzi. Ngoko ke, akuyomfuneko na ukwazi kancinci ngezi zinto zimangalisayo ezenzeka ngaphakathi emizimbeni yethu? Ndiyathemba ukuba olu lwazi luya kukunceda wena nosapho lwakho nihlale niphilile.

Ukuzikhusela komzimba , i-opsonization, i-phagocytosis, iintsholongwane, iiseli, ii-antibodies, inkqubo yokuzikhusela