Khawuzithelekelele ukwigadi entle yeentyatyambo. Iintyatyambo zonke zinemibala eyahlukeneyo... bomvu, luhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, mthubi... Hayi indlela ezintle ngayo! Khawuzithelekelele uphuma uye ebaleni ebusuku. Awunakuyibona imibala ngqo, kodwa yonke into ibonakala imnyama namhlophe. Ngubani osibonisa ihlabathi ngombala emini kunye nomnyama namhlophe ebusuku? Liqela elincinci kodwa elibaluleke kakhulu labasebenzi ngaphakathi kwamehlo ethu. Namhlanje sithetha ngezi seli zimangalisayo ezibizwa ngokuba zii-photoreceptors.
Zithini ezi photoreceptors?
Ngamafutshane, ii-photoreceptors luhlobo lweseli eqonda ukukhanya ekwi- retina ngasemva kwamehlo ethu. Eli gama lithetha "ummkeli wokukhanya." Umsebenzi wazo ophambili kukuthatha ukukhanya okungena elisweni kwaye kuguqulwe kube yimiqondiso yombane neyekhemikhali enokuqondwa yingqondo yethu.
Inkqubo yethu yemithambo-luvo yenziwe ngeeseli zemithambo-luvo ezibizwa ngokuba zii-neurons. Okumangalisayo kukuba ezi photoreceptors zikwaluhlobo olukhethekileyo lwe-neuron. Kwaye ngenxa yendlela ii-retinas zethu ezikhula ngayo, ezi seli zithathwa njengenxalenye yenkqubo yethu yemithambo-luvo ephakathi, eyingqondo kunye nomqolo.
Kwenzeka ntoni ngokwenene kwezi seli?
Cinga ngamehlo ethu njengeekhamera eziphambili kakhulu emhlabeni. Enyanisweni, iikhamera zedijithali zanamhlanje zenzelwe ukulinganisa indlela iliso lomntu elisebenza ngayo.
Xa uthatha ifoto ngefowuni yakho, inzwa ekwifowuni yakho ithatha ukukhanya ize ikuguqulele kwikhowudi yekhompyutha. Emva koko itshiphu encinci efowunini yakho ithatha loo khowudi ize iyiguqule ibe ngumfanekiso omhle ukuze ikubonise.
Inkqubo efanayo yenzeka ngaphakathi kwamehlo ethu. I-retina yethu isebenza njenge-sensor ekwifowuni yethu. Iiseli ze-photoreceptor kwi-retina zibamba ukukhanya kwaye zikuguqule kube ziimpawu zemithambo-luvo. Ezi zimpawu emva koko zithunyelwa engqondweni nge-optic nerve. Ingqondo "iyayichaza" loo miqondiso, okanye iziqonde, kwaye yenze umfanekiso esiwubonayo. Ngoko ke le nkqubo yonke iqala ngezo seli zincinci ze-photoreceptor.
Iintonga neeCones: IiSuperhero ezimbini zamehlo ethu (Iintonga neeCones)
Kukho iintlobo ezimbini eziphambili zee-photoreceptors kwiliso lomntu. Zibizwa ngokwemilo yazo.
Iiseli zeRods: Abagcini boBusuku
Ezi seli zisilinda, okanye zimile okwetyhubhu. Zinovelwano kakhulu nokuba kukukhanya okuncinci kangakanani. Iiseli zeRod zenza i-95% yee-photoreceptors emehlweni ethu, okanye malunga ne-100-125 yezigidi zazo.
Khawuthelekelele uhamba ngaphakathi ebusuku xa kungekho zibane. Sinokubona iimilo zezinto kunye nemilo yomntu, kodwa asinakubona imibala yazo ngokucacileyo, akunjalo? Ngelo xesha, ezi seli zentonga zikunceda ubone. Ezi seli zinoxanduva lokubona ekukhanyeni okuphantsi nasebusuku (umbono wasebusuku). Kodwa azinakwahlula iinkcukacha ezincinci kunye nemibala. Inyani yokuba ezi seli zisinceda sibone ekukhanyeni okuphantsi ibizwa ngokuba yi -scotopic vision kwisayensi yezonyango.
Iikhowuni: Iingcali zeHlabathi leMbala
Ezi seli zimile okwekhowuni, oko kuthetha ukuba zijonge phezulu kwaye zijikelezwe ezantsi. Zifuna ukukhanya okungakumbi ukuze zisebenze kunee-rod cells. Kodwa xa zisenza njalo, sinokubona imibala kunye neenkcukacha ezincinci .
Xa ujonge umzobo omhle, unokubona ngokucacileyo umahluko ocacileyo wemibala kwanemigca emincinci. Yiyo loo nto isinika umbono ocacileyo noneenkcukacha. Ezi seli zekhowuni zifumaneka kakhulu kwindawo ekhethekileyo ye-retina ebizwa ngokuba yi-macula . Yiyo loo nto embindini wombono wethu ucacile kwaye unemibala.
| Uphawu | Iiseli zeentonga (Iintonga) | Iikhowuni |
|---|---|---|
| Imilo | Mde, usilinda (njengetyhubhu) | Imile okwekhowuni (ijonge phezulu) |
| Inombolo | Malunga ne-100-125 yezigidi (iphezulu kakhulu) | Malunga nezigidi ezi-6-7 (eziphantsi kakhulu) |
| Uvakalelo lokukhanya | Iphezulu kakhulu (inovelwano ekukhanyeni okuphantsi) | Iphantsi (ifuna ukukhanya okungakumbi) |
| Umbono wombala | Hayi (imibala emnyama, emhlophe nengwevu kuphela) | Ewe (ubona yonke imibala) |
| Umsebenzi ophambili | Umbono wasebusuku kunye nombono ophantsi | Umbono wombala kunye nombono ocacileyo noneenkcukacha |
Sibona njani umbala?
Kukho iintlobo ezintathu zeeseli zekhowuni emehlweni ethu, kwaye zisebenza kunye ukusibonisa ihlabathi lombala. Ezi seli zekhowuni aziboni imibala ngokuthe ngqo. Zibona ubude bamaza okukhanya obahlukeneyo kwaye zixelele ubuchopho ngazo. Ingqondo isebenzisa olo lwazi ukudala imibala.
Kulula ukuyiqonda le nto xa ujonge umnyama. Ubomvu bune-wavelength ende, ngoko ke bungaphandle komnyama. Umbala oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka unee-wavelength ezimfutshane, ngoko ke bungaphakathi.
Ngokwesiqhelo, iliso lomntu ophilileyo linazo zonke iintlobo ezintathu zeeseli zekhoni. Oku kubizwa ngokuba yi-trichromacy .
Ezo ntlobo zintathu zezi:
- Ibuthathaka kumaza amafutshane (aluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka)
- Ibuthathaka kumaza obude obuphakathi (luhlaza)
- Ibuthathaka kumaza amade obude (obomvu)
Nangona ezi ntlobo zintathu zeekhowuni zikhethekile ngemibala eyahlukeneyo, uvakalelo lwazo luyadibana. Ingqondo ithelekisa umahluko omncinci kwimiqondiso evela kwezi ntlobo zintathu zeekhowuni ukuze ibone imibala. Kungenxa yale nkqubo imangalisayo ukuba umntu oqhelekileyo angakwazi ukwahlula nokubona imibala emalunga nesigidi .
Okumangalisayo kukuba, kunqabile kakhulu, abanye abafazi bane-genetic mutation ebavumela ukuba babe neentlobo ezine zeeseli ze-cone. Oku kubizwa ngokuba yi-tetrachromacy . Kufana nokuba namandla amakhulu. Endaweni yemibala yezigidi ezibonwa ngumntu oqhelekileyo, aba bafazi kuthiwa bayakwazi ukwahlula nokubona imibala emalunga ne-100 yezigidi!
Zeziphi izifo ezichaphazela ezi seli?
Kukho iimeko ezahlukeneyo ezinokuchaphazela iiseli zethu ze-rod kunye ne-cone, ezinye zazo zichaphazela nezinye iindawo ze-retina.
- Ukungaboni kombala : Ukulahleka kwembono yombala okuncinci okanye okupheleleyo, kunye nombono omnyama nomhlophe kuphela(Achromatopsia) inokwenzeka.
- I-Cone-rod dystrophy
- Ukuwohloka kwe-macular
- I-Retinitis pigmentosa
- I-Solar retinopathy : Umonakalo obangelwa kukujonga ngqo elangeni.
- Isifo sika-Usher
Ungaziqonda njani iimpawu?
Uphawu oluphambili lwezifo ezichaphazela ezi seli kukulahlekelwa kukubona, kodwa ubungakanani bokulahleka buyahluka ngokuxhomekeke kuhlobo lweseli echaphazelekayo.
| Uhlobo lweseli echaphazelekayo | Iimpawu eziqhelekileyo |
|---|---|
| Iingxaki ezinxulumene neeRods | Ukuqala kwangoko kokungaboni ebusuku (nyctalopia) . Oku kuthetha ukuba ukubona kunzima kakhulu ebusuku okanye ekukhanyeni okuphantsi. Ezinye izifo (umz., i-retinitis pigmentosa) zinokuchaphazela neeseli ze-cone xa zisiba nzima. |
| Iingxaki ngeeKhowuni | Ukungaboni imibala, okanye ukulahlekelwa kukwazi ukwahlula imibala ngokuhamba kwexesha, kunokubangela ukulahlekelwa kukwazi ukubona iinkcukacha ezincinci, nto leyo ebangela umbono ofipheleyo okanye onamafu. Ezinye iimeko zinokuchaphazela neeseli zentonga xa zisiba nzima. |
Rhoqo, kwiimeko ezifana nokuwohloka kwe-macular, zombini ezi ntlobo zeeseli zinokuchaphazeleka ngaxeshanye.
Sifanele senze ntoni ukuze sikhusele ezi seli zixabisekileyo?
Iiseli zethu ze-photoreceptor ziyinxalenye ye-retina, ngoko ke ukugcina amehlo ethu kunye ne-retina ziphilile kubaluleke kakhulu ekugcineni umbono wethu.
- Fumana uhlolo lwamehlo rhoqo: Oku kufana nokuhlolwa komzimba wonke wamehlo akho. Kubalulekile ukuba wonke umntu, kungekuphela nje kwabo banxiba iiglasi, abone ugqirha wamehlo ubuncinane kanye kwiminyaka emibini . Oku kunokunceda ekufumaneni izifo ezininzi ngaphambi kokuba zibangele iimpawu.
- Fumana uhlolo lwezonyango rhoqo: Ezinye izifo ezingapheliyo zichaphazela ngqo amehlo ethu.Uxinzelelo lwegazi oluphezulu (uxinzelelo lwegazi oluphezulu) kunye nesifo seswekile sohlobo lwesibini (isifo seswekile sohlobo lwesibini) . Ngokufumana uvavanyo lwezonyango lonyaka, ezi zifo zinokuchongwa kwaye zilawulwe ngaphambi kokuba zonakalise amehlo.
- Kuphephe i-nicotine: Ukutshaya, ukutshaya umphunga, kunye nokuhlafuna icuba konakalisa inkqubo yethu yokujikeleza kwegazi. Imithambo yegazi ebuthathaka ehambisa igazi kwi-retina yeliso ibuthathaka kakhulu koku.
- Beka phambili ukutya okunempilo: IVithamini A ibalulekile ekusebenzeni kweeseli ze-photoreceptor. Ukutya okufana neminqathe, iitapile ezimnandi, kunye nespinatshi kutyebile kwiVithamini A. Ukutya ukutya okunesondlo kulungile kwimpilo yakho iyonke kunye namehlo akho.
- Gcina ubunzima obusempilweni: Ungafumana ulwalathiso olufunekayo kugqirha wakho ukuze wenze oku.
Eyona nto ibalulekileyo kukubona ugqirha wamehlo ngokukhawuleza ukuba ubona naluphi na utshintsho ekuboneni kwakho, njengokuncipha kokubona ebusuku, ubunzima bokwahlula imibala, okanye ukubona okufipheleyo. Okukhona isifo sifunyanwa ngokukhawuleza, kokukhona kulula ukunyanga.
Umyalezo Wokuya Ekhaya
- Amehlo ethu aneentlobo ezimbini ezikhethekileyo zeeseli ezikwaziyo ukukhanya ezibizwa ngokuba zii-rods kunye nee-cones.
- Iiseli zekhowuni zisinceda sibone imibala kunye neenkcukacha ezincinci, ngelixa iiseli zerod zisinceda sibone ebumnyameni.
- Ukubona okuncinci ebusuku (ukungaboni ebusuku) okanye ubunzima bokubona imibala luphawu lokuba kusenokubakho ingxaki kwezi seli.
- Ekubeni izifo ezifana nesifo seswekile kunye noxinzelelo lwegazi oluphezulu zichaphazela ngqo amehlo, ukunyamekela impilo iyonke kubaluleke kakhulu kwimpilo yamehlo.
- Nokuba akukho zimpawu, izifo ezininzi zinokubonwa kwangethuba ngokubona ugqirha wamehlo rhoqo kwaye uhlolwe amehlo akho.
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