Ingaba amehlo omntwana wakho ajika abe mhlophe? Ngaba yiRetinoblastoma?

Ngaba wakha waphawula ukuba amehlo omntwana wakho omncinci anebala elimhlophe ngaphakathi kwesangqa esimnyama, njengamehlo ekati akhazimlayo kwifoto? Okanye ngamanye amaxesha kubonakala ngathi elinye iliso lithambekele kwelinye? Ngamanye amaxesha ezi zinokuba zizinto ezingaphezulu nje kwezinto ezincinci. Namhlanje siza kuthetha ngento efana naleyo, ingakumbi uhlobo lomhlaza wamehlo owenzeka ebantwaneni abancinci. Oku kubizwa ngoogqirha ngokuba yi-`(Retinoblastoma)`. Ungakhathazeki, siza kuthetha ngayo yonke into ngokulula.

Yintoni kanye kanye `(iRetinoblastoma)`?

Ngamafutshane, `(Retinoblastoma)` luhlobo lomhlaza oluqala kumaleko weeseli ezibona ukukhanya ngasemva kweliso lethu. Sikwabiza olu maleko ngokuba yi-retina. Isebenza njengefilimu ekwikhamera, umfanekiso wento esiyibonayo urekhodwa apha kuqala. Ngoko ke, `(Retinoblastoma)` lolona hlobo luqhelekileyo lomhlaza wamehlo kubantwana abancinci.

Ingachaphazela iliso elinye kuphela, kodwa abanye abantwana banokuba namehlo omabini. Ngokwezibalo, malunga nomntu omnye kwabane abane-retinoblastoma baya kuba namehlo omabini achaphazelekileyo. Oogqirha bakholelwa ukuba oku kubangelwa kukungasebenzi kakuhle kweeseli ezisakhulayo kwi-retina. Uninzi lwexesha, malunga nabantwana abane kwabahlanu bafunyanwa benesifo ngaphambi kokuba babe neminyaka emithathu ubudala. Nangona kunjalo, kunqabile kakhulu, abantu abadala banokuba ne-retinoblastoma. Uyazi njani? Kwenzeka xa ithumba elincinci elaqala ebuntwaneni lilele lingasebenzi kwaye ngequbuliso liqala ukukhula kwakhona emva kweminyaka emininzi.

Ngaba kukho iintlobo eziphambili ze-`(Retinoblastoma)`?

Ewe, `(i-Retinoblastoma)` inokwenzeka ngeendlela ezintathu eziphambili:

• I-Unilateral Retinoblastoma: Njengoko igama lisitsho (i-Uni ithetha inye, kwaye icala lithetha icala), olu hlobo luchaphazela iliso elinye kuphela.
• I-Bilateral Retinoblastoma: Kule meko (igama elithi 'Bi' lithetha ezimbini), umhlaza uchaphazela omabini amehlo omntwana.
• I-Trilateral Retinoblastoma: Le iyinkimbinkimbi ngakumbi. I-Tri ithetha ezintathu. Apha, kukho umhlaza emehlweni omabini, kwaye ukongeza, kukho umhlaza kwindawo yesithathu, idlala elincinci ngaphakathi kwengqondo, elibizwa ngokuba yi-pineal gland. Oku kukwabizwa ngokuba yi-pineoblastoma.

Uninzi lwexesha, malunga nama-60% ezigulane ze-retinoblastoma zine-underside type, echaphazela iliso elinye kuphela. Amanye ama-40% ziintlobo ze-bilateral kunye ne-trilateral, ezichaphazela omabini amehlo.

Ixhaphake kangakanani le sifo ibizwa ngokuba yi-'Retinoblastoma'?

Enyanisweni, "(iRetinoblastoma)" luhlobo lomhlaza olungaqhelekanga kakhulu.Ukuba uthatha abantwana abasisigidi abangaphantsi kweminyaka engama-20 ubudala, malunga ne-3.3 kubo banesifo esinjalo. Kwilizwe elifana neMelika, malunga namatyala amatsha angama-300 axelwayo ngonyaka. Ukuba uthatha ihlabathi liphela, malunga namatyala amatsha angama-9,000 axelwayo ngonyaka. Ngoko ke oku akuqhelekanga kakhulu.

Zithini iimpawu ze-`(Retinoblastoma)`? Siyibona njani ?

Oku kudla ngokuqatshelwa ngaphambi kokuba umntwana abe neminyaka emi-3 ubudala, njengoko abantwana abancinci bengazi ukuba bangaziveza njani iingxaki zabo. Ngoko ke, njengabazali, kufuneka siqaphele kakhulu utshintsho olunokubonwa emehlweni omntwana kunye notshintsho kwindlela aziphethe ngayo umntwana.

I-Leukocoria - ukukhupha okumhlophe

Olu luphawu lokuqala noluqhelekileyo lwe-`(Retinoblastoma)`. `(Leukocoria)` kuxa i-pupil yeliso ngamanye amaxesha ibonakala imhlophe okanye ikhanya, ingakumbi xa uthatha ifoto ngethotshi kwindawo emnyama. Kufana namehlo ekati akhanya ebusuku. Oku kunokwenzeka kwiliso elinye okanye kuwo omabini amehlo.

Khawuthelekelele uthabathe ifoto yomntwana wakho ngomhla wokuzalwa kwakhe, ekhanyise i-flash. Kamva, xa ujonga ifoto, ubona ukuba i-iris emnyama yelinye iliso ikhanya mhlophe, ngelixa elinye iliso libonakala libomvu njengesiqhelo (isiphumo samehlo abomvu). Loo mbonakalo imhlophe ibizwa ngokuba yi-`(Leukocoria)`. Ukuba ubona into efana naleyo, ngokuqinisekileyo kufuneka uyibonise ugqirha ngoko nangoko.

Ezinye iimpawu ze-`(Retinoblastoma)`

Ukongeza kwi-`(Leukocoria)`, kukho nezinye iimpawu ezibonisa esi sifo:

• I-Strabismus (amehlo anqamlezileyo): Ngamanye amaxesha, xa elinye iliso lijonge ngqo phambili, elinye iliso linokujika lijonge ngaphakathi okanye ngaphandle.
• Ubunzima bokujonga into ehambayo, okanye ukungayijongi konke konke.
• Intlungu yamehlo: Abantwana abancinci abanakukuxelela oku. Ngoko ke banokukhala rhoqo kunesiqhelo, bangavumi ukutya, babe nengxaki yokulala, baze bangaphumli ngalo lonke ixesha.
• Iliso elinye libonakala likhulu kunelinye (`Buphthalmos`).
• Iliso elivelileyo (`Proptosis`).
• Ihlwili legazi elingaphambili kweliso (`Hyphema`).
• Ukudumba, ukuba bomvu, kunye nokubonakala okufana nokosuleleka kwezicubu ezijikeleze iliso (`Orbital cellulitis`).

Ukuba ubona enye okanye ezingaphezulu kwezi mpawu kumntwana wakho, nceda ungaze uyityeshele . Bonana nogqirha wabantwana okanye ugqirha wamehlo ngokukhawuleza.

Kutheni le nto `(Retinoblastoma)` ikhula? Zithini izizathu zoku?

`(I-Retinoblastoma)` luhlobo lomhlaza. Ngamafutshane, umhlaza kuxa ezinye iiseli emzimbeni wethu zingasebenzi kakuhle kwaye ziqala ukwahlukana ngokukhawuleza nangokungalawulekiyo.Olu qhekeko lubangela ukwakheka kweethumba, lonakalisa izicwili eziphilileyo ezijikelezeyo. Ukuba ezi seli zomhlaza ziyaqhubeka nokukhula zingalawuleki, zinokusasazeka ziye kwezinye iindawo zomzimba ukusuka apho zaqala khona. Oku kubizwa ngokuba yi-metastasis.

Ngoko ke, unobangela oyintloko wale `(Retinoblastoma)` yimpazamo kwizakhi zofuzo zethu (`DNA`).

Umahluko kwi-``(DNA)`` sisiqalo

Iiseli zethu zisebenzisa ``(DNA)`` njengeeresiphi kwincwadi yokupheka. Sifumana ``(DNA)`` yethu kumama notata. Oko kuthetha ukuba sithatha iinxalenye zeencwadi zabo zeresiphi size senze eyethu incwadi yeresiphi.

Kodwa ngamanye amaxesha, kunokubakho impazamo kule `(DNA)`, njengonobumba kuloo resipi ebhalwe ngendlela engafanelekanga. Iiseli zethu ziyazi kuphela indlela yokwenza iresiphi njengoko injalo kwincwadi. Ngoko ke ukuba kukho impazamo kwi`(DNA)`, iiseli ziyazi nendlela yokwenza ngendlela engafanelekanga. Yiyo loo nto ezinye iiseli zikhula zingalawuleki kwaye zibe ngumhlaza.

Oogqirha bacebisa ukuba abantwana abane-retinoblastoma, nokuba bazalwa ngenxa yemfuza okanye akunjalo, bafumane uvavanyo lwemfuza kunye neengcebiso. Bakwacebisa ukuba abantakwabo bomntwana kunye namanye amalungu osapho bakhe nabo benze olu vavanyo.

Utshintsho olubangela iRetinoblastoma luchaphazela ijini ebizwa ngokuba yiRB1. Le yijini yokunciphisa ithumba. Iijini zokunciphisa ithumba zifana nenkqubo yebhuleki emzimbeni wethu. Zilawula ukwahlukana nokukhula kweeseli. Ngoko ke, ukuba kukho utshintsho kwijini yeRB1, kubonakala ngathi ibhuleki ayisebenzi. Emva koko iiseli ezikwi-retina zikhula ngokungalawulekiyo kwaye zenze ithumba. Ngamanye amaxesha, nokuba inxalenye yechromosome ebizwa ngokuba yi-13p equlethe ijini yeRB1 isusiwe ngokupheleleyo (isusiwe), iRetinoblastoma inokukhula.

Amaxesha amaninzi, abanye abantu banokuba nethumba elingelona libi elibizwa ngokuba yi-`(Retinoma)` kwi-retina. Ezi zifana nezandulela ze-`(Retinoblastoma).` Kodwa ngesizathu esithile, ezi ziyayeka ukukhula. Nangona kunjalo, kamva, le `(Retinoma)` inokuqala ukukhula kwakhona ibe yi-`(Retinoblastoma).`

Kukho iindlela ezimbini eziphambili apho iimpazamo zenzeka khona kwi-`(DNA)`:

• Utshintsho olungaqhelekanga: Oku kwenzeka xa iseli yenza impazamo engacwangciswanga ngelixa ikopa i-DNA kubazali bayo. Kufana nomntu owenza impazamo xa ebhala iresiphi ngesandla. Iresiphi yokuqala yayilungile, kodwa iresiphi entsha inempazamo. Olu hlobo lwe-retinoblastoma engaqhelekanga ludla ngokuchaphazela iliso elinye kuphela.
• Iinguqu ezizuzwe njengelifa:Okwenzekayo apha kukuba umama okanye utata, okanye bobabini, banesiphene kule `(DNA)`. Emva koko, xa umntwana efumana ikopi yaloo `(DNA)`, iza neso siphene sikhoyo. Utshintsho lwemfuza oluchaphazela `(Retinoblastoma)` lufunyanwa ngendlela ebizwa ngokuba yi `(Autosomal dominant inheritance`. Oko kuthetha ukuba, ukuba omnye wabazali unalo olu tshintsho lwemfuza, umntwana unethuba elimalunga ne-50% lokulufumana. Ukuba bobabini banalo, kukho ithuba elimalunga ne-75%. Nangona kunjalo, ngamanye amaxesha, nokuba abazali abanalo `(Retinoblastoma)`, umntwana unokuphuhlisa `(Retinoblastoma)` ngelifa. Isizathu soku kukuba abanye abantu 'bathwali' lolu tshintsho lwemfuza. Oko kuthetha ukuba nangona benotshintsho emizimbeni yabo, abafumani sifo.

Ukuba i-``Retinoblastoma`` ikhula ngenxa yotshintsho lwemfuza olufunyenwe njengelifa, idla ngokuba luhlobo lwe-``Bilateral```, oluchaphazela amehlo omabini. Amaxesha amaninzi, inokuthi ivele njenge-``Unilateral```, echaphazela iliso elinye kuphela.

Abantakwabo noodadewabo bomntwana one-retinoblastoma nabo banomngcipheko omkhulu wokuba nayo. Ukuba bobabini abazali bane-retinoblastoma, umngcipheko kubantakwabo nomntwana ochaphazelekayo uphakathi kwe-4% kunye ne-7%.

Ziziphi ezinye iingxaki ezinokubakho ngenxa ye-`(Retinoblastoma)`?

I-Retinoblastoma inokonakalisa izicwili ezijikeleze iliso, kwaye inokukhokelela ekulahlekelweni kombono okuncinci okanye okupheleleyo kwiliso elichaphazelekayo.

Ngenxa yokuba lo ngumhlaza, kukho umngcipheko wokuba iiseli ze-`(Retinoblastoma)` zisasazeke (`metastasizing`) ziye kwezinye iindawo zomzimba. Ukuba zisasazeka, imeko iba yingozi nangakumbi. Ke ngoko, enye yeenjongo eziphambili zonyango kukuthintela ukusasazeka kwale ntsholongwane. Eyona ndlela iyingozi kukuba lo mhlaza usasazeke usuka elisweni uhamba nge-'optic nerve' uye engqondweni. Emva koko uqala ngokutsha njengomhlaza wobuchopho.

Utshintsho lwemfuza olubangela i-retinoblastoma lukwanyusa umngcipheko wokufumana ezinye iintlobo zomhlaza kamva ebomini. Kukho umngcipheko we-1% wokufumana umhlaza omtsha minyaka le (umzekelo, umngcipheko we-20% kwiminyaka engama-20).

Ezinye iintlobo zomhlaza ezinokwenzeka rhoqo zezi:

• IiSarcomas: Ezi ziinhlungu zomhlaza ezichaphazela amathambo kunye nezicubu ezidityanisiweyo.
• Iimelanomas: Ezi ziinhlungu zomhlaza ezichaphazela iindawo ezifana nolusu, amehlo, kunye ne-mucous membranes emlonyeni nasempumlweni.
• Umhlaza wemiphunga: Ngenxa yenkqubo yemithambo yegazi entsonkothileyo emiphungeni, umhlaza okhula apha unokusasaza ngokulula kwezinye iindawo zomzimba.

Oogqirha bayixilonga njani i-`(Retinoblastoma)`? (Ukuxilongwa)

Ixesha elininzi, abazali (okanye abanakekeli) ngabona baqalayo ukubona amabala amhlophe abizwa ngokuba yi-"Leukocoria". Bakuba beyibonile, baxelela ugqirha wezingane womntwana. Emva koko ugqirha uzama ukuqinisekisa oko. Ngamanye amaxesha, oogqirha banokuyibona le "Leukocoria" ngexesha lovavanyo olujonga ukukhula okuqhelekileyo komntwana.

Ukuba ugqirha wezingane ubona i-"Leukocoria", inyathelo elilandelayo kukuthumela umntwana kwingcali yamehlo okanye kwenye ingcali yokhathalelo lwamehlo ngoko nangoko. Ingcali yamehlo iya kuzama ukujonga ngqo elisweni ukuze ibone ukuba kukho ithumba le-"Retinoblastoma". Xa kuhlolwa amehlo abantwana abancinci, ngamanye amaxesha kuyimfuneko ukufaka "amathontsi anonyango ukuze avule amehlo " okanye ukunika umntwana i-anesthesia ukuze ahlole amehlo.

Zenza ntoni iiskeni?

Ukongeza, kusenokwenzeka ukuba kwenziwe iiskeni. Ezi skeni zingasetyenziselwa ukubona ukuba kukho iithumba ezinzima ukuzibona kwelinye iliso , okanye ukuba kukho iithumba ebuchotsheni ezifana ne-"Pineoblastoma".

Iindidi ezisetyenziswa kakhulu zezi:

• Iskeni ye-ultrasound: Olu skeni lubonisa ukuqokelelwa kwe-calcium, okubonakala rhoqo kwi-retinoblastoma.
• I-CT Scan (`I-Computed Tomography (CT) scan`): `(I-Retinoblastoma)` ine-calcium deposits, ngoko ke zinokubonakala ngokucacileyo kwi-CT scans.
• Iskeni ye-MRI (iMagnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)): Le yeyona scan ilungileyo yokuthatha imifanekiso eneenkcukacha zezicubu ezahlukeneyo kunye nezakhiwo ngaphakathi emzimbeni. Ithatha ixesha kwaye ibiza kakhulu. Ngoko ke ayisoloko isenziwa uvavanyo lokuqala. Nangona kunjalo, kubaluleke kakhulu ukubona ukuba ithumba lisasazeke kangakanani na kwaye ingaba kukho ezinye iithumba kwelinye iliso okanye ingqondo.
• I-PET scan (i-Positron Emission Tomography (PET) scan): Olu vavanyo lungenziwa kwangethuba kwinkqubo yokuxilonga kunye nonyango okanye kamva. Kuluncedo kakhulu ukubona ukuba ithumba lisasazeke (lisasazeke) kwezinye iindawo okanye ukuba iithumba ezintsha zenzekile kwenye indawo.

Ziziphi iindlela zonyango ze-`(Retinoblastoma)`?

Kukho iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokunyanga `(iRetinoblastoma)`. Ngokuqhelekileyo, unyango lubandakanya indibaniselwano yeendlela ezahlukeneyo. Zingenziwa ngaxeshanye okanye enye emva kwenye. Iindlela eziphambili zonyango zezi:

• Unyango lweKhemotherapy: Oku kubandakanya ukusebenzisa amayeza ahlasela ngokuthe ngqo iiseli zomhlaza. Oku ngamanye amaxesha kunokunceda ukuphepha utyando, olunokukhokelela ekubeni yimfama . Kunokunciphisa neethumba, okwenza kube lula ukuba ezinye iindlela zonyango zibulale naziphi na iiseli zomhlaza eziseleyo. La mayeza ekhemotherapy anokunikwa apha, oko kuthetha ukuba afakwa ngqo esweni (inaliti ezijolisiweyo), okanye ngaphakathi kwemithambo yegazi, oko kuthetha ukuba afakwa kwimithambo yegazi (i-intravenous (IV) infusion). Indlela anikwa ngayo ixhomekeke kwimeko yomntwana kunye neemfuno zakhe.
• Unyango ngemitha:Oku kusebenzisa amandla asebenza rhoqo ukutshabalalisa iiseli zomhlaza. Oku kungenziwa ngaphandle komzimba, njengonyango lwemitha ye-external beam radiation (EBRT), okanye ngaphakathi emzimbeni, njenge-brachytherapy. Nangona kunjalo, le ndlela yonyango idla ngokuthintelwa ngenxa yomngcipheko weengxaki ezihlala ixesha elide.
• Unyango olujolise kwizifo: Ezi zibizwa ngolu hlobo kuba "zigxila" kwaye zitshabalalisa iiseli zomhlaza kuphela. Zingasebenzisa i-thermotherapy, esebenzisa ubushushu obuphezulu, okanye i-laser therapy, esebenzisa umkhuhlane ophakamileyo.
• Utyando: Utyando lunokwenzeka kakhulu xa kukho umngcipheko wokusasazeka kwe-retinoblastoma. Oku kudla ngokubandakanya ukususwa ngokupheleleyo kweliso (i-enucleation). Oku kuthintela umhlaza ukuba ungasasazeki ngakumbi. Ngexesha lokwenziwa kolu tyando, iliso elichaphazelekayo lisenokuba sele lilahlekelwe kukubona kwalo.
• Ezinye iindlela zonyango kunye nonyango: Ezi zinokuhluka kakhulu. Amaxesha amaninzi, ezi zinceda ukulawula iziphumo ebezingalindelekanga zonyango olunye. Umzekelo, amayeza okunyanga isicaphucaphu kunye nokuhlanza okubangelwa yi-chemotherapy. Kukho iintlobo ezininzi zonyango oluxhasayo, ngoko ugqirha wakho uya kuba nakho ukukunika ingcebiso malunga nokuba zeziphi ezilungele umntwana wakho.

Kuza kwenzeka ntoni ukuba umntwana wam unale meko? Ikamva linjani?

Uqikelelo lomntwana one-retinoblastoma luxhomekeke kakhulu ekubeni isifo sikhawuleza kangakanani ukufunyaniswa kwaye unyango luqalwa njani. Nangona kunjalo, ngokubanzi, amathuba okuchacha aphezulu kakhulu. Ama-95% ezigulane ze-retinoblastoma zabantwana ziyachacha ngokupheleleyo. Ukuba isifo sifunyaniswa ngaphambi kokuba umntwana abe neminyaka emi-2 ubudala, amathuba okuba nesiphumo esihle ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa yimbono aphezulu.

Abantu abachachayo kwi-retinoblastoma badinga ukujongwa ubomi babo bonke ukuze kuhlolwe iithumba ezintsha. Oku kudla ngokubandakanya ukuskena minyaka le kunye nezinye iimvavanyo zokujonga iithumba ezintsha. Ugqirha wakho uza kukuxelela ukuba loluphi uvavanyo umntwana wakho aludingayo.

Ngaba ikho indlela yokuthintela uphuhliso lwe-`(Retinoblastoma)`?

I-Retinoblastoma ibangelwa kukuguquka kwezakhi zofuzo. Ngoko ke, akukho ndlela yokuyithintela ngokupheleleyo. Nangona kunjalo, ukuba kukho umntu kusapho lwakho okhe waba ne-Retinoblastoma, okanye uyazi ukuba une-genetic mutation ebangela oko, iingcebiso ngezakhi zofuzo zinokukunceda uqonde umngcipheko wokudlulisela loo gene kumntwana wakho xa unomntwana.

Ndingathetha nini nogqirha malunga ne-`(Retinoblastoma)`?

Inxulumene ne-``(Retinoblastoma)`` emehlweni omntwana wakhoUkuba ubona naziphi na iimpawu okanye utshintsho ekuboneni kwakho, bona ugqirha ngokukhawuleza. Kwakhona, ukuba wena okanye iqabane lakho ninembali yosapho ye-`(Retinoblastoma)`, okanye ukuba uyazi ukuba une-`(RB1)` yokuguqulwa kwezakhi zofuzo, licebo elihle ukuqwalasela iingcebiso ngezakhi zofuzo ngaphambi kokuba nabantwana.

Izinto ezibalulekileyo ekufuneka uzazi ukuba kukho umntu kusapho lwakho oye waba ne-``(Retinoblastoma)``

Ukuba kukho umntu kusapho lwakho oye waba ne-`(Retinoblastoma)`, kubaluleke kakhulu ukuba umntwana wakho kunye nosapho lwakho lonke bahlolwe amehlo rhoqo. I-`(RB1)`` gene ebangela i-`(Retinoblastoma)`` inokubangela uhlobo olungelulo lwethumba lamehlo elibizwa ngokuba yi-`(Retinocytoma).``(Retinocytoma)`` inokukhula nakubantu bayo nayiphi na iminyaka.

Ukufumana uxilongo lomhlaza ngamava atshintsha ubomi. Kodwa, hlala unethemba. Abaphandi kunye noogqirha bahlala befumana unyango olutsha nolusebenzayo olunyusa amathuba okusinda kubantwana abanolu hlobo lomhlaza. Ukuba umntwana wakho une-retinoblastoma, ungathanda ukucinga ngokuthatha inxaxheba kuvavanyo lweklinikhi ukuze ufumane unyango olutsha. Kwakhona, buza ugqirha wakho malunga namaqela enkxaso kwizigulane zomhlaza kunye neentsapho zazo. Abazali abaninzi kunye neentsapho bafumana la maqela njengomthombo omkhulu wamandla, inkalipho, kunye nethemba.

Eyona nto ibalulekileyo esifuna ukuyithatha kweli bali (Umyalezo Wokubuyela Ekhaya)

Kulungile, ngoko ke sithethe kakhulu nge-`(Retinoblastoma)` namhlanje, akunjalo? Nazi ezinye zezinto ezibalulekileyo ekufuneka uzikhumbule:

• Ukuba ubona ibala elimhlophe esweni lomntwana wakho (ingakumbi kwiifoto ezikhawulezayo), okanye ukuba amehlo abonakala etshonile, musa ukulibetha ngoyaba. Yiya kugqirha ngoko nangoko.
• I-Retinoblastoma sisifo esingaqhelekanga kodwa esinokunyangeka ngokupheleleyo ukuba sifunyenwe kwangethuba.
• Kukho iindlela ezahlukeneyo zonyango, kwaye oogqirha baya kukhetha olufanele umntwana wakho.
• Ukuba kukho umntu kusapho lwakho okhe waba nesi sifo, cinga ngoncedo lwe-genetic kunye nokuhlolwa kwamehlo rhoqo.
• Ungakhathazeki, awuwedwa. Zininzi iindawo nabantu onokuya kubo ukuze ufumane uncedo ngexesha elinje.

Ndiyathemba ukuba olu lwazi luluncedo kuwe. Ndikunqwenelela impilo entle wena nomntwana wakho!

I- Retinoblastoma, umhlaza wobuntwana, umhlaza wamehlo, i-leukocoria, i-retina, utshintsho lwemfuza, i-RB1 gene